Story stone

1
STONE AND PROCESSES
ROLL NO.: A-2111 TO A-4011 FACULTY: VJ, JC,KP
SUBJECT: BMC II
IPSA-RAJKOT GUJARAT INDIA
Story of STONE

INDEX
• HISTORY
• TYPES OF STONE
• SOME OF THE OLDEST BUILDINGS MADE
OUT OF STONES.
Bhavik Chani Rushica
• MINING AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Naeem, Ravi and Tushar
• PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Mitesh, Bhavesh, Arjvi
• USES AND APPLICATION METHODOLOGY
Archita, Amit, Ashwin
• PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS
Anjani, Kamal, Payal
• EXAMPLES OF ARCHITECTS AND THEIR
BUILDINGS
Jeet, Apurva, Aastha, Narendra and
Pratik
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History
• Bhavik A-2611
• Chani A-2711
• Rushica A-2411

History Of Stones
ORIGIN OF NATURAL STONES:
• Natural stone is a creation of nature. Like so
many natural formations, every piece is
unique and matchless. Within each piece of
stone also lies the history of one particular
place on our planet.
• natural stone was cut out from a mountainside
originally in huge 50,000 pound blocks of
stone.
3

Stone age
• The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric period
during which stone was widely used in the
manufacture of implements with a sharp
edge, a point, or a percussion surface.
• The period lasted roughly 2.5 million years, and
largely ended between 6000 and 2000 BCE
with the advent of metalworking
• Stone Age artifacts include tools used
by humans
• The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types
of stone tools in use.
•
4

Beginning of the Stone Age
•
• The oldest known stone tools have been
excavated from several sites at Gona,
Ethiopia, on the sediments of the paleo-
Awash River, which serve to date them. All
the tools come from the Busidama
Formation, which lies above a
disconformities, or missing layer, which
would have been from 2.9-2.7 mya The
oldest sites containing tools are dated to
2.6-2.55 mya.
•
Ending of the stone age
• Innovation of the technique
of smelting ore ended the Stone Age and
began the Age of Metals.
•
•
5

EARTH’S CRUST:
• Rock or stone is a naturally occurring solid
aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids.
• The whole earth is made of rocks & minerals.
Inside the earth there is a liquid core of
molten rock and on the outside there is a
hard crust.
If you compare the earth to an egg, the shell
on an egg is like the crust on the earth.
The crust is made up of rocks and minerals.
Much of the crust is covered by water, sand,
soil and ice.
• Below the loose layer of soil, sand & crumbled
rocks found on Earth is bedrock, which is a
solid rock.
•
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FORMATION OF ROCK:
• The basic process that leads to formation of
rocks is geological in nature.
• The erupting volcanoes due to earthen activities
deposits molten magma on earth’s crust,
which is the basic ingredient for the
formation of rocks in future.
• Successive volcanic activities over years forms
the earth’s crust and the deposit of rocks
over it.
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MOLTEN MAGMA INSIDE
EARTH’S CORE
MAGMA ERUPTS ON
EARTH’S CRUST DUE TO
VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
THIS MAGMA LATER
TRANSFORMS INTO VARIOUS
ROCKS DUE TO PHYSICAL
ACTIVITIES

TYPES OF ROCKS:
• There are three main types of rocks –
igneous (fire-formed)
sedimentary (water-deposited)
metamorphic (changed).
• This classification is based on the way in which
the rocks were formed rather than on their
structure or appearance.
• About 75 percent of rocks on land surfaces of
earth are sedimentary, most of the rest is
igneous and very little is metamorphic. On
the other hand, most of the rock of deep
ocean floors is igneous.
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IGNEOUS ROCKS:
• Igneous means made from fire or heat.
When volcanoes erupt and the liquid rock
comes up to the earth's surface, then new
igneous rock is made.
When the rock is liquid & inside the earth, it is
called magma.
When the magma gets hard inside the crust, it
turns into granite.
Most mountains are made of granite. It cools
very slowly and is very hard.
• Sometimes the ash produced during eruption mixes
with the magma to form various forms of
igneous rocks.
• When the magma gets up to the surface and flows
out, like what happens when a volcano erupts,
then the liquid is called lava.
Lava flows down the sides of the volcano.
• Igneous rocks form when molten lava (magma) cools
and turn to solid rock.
• The magma comes from the Earth’s core which is
molten rock .
The core makes up about 30% of the Total
Earth Mass (31.5%).
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
• When mountains are first formed, they are tall
and jagged like the Rocky Mountains on the
west coast of North America.
Over time (millions of years) mountains
become old mountains.
When mountains are old, they are rounded
and much lower.
What happens in the meantime is that lots
of rock gets worn away due to erosion.
Rain, freeze/thaw cycle, wind and running
water cause the big mountains to crumble a
little bit at a time.
• Eventually most of the broken bits of the rock
end up in the streams & rivers that flow
down from the mountains.
These little bits of rock & sand are
called sediments.
When the water slows down enough, these
sediments settle to the bottom of the lake or
oceans they run into.
Over many years, layers of different rock
bits settle at the bottom of lakes and
oceans.
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•
• These are called sedimentary rocks.
• Sedimentary rocks cover 75% of the earth’s
surface.
Most of the rocks found on the Earth’s
surface is sedimentary even though
sedimentary rocks only make up less than
5% of all the rocks that make up Earth.
• When rocks are exposed to the elements – air,
rain, sun, plants, erosion occurs and the
little bits of rock worn away get deposited as
sediments.
Over time, these sediments harden as they
get buried by more sediments and turn into
sedimentary rocks.
• Examples
– Limestone
– Shale
– Sandstone
– arkose
• e
•
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limestone shale
Sandstone arkose

METAMORPHIC ROCKS:
• Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have
changed.
The word comes from the Greek "meta" and
"morph" which means to change form.
Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous
or sedimentary, but due to movement of the
earth's crust, were changed.
• If you squeeze your hands together very hard,
you will feel heat and pressure.
When the earth's crust moves, it causes
rocks to get squeezed so hard that the heat
causes the rock to change.
Marble is an example of a sedimentary rock
that has been changed into a metamorphic
rock.
• Metamorphic rocks are the least common of the
3 kinds of rocks.
Metamorphic rocks are igneous or
sedimentary rocks that have been
transformed by great heat or pressure.
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EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS:
•
• Foliated metamorphic rocks have layers, or
banding.
– Slate is transformed shale. It splits
into smooth slabs.
– Schist is the most common
metamorphic rock. Mica is the
most common mineral.
– Gneiss has a streaky look because of
alternating layers of minerals.
•
• Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are not layered.
– Marble is transformed limestone.
•
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slate schist
gneiss marble

ROCK CYCLE:
• The rock cycle is the natural process that
operates on various types of rocks to
produce another type of rock.
• The major cause behind the rock cycle is
erosion and physical conditions of
earth, erosion operates on metamorphic
and igneous rocks to produce
sedimentary rocks.
• Natural and physical conditions like pressure
and temperature in deep earth turn
sedimentary into metamorphic rocks
• These conditions turn metamorphic and
sedimentary rocks into magma in core
earth which in turn, turn into igneous
rocks.
• But this rock cycle is not an easy process at
all. It’s is not a 2 day process.
• It takes millions and millions of years for the
transformation of one rock to another.
•
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Some Of The Oldest Buildings Made Out Of
Stones.
1) Great pyramid of Giza.
• Length of each pyramid at base is 230.4 m. and
height is 147 m.
• It is made up of 13000000 blocks of limestone
weighing around 2.5 tons to 15 tons.
• Consists 8000 tons of granite.
•
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Pyramid of giza
Pyramid of giza

2) Treasury of Atreus
• It is built in 1250 BC in greece.
• It is 13.20 m high.
• The lintel stone above the doorway weighs 120
tons, the largest in the world.
•
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Treasury of atreus

3) The colloseum.
• It is an amphitheatre built in 70-80 BC in Italy.
• It is roughly elliptical in shape.
• About 100 cubic meters or travetine stone
were used.
• Travetine is a limestone essentially of calcite
which is whitish or slightly yellow or
reddish.
• It is 157 feet hieght..
• The exterior of colloseum are made up of
bricks and stones.
• The interior is made up of brick and marble but
only little marble survives today.
•
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colloseum
colloseum

4) Parthenon
5)
• It is a greek temple built in 432-447 BC in
greece.
• It is made up of white marble.
• The colomns are doric in style.
• Foundations are made up of limestone.
• The marble was transferred from nearby
mount Pentelicus.
•
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parthenon
parthenon

Mining and Manufacturing
• Ravi A-2911
• Naeem A-2811
• Tushar B-3811

Mining And Manufacturing
• The Process of taking out stones from natural rock
beds is known as quarrying. The term quarry
is used to indicate exposed surface of natural
rock. In case of mine, the operations are carried
out under great depth and in case of quarry the
operations are carried out at ground level.
•
• Methods of Quarrying
– Quarrying with hand tools
– Quarrying with channeling machine
– Quarrying by Blasting
–
– There are some methods available which
can be done with Hand tools.
a. Digging or Excavating
b. Heating
c. Wedging
–
– Quarrying with channeling machine : in
this method the channel machines
driven by steam , compressed air or
electricity are used to make vertical or
oblique grooves or channel on the rock
mass.
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Black Stone Quarry
Near Chibhda

This process of separation of stone from the
rock mass is almost invariably employed in
case of marbles, lime stones and other soft
stones. It is possible to separate very large
block from the rock with the application of this
methods.
–
–
– Quarrying with Blasting : In this method
explosives are used to convert rocks
into small pieces of stones the main
purpose of quarrying stone by
blasting is to loosen larger masses of
rock not to violently blow up the whole
mass and as to convert it into small
pieces practically no use.
This method is adopted for quarrying a
hard stone. Having no fissures or cracks .the
stone obtained by blasting is usually of small
size and they are used in ballast in railways,
aggregate for concrete road material etc.
•
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Manufacturing
Black trap
• 20ft (found water)
• Mining is continue where should stone is available
• From stone materials are made is
• Machine cut metals -40mm
• Kapchi-20mm
• seal coat-10mm
• grit,powder,sand-6mm
• uses of material
• 40mm-in road construction
• 20mm-construction
• 10mm-in damar
• o6mm-powder ,brick(as a dust),cement
product,precast product
• crushing machine is there in which maximum 30x20
inch stone is crushing is called vibrator
• transportation
• 50km sorrunding area to rajkot
• royalty is there per ton 25 rs
• when stone resourses are over then that mine use
as a water resurvoir
•
•
•
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Physical And Chemical Properties
• Arjavi B-3411
• Bhavesh
• Mitesh B-3611

Physical And Chemical Properties Of Stone
Metamorphic rocks:
General Physical properties:
• Texture:
Based on this property metamorphic rocks
are divided into two groups
1. Foliated: They show a distinct planar
character. It means the minerals in the rocks
are all alligned with each other . This planar
character can be flat like a piece of slate or
folded. E.g. schist, slate, gneiss
2. Non-foliated: They have minerals that
are not aligned. Basically they are randomly
oriented.
E.g. Marble, Quartzite
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• Metamorphic rocks rarely have fossils
• They may have light and dark alternate bands of
minerals
• They may have layers of visible crystals
• They rarely have pores and openings
• They may have bent or curved foliation
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General chemical properties :
Minerals such as olivines, pyroxines,
amphiboles, micas, feldspars and quartz are
found in metamorphic rocks. They are stable
at high temperature and pressure and may
retain chemically during metamorphism.
The change in the particle size of the rock
during the process of metamorphism is
called recrystallization. For instance, the
small calcite crystals in the sedimentary
rock limestone change into larger crystals in
the metamorphic rock marble.
High temperature and pressure allow the
atoms and ions in solid crystals to migrate,
thus reorganising the crystal and create a
solution at their point of contact.

Slate
It is composed of fine grained particles
which splits into thick or thin sheets. It has a
blue-black colour but red, green and black
slates are also found.
It primarily contains quartz, muscovite,
biotite, chlorite, haemetite, pyrite.

Phyllite
• This is in a more metamorphosed form than
slate. It has a lustre due to mica particles.
The rocks less metamorphosed than phyllite
are called slates and those which are more
metamorphosed are called schist.
• It primarily contains quartz, sericite mica, and
chlorite, graphite, chlorite.

Marble
It is metamorphosed from limestone ad
dolomite. It is very aesthetic in nature and is
used a lot in construction and decorative
fields.

Quartzite
It is formed when limestone particles a
cemented by quartz. Quartz get deposited
on the particles of sand in the form of
solution. It has a lusture of glass. Pure
Quartz has 97% silica dioxide but this
percentage is different in different quartzites.

Igneous rocks
General Physical properties:
1. Magmatic consolidation: These rocks do not
exhibit ordinary layers. The layers of
igneous rocks are formed on the account of
the deposition of erupted lava at different
intervals of time. These layers infact
represent the time interval between teo
successive magmatic eruptions.
2. Both crystalline and Non-crystalline: If the
magma arising out of the fissures is cooled
at fast rate, it does not get sufficient time to
crystallize and is therefore non-crystalline. If
the magma does not come out but cools
under various empty spaces in earth,
crystals are formed. Slower the cooling rate
bigger the crystals.
3. Non-porous: These rocks are non porous to
water as water cannot percolate through
them.
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4. Poorly eroded: These rocks are hot
subject to strong erosion. They resist
erosion but their weathering goes up at a
slow rate
5. Content of silica: These rocks contain
silica from 40% to 80%. Among others
Magnesium and iron are important.
6. Fossils: These rocks do not have fossils.
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General chemical properties:
Based on the acidic and basic nature of these rocks,
they can be classified in two categories:
1. Acid igneous rocks: It has excess of acid forming
radical silicon (SiO2). It is about 80% and the rest is
Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium and etc. Due to
excess content of silicon, it cools faster and therefore
it does not flow and spread far away. Thus high
mountains are formed on this type of rocks. Due to
the small content of Iron and Magnesium, it has a
light colour and low relative density. E.g. Granite
2.Basic igneous rocks: The silicon content in this rock
is below 40%. It has 40% Magnesium and the rest in
Iron, Aluminium and Potassium. Due to low content
of Silicon, it would cool slowly. This is why the molten
matter of this rock could flow and spread. Hence
platues were formed out of te flow of these rocks.
Due to excess of Magnesium, it has a deep colour.
E.g. Basalt
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Granite
Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with
grains large enough to be visible with the
unaided eye.
It forms from the slow crystallization of
magma below Earth’s surface.
Granite is composed mainly of quartz and
feldspar with minor amounts of micas,
amphiboles and other minerals.
This mineral composition usually gives
granite a red, pink, gray or white color with
dark mineral grains visible throughout the
rock
•
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Photograph of yosemite valley,callifornia,showing steep grranite cliffs that
form the walls of the valley.
the pink grains are orthoclase feldspar and
the clear to smoky grains are quartz or
muskovite.

Basalt
• Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained,
igneous rock composed mainly of
plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. It most
commonly forms as an extrusive rock, such
as a lava flow, but can also form in small
intrusive bodies, such as an igneous dike or
a thin sill. It has a composition similar to
gabbro. The difference between basalt and
gabbro is that basalt is a fine-grained rock
while gabbro is a coarse-grained rock.
•
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a fine-grained igneous rock
that is usually black in color.

Pumice
• Pumice is a light-colored vesicular igneous rock.
It forms through very rapid solidification of a
melt. The vesicular texture is a result of gas
trapped in the melt at the time of
solidification
•
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Sedimentary rocks:
General physical properties:
1. Stratification: These rocks display many
layers in them. On the account of existence
of many layers in them, they are called
stratified rocks.
2. Fossilization: These rocks have fossils of
plants and animals in them.
3. Porosity: These rocks are porous because
they are composed of all sizes of particles-
fine, small and big. The water can percolate
through pores between the particles.
4. Marks and Imprints: The sediment at the
coast of the sea is mostly sandy. When
attacked by sea waves, it is often identified
by ripple marks. These marks are of waves
and crusts and trough and can be easily
located.
5. Rapid erosion: The sedimentary rock are
weathered and eroded more rapidly than
any other rocks.
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Basic Chemical properties:
Generally the sedimentary rock contains one
of the below chemical form.
1. Land derived: This is the end product of the
erosional process that takes place on the
surface of the earth. It contains gravel,
sand ,silt and precipitates of Sodium Chloride,
Magnesium Carbonate and etc.
2. Organic: The sediment which is obtained
from the bodies of animals and plats are
organic in nature. They generally contain
Phosphates, Iron oxides, carbonates of
Magnesium and Calcium, Silica and etc.
3. Volcanic: The matter which erupts out of
volcanoes is deposited in the form of
particles, pieces, ash and etc. on the land as
well as in the seas. Such as sediment
contains sand, minerals, coal, etc.
4. Meteoritic: Many meteors come down to
earth. Friction with air burns them an they are
oxidized in the shape of the fine ash, which
settles down on the surface of the earth.
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Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed
of sand sized minerals or rock grains. It is
mostly composed of quartz and feldspar
because they are most common minerals on
earths crust. It may be any colour, but the
most common colours are tan, brown,
yellow, red, gray, pink, white an black.
33

Limestone
It is a sedimentary rock composed largely of
minerals calcite and aragonite, which are
different crystal forms of calcium carbonate.
Many limestones are composed from
skeletal fragments of marine organisms
such as coral or forarminifera.
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Uses of stones
•
When one thinks of stone, its use in famous
buildings probably first comes to mind, but few
people probably realize that stone in some form
enters our lives probably a hundred times even
before we leave the house each day.
Granite-it is used in the United States is in
kitchen countertops.
•granite tiles can be used to colorful and
durable work station.
•In the past granite blocks were often used to
pave city streets.
•Granite is the stone most often used as a
grave marker in the United States and
many other countries.
•Granite is often used as a street curbing
•It is widely used for architectural construction,
ornamental stone and monuments
•It is used for walls , floors , kitchen , platform ,
etc.
•
Kitchen platform made up of granite stone.
Pavement done using granite stone.

• sedimentary rock -coal is mainly used in power plants to
make electricity.
• limestone-limestone is used mainly in the manufacture of
Portland cement , the production of lime,
manufacture of paper, petrochemicals, insecticides,
linoleum , fiberglass , glass, carpet backing and as
the coating on many types of chewing gum.
• Limestone is further used as a frontage on some of the
skyscrapers, in way of thin plates for covering rather
than solid blocks.
• It is a producer of quicklime and slaked lime.
• Used for cement and mortar.
• Limestone is quarried for roadbeds; building and other
landscape building , and cement manufacture.
• it is used to make things that we all require, such as
concrete and glasses.
• sandstone: Used principally for construction, it is easy to
work. It is used in floors , walls , ornamental work.
• They are mainly used in paving, roofing, flooring etc. They are
also used in making beams, pillars, doors and window
sills, wall facing, fence posts etc.
•
Stone flooring
Stone masonry

•Pumice : It is used as an abrasive material in
hand soaps, etc.
•marble: Depending upon its
purity, texture, color and marbled pattern it is
quarried for use as dimension stone for
statuary, architectural and ornamental purposes.
Dolomite rich marble may be a source for
magnesium and is used as an ingredient in the
manufacture of refracting materials.
•It can be used for home construction.
•It can be used for nice interior decoration.
•Slate stone is mainly used in the construction
industry to make roof tiles and materials.
•Slate floor is used for external floors, internal
floors and walls. Slate flooring is usually laid in the
outdoor corridors, basements and kitchens.
•Slate as resistance to weather and pollution
resistant, often used for a variety of residential and
commercial landscaping projects. Often used to
lay the path, decorate around the pool, including
the external walls and even garden. Can also be
used to do slate stone fountain, will combine
traditional and modern styles.
Walls made up of stones.

•Laterite-This metamorphic stone is used for
masonry work.
•Basalt-This igneous rock is used for foundation
work , as road metal , as ingredient in concrete.
•
•
•Many sculptures are made of stone such as
marble , soapstone and jade.
•Many rocks and minerals are beautiful and
therefore decorative items are made from them.
•People have been making arts & crafts using
rocks & minerals for as long as people have been
using tools.
•Some rock & mineral collectors display their
specimens like others display fine art.
•Many rocks and minerals are suitable for use as
decorations.
•Marble , jade , basalt is used for massage also.
Decorative item made from stone.
Stone massage
Stone masonry

Products And By-products
• Payal A-2511
• Kamal B-3711
• Anjani B-3111

Dry Stone Masonry
• The earliest form of stone construction is known
as dry stone, or dry stacking.
• These are freestanding structures such as field
walls, bridges and buildings that use
irregularly shaped stones carefully selected
and placed so that they fit closely together
without slipping. Structures are typically wider
at the base and taper in as height increases.
• The weight of the stone pushes inwards to
support the structure, and any settling or
disturbance makes the structure lock together
and become even stronger.
• Dry stone structures are highly durable and easily
repaired. They allow water to drain through
them, without causing damage to the stones.
They do not require any special tools, only the
skill of the craftsman in choosing and placing
the stones.

Stone Masonry Construction
• Traditional stone masonry evolved from dry stone
stacking. Stone blocks are laid in rows of even or
uneven height, and fixed in place with mortar, a
cement or lime mixture pasted between the stones.
• The building stones are normally extracted by surface
quarrying, drilled and split and then shaped and
polished according to their requirements.
• The basic hand tools used to shape stones are chisels,
mallet and a metal straight edge, but modern
power tools such as angle grinders and compressed
air-chisels are often used to save time and money.
Stones are either shaped (dressed) into a blocks or
left rough and cut irregularly. Mortared stone
structures are less durable than dry stone, because
water can get trapped between the stones and push
them apart.
•

• Traditional stone masonry is rarely used today,
because stone is expensive to quarry, cut and
transport, and the building process is labour and
skill-intensive. Instead, most modern stonework
utilises a veneer of stone glued against a wall of
concrete blocks. This is known as veneered stone
or stone cladding.
• Slipform stone structures are a cross between
veneered masonry and traditional masonry. Short
forms (around 2 feet tall) are placed on either
side of the wall, to serve as a guide for the
structure. Stones are placed inside the forms with
the flat face out, and concrete is then poured
behind the rocks to hold it together. Stone
buildings can be constructed quickly and easily
with this method.
•
•

Veneered Stone Walls
• Most stonework today consists of a non-structural
veneer of stone against a structural wall of
concrete or cinderblock. Concrete consists of
Portland cement mixed with sand, gravel and
water.
• The larger particles of gravel interlock like little fingers
to make the concrete resistant to cracking. Steel
reinforcing bar can be added to serve as much
longer "fingers" to make a wall that is very
resistant to cracking. Concrete is a fast and
relatively inexpensive way to put up a structural
wall, so few people take the time for labor
intensive traditional mortared stone walls any
more.
• Instead, the structural wall is put up first, and thin,
flat stones are essentially glued onto the face of
the wall with cement mortar.
• Metal tabs in the structural wall are mortared in
between the stones to tie everything together,
otherwise the stonework would peel right off the
wall.
• The structural wall serves as a for just m on one side
of the wall to make it really easy to lay up the

Slipform Stone Walls
• A slipformed wall might be described as a cross
between traditional mortared stone wall and a
veneered stone wall. This is the method of stone
masonry we have used the most. Short forms, up
to two feet tall, are placed on both sides of the
wall to serve as a guide for the stone work. You
place stones inside the forms with the good faces
against the form work and pour concrete in
behind the rocks.
• Rebar is added for strength, to make a wall that is
approximately half concrete and rebar and half
stonework. The wall can be faced with stone on
one side or both sides. With slipforms it is easy
even for the novice to build free-standing stone
walls.

Traditional Mortared Stone Walls
• Mortared stone walls evolved out of dry-stack stone
work with the emergence of cement mortars.
• Stone walls still had to be built as carefully as they
were without mortar.
• The cement paste just filled the gaps between the
stones and cured to form a soft, rock-like
substance.

Examples of Architects
• Jeet B-3211
• Narendra A-2311
• Apurva A-2111
• Aastha B-3911
• Pratik A-2211

ANTONIO GAUDI
• Antonio Gaudi ( 25 June 1852–10 June 1926)
was a Spanish Catalan architect and
figurehead of Catalan Modernism.
• Gaudi's works reflect his highly individual and
distinctive style and are largely concentrated
in the Catalan capital of Barcelona, notably
his magnum opus, the Sagrada Família.
• His work was marked by his four life passions:
architecture, nature, religion and love for
Catalonia.
• he was skilled a series of crafts: ceramics,
stained glass, wrought ironwork forging and
carpentry.
• He also introduced new techniques in the
treatment of materials, such as trencadís,
made of waste ceramic pieces.
• In his own time, Gaudi was both admired and
criticised for the audacity and singularity of
his innovative solutions.
• His fame on a world scale has become an
unquestioned fact both in specialised circles
and among the general public.
83
Antoni Gaudi
Self Portrait of Antoni
Gaudi

HISTORY
• The expiatory church of La Sagrada Familia is a
work on a grand scale which was begun on
19 March 1882 from a project by the
diocesan architect Francisco de Paula del
Villar (1828-1901). At the end of 1883
Gaudi was commissioned to carry on the
works, a task which he did not abandon until
his death in 1926. Since then different
architects have continued the work after his
original idea
• The building is in the centre of Barcelona, and
over the years it has become one of the
most universal signs of identity of the city
and the country. It is visited by millions of
people every year and many more study its
architectural and religious content.
84
SAGRADA FAMILIA
Beginning of Sagrada Familia

Origins: 1866-1882
• The origins of the Expiatory Church of La
Sagrada Familia go back to 1866, the year
when Joseph Maria Brocabelle Verdaguer
founded the Spiritual Association of the
Devotees of St Joseph, which from 1874
promoted the construction of an expiatory
church dedicated to the Holy Family. In
1881, thanks to generous donations, the
Association bought a plot of land with a
surface area of 12,800 m² between Career
de Marina, Carrer de Provença, Carrer de
Sardenya and Carrer de Mallorca for the site
of the church.
85
Origin of Sagrada Familia

Beginnings: 1883-1913
• After undertaking the project in 1883, Gaudi
built the crypt, which was finished in 1889.
• Then he started work on the apse (and the
cloister), which went smooth due to the
donations.
• When he received a large anonymous one, he
thought of doing a new, bigger work: he
discarded the old neo-Gothic project and
proposed a more monumental and
innovatory one in terms of both forms and
structures and the construction.
• Gaudi’s project consisted of a large church with
a Latin cross ground plan and high towers; it
carried a major symbolic load, in both
architectural and sculptural form, with the
ultimate aim of being a catechistic
explanation of the teachings of the Gospels
and the Church.
• In 1892 he began work on the foundations of
the Nativity façade
86
Sagrada Familia
Ground plan of Sagrada Familia

• After 1914, Gaudi devoted himself exclusively to
building La Sagrada Familia, which is why
there are no other major works from the last
years of his life.
• In 1911 he planned the Passion façade
• In 1923 the definitive solution to the naves and
roofs.
• On 30 November 1925 the construction of the
first bell tower of the Nativity facade,
dedicated to St Barnaby and 100 m high,
was finished.
• This is the only one that Gaudí lived to see built,
since on 10 June 1926 he died as a result of
a tragic accident .
•
87
Antoni Gaudi

Symbology
• Christian symbology is to be found in all Gaudí's
work, but the most evident example of its
application is the church, which tells the life
of Jesus and the history of the faith.
• Gaudí had original idea, which expresses the
Catholic faith in the architecture: Jesus and
the faithful, represented by Mary, the
apostles and the saints. That can be seen in
the eighteen bell towers, which symbolise
Jesus, the Virgin, the four evangelists and
the twelve apostles; on the three facades,
which represent the human life of Jesus
(from birth to death), and in the interior,
which suggests the celestial Jerusalem,
where a set of columns, dedicated to
Christian cities and continents, represent
the apostles.
89
Architecture of Sagrada Familia

Stone used in Sagrada Familia
• When building work on the church began in
1882 six different kinds of stone were used
basically: stone from Montjuïc, for the
exterior of the building
• The rock that best characterises the Gaudinian
period; stone from Garraf, for the masonry
of the foundation .
• The filling of the exterior ornaments; stone from
Lleida, for the sculptures on the Nativity
façade.
• stone from Vilafranca, for the interior ornaments.
• Stone from Figueres, for the socles and
handrails of the staircases in the crypt.
• Granite from the Maresme, for the steps of the
staircases in the crypt.
• The different types of stones used in coloums
are:
Montjuïc stone for the six-sided columns of
the side naves;ull de serp granite for the
eight-sided columns of the central nave;
basalt, for the eight ten-sided columns
around the transept; porphyry, for the four
twelve-sided columns of the transept, which
support the 170 m high central tower.

Classification of stones used in Sagrada Familia
• All three types of stones are used in Sagrada
Familia
• IGNEOUS
• Granite (6 varieties)
• Basalts (2 varieties)
• Porphyries (1 typology)
• SEDIMENTARY
Sandstone
• Calcarenite,
• Limestone
• Alabaster
• METAMORPHIC
• Blanc Macael(Almería)
•

Properties of stones used in Sagrada
Familia
• Stones have quite different characteristics. In the
construction and architecture sector there
are three vital properties that have to be
appraised:
• Resistance, which is fundamental for absorbing
the structural strain.
• Durability, which ensures that the monument will
endure over the centuries.
• Colour, which provides a particular aesthetic.
•

Death
• Antoni Gaudi died on 10 June and on12 June he
was buried in the Carmen Chapel in the crypt
of La Sagrada Família, where his remains still
lie today.
• After Gaudi’s death the management of the works
was taken by his close associate Domènec
Sugrañes, until 1938. Later directors were
Francesc de Paula Quintana i Vidal, Isidre
Puig i Boada and Lluís Bonet i Garí, all
associates of Gaudí, people who knew the
master and who directed the works until 1983.
• After that Francesc de Paula Cardoner i Blanch
became director and then Jordi Bonet i
Armengol, who has occupied the post since
1984.
• In July 1936, at the time of the military uprising and
the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War,
revolutionaries set fire to the crypt, burned the
Temporary Schools of La Sagrada Família
and destroyed the workshop. The time when
original plans, drawings and photographs
were lost, and some of the scale plaster
models were smashed.
88
Fall of Sagarda Familia

Christopher Charles Benninger
• Christopher Charles Benninger is an
American-Indian architect and planner born
in the United States in 1942
• He studied urban planning at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and architecture at
Harvard's Graduate School of Design
• These include the Center for Development
Studies and Activities, the Mahindra United
World College of India, the Samundra
Institute of Maritime Studies, the YMCA
International Camp, Nilshi, India, the
Kirloskar Institute of Advanced Management
Studies and the International School Aamby
90

Center For Development Studies And
Activities -Pune
• Patterns based on the play and juxta-positioning
of parallel walls
• The "hip roofs" face the strong westerly
monsoon winds at 45 degree slopes, while
they taper off gently to the east at a 30
degree slopes!
• Glass, transparent panels facing east and west,
set back in the verandah allow views into
the vast landscape and vision through the
buildings
91

Bibliography
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.geology.com
• www.explorit.com
• www.britanica.com
• www.google.com
• www.fi.edu
• www.geolsoc.org.uk
• www.ccba.com
• www.ask.com
• www.semiprecious.com
• Chibda site visit (stone mine)
•
•
93

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