This document discusses greenhouse drying techniques for preserving agricultural produce. It begins by explaining that drying is one of the oldest food preservation methods by removing moisture from foods to prevent spoilage. It then covers various drying methods like open sun drying, greenhouse drying, passive and active solar drying, direct and indirect solar drying, and mixed-mode drying. It also discusses factors that affect the drying process and advantages and disadvantages of different techniques. Finally, it proposes a low-cost multipurpose greenhouse that can be used for both crop cultivation and drying of produce during different seasons for improved utilization and farmer livelihoods.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
Preservation of Food Items Using Solar Dryers: A ReviewIJERA Editor
In order to conserve the food products like chillies, grapes, potatoes & other agricultural products, for a longer
period of time & with same the quality they need to be dried by using any form of energy, for example heat
energy from fossil fuels or solar energy etc. This is done to reduce the moisture content to a predetermined level
which prevents the growth & reproduction of micro organisms like bacteria, yeasts etc. that causes many
moisture mediated deterioration reactions. One of the drying methods involves drying the produce with the help
of direct sun light by spreading them in an open space. This process is labor intensive & requires a large area for
spreading the produced to dry out. The disadvantage of this method involves uneven heating, loss of produce
due to birds, animals, bad weather etc. Another method of drying involves artificial mechanical drying which is
an energy intensive, expensive and costly method. Green house drying or solar drying gives the best results as it
does not compromise the product quality, aesthetic etc. Moreover it makes the transportation process easy as the
volume of dried product reduces. This paper reviews the solar drying process & gives complete in depth of all
the elements involve in solar drying.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
Preservation of Food Items Using Solar Dryers: A ReviewIJERA Editor
In order to conserve the food products like chillies, grapes, potatoes & other agricultural products, for a longer
period of time & with same the quality they need to be dried by using any form of energy, for example heat
energy from fossil fuels or solar energy etc. This is done to reduce the moisture content to a predetermined level
which prevents the growth & reproduction of micro organisms like bacteria, yeasts etc. that causes many
moisture mediated deterioration reactions. One of the drying methods involves drying the produce with the help
of direct sun light by spreading them in an open space. This process is labor intensive & requires a large area for
spreading the produced to dry out. The disadvantage of this method involves uneven heating, loss of produce
due to birds, animals, bad weather etc. Another method of drying involves artificial mechanical drying which is
an energy intensive, expensive and costly method. Green house drying or solar drying gives the best results as it
does not compromise the product quality, aesthetic etc. Moreover it makes the transportation process easy as the
volume of dried product reduces. This paper reviews the solar drying process & gives complete in depth of all
the elements involve in solar drying.
A solar dryer is an application of solar energy, used immensely in the food and agriculture industry. Though the sun is still used as the direct source for drying food items and clothes in certain parts of the world. An indirect source of solar power can also be used for the same purpose in the form of a solar dryer.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry substances, especially the food. Drying is one of the methods used to preserve food products for longer periods. Different types of solar dryers have been designed, developed and tested in the different regions.
Solar drying is one of the application of solar energy. Drying means moisture removal from the product. Drying is helpful in preserving food product for long time; it prevent product from contamination. Direct solar drying, indirect solar drying, and mixed mode solar drying these are different solar drying methods. Primarily open to the sun or direct sun drying technique is used. However, it has some disadvantages. These disadvantages can be eliminated by indirect type of dryer which is used for drying products as application of solar energy. In this paper, we studied the different technique of drying and various modes of solar drying.
Solar drying is one of the application of solar energy. Drying means moisture removal from the product. Drying is helpful in preserving food product for long time; it prevent product from contamination. Direct solar drying, indirect solar drying, and mixed mode solar drying these are different solar drying methods. Primarily open to the sun or direct sun drying technique is used. However, it has some disadvantages. These disadvantages can be eliminated by indirect type of dryer which is used for drying products as application of solar energy. In this paper, we studied the different technique of drying and various modes of solar drying
Design And Development of Hybrid Solar Dryers For Domestic Applicationssangeetkhule
INTRODUCTION
COMMERCIAL ASPECT
LITERATURE REVIEW
OUTCOME OF LITERATURE REVIEW
METHODOLOGY
DESIGN
CAD MODEL & SIMULATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Solar energy is a primary renewable energy source with the potential to meet
several challenges faced by humankind. Solar technologies convert sunlight into
electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that
concentrate solar radiation. There are two basic mechanisms involved in the drying
process of solar drying; are: The migration of moisture from the interior of the
substance to be dried, and the second is the evaporation of moisture from the surface to
the surrounding air. The solar drying system utilizes the solar energy to heat air and to
dry any food substance which is loaded, which is not only beneficial but also it reduces
wastage of agricultural products and helps in the preservation of agricultural products,
but it also makes transportation of such dried product quickly and promotes the health
and welfare of the people. So, the development of a hybrid solar-energy dryer using a
photovoltaic (PV) solar panel to power the heating element coil and charge the battery,
which had a storage energy system, was developed and constructed with readily
available materials market was proposed.
This report presents the basics of the solar dryer, and the Literature review
contains recent innovative techniques used for developments of different types like
direct, indirect, mixed-mode, and hybrid solar dryers are discussed from the duration of
the previous two to three decades. Also, a comprehensive report of the fundamental
principles governing the drying process with the classification of the practically realized
various designs and selection of solar dryers for drying agricultural and marine products
has been presented.
The dryer comprises a solar collector (air heater) with the baffles and a solar
drying chamber containing a rack of four net trays, both being assimilated together. The
air allowed in through the air inlet is heated up in the solar collector chamber andchannelled through the drying chamber, where it is utilized in drying (removing the
moisture content from the food substances or agricultural product loaded in it). Locally
materials were used for the construction are wood, glass, aluminium metal sheet, PV,
and net for the trays.
The hybrid solar dryer discussed in the papers in the literature review is a
prominent practical technology that can dry various crops under all weather conditions.
Temperatures in the drying cabinet can be expected to range between 40 to 70ºC.
Compared to traditional drying, the hybrid dryer produces a better quality product and
can reduce the drying time by up to 50 to 70 %.
Drying is need because the high moisture grain will cause heat build up (Hot spot) from respiration of microorganisms, low thermal diffusivity of grain ,increased the mold growth, reduced starch and sugar content.
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What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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GREENHOUSE DRYING
1. BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Protected Cultivation and Secondary
Agriculture
LECTURE 11: GREENHOUSE DRYING
BY
DR. PRAMOD RAI
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
2. Drying
Fresh agricultural produce have the tendency to
get spoiled after the harvest.
Drying is one of the oldest and easiest methods
of food preservation.
It is the process of removing water or moisture
from a food product.
The removal of moisture from foods makes
them smaller, lighter and less voluminous.
3. Principle of Drying
Foods can be spoiled by microorganisms or
through enzymatic reactions within the food.
Bacteria, yeast, and molds must have a
sufficient amount of moisture around them to
grow and cause spoilage.
Reducing the moisture content of food
prevents the growth of these spoilage-causing
microorganisms and slows down enzymatic
reactions.
4. The Process of Drying
Heat is transferred to the food.
Water is transferred from the food into the
drying environment.
It is process of Heat and Mass transfer.
Fig.1: Internal and external mass transfer in drying
6. Factors affecting Drying Process
External parameters
Solar radiation
Temperature
RH
Air velocity
Internal parameters
Initial moisture content
Type of crops
Size and composition of food materials
Crop absorptivity
Exposed surface area
8. Slideshare.net
Methods of Drying
Conventional drying
Tray drying
Vacuum tray drying
Freeze Drying
Spray drying
Micro wave /radio Frequency /infrared drying
Others
Solar Drying
Open sun drying.
Greenhouse Drying
9. Slideshare.net
Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Drying
Advantages
Continuous or batch process, maximum product can
be dried in less time.
Control over operating condition of drying.
Can be used round the year.
Disadvantages
High cost investment.
High energy consumption.
High maintenance cost is required etc.
10. Slideshare.net
Solar Drying
A device used for the purpose of solar drying
is known as solar dryer.
Solar energy, renewable source can play an
effective role to meet energy demand. Among
all, solar energy is most reliable, abundant,
inexhaustible and environmental friendly.
We can use for pumping, drying of agricultural
produce etc.
.
12. It is the oldest and most common traditional
method to preserve food products such as grains,
fruits, vegetables, fish etc.
Food products are spread on ground and directly
exposed to solar radiations.
The solar radiations falling on the food surface is
partly reflected and partly absorbed. The
absorbed radiations and surrounding air heat up
the food surface.
A part of this heat is utilized to evaporate the
moisture from the food surface to the
surrounding air.
Open sun drying (OSD)
14. Advantages of OSD
No fuel or mechanical energy is required.
Operation is very simple and inexpensive.
Viability, germination, baking qualities are
fully maintained.
Disadvantages of OSD
Slow drying method, takes several days.
Dust contamination, insect infestation,
microbial contamination and spoilage due to
rains.
Product dried is unhygienic and sometimes
unfit for human consumption.
Completely dependent on weather.
15. Greenhouse dryers
All the solar dryer acts on the principle of
greenhouse effect, so it is also called greenhouse
dryer.
The greenhouse effect in solar dryer due to (i) a
confinement effect, resulting from the decrease
in the air exchanges with the outside
environment; and (ii) an effect caused by the
existence of a cover characterized by its low
transparency to far infrared radiation (emitted by
the food materials and the inner greenhouse
elements), but its high transparency to sunlight.
17. Advantages of GH dryer
It is faster than OSD, fresh produce can be dried in a shorter
time period.
It is more efficient, since foodstuffs can be dried more
quickly, less will be lost due to spoilage.
It is hygienic, since foodstuffs are dried in a controlled
environment.
It is healthier, drying fresh produce at optimum temperatures
and in a shorter amount of time enables them to retain more
of their nutritional value such as vitamin C.
It is cheap, using freely available solar energy instead of
conventional fuels to dry products.
Disadvantages of GH dryer
Small capacity limits it to small scale applications.
Depends upon open field microclimate condition.
Control of temperature & RH is difficult.
18. Passive (Natural convection) solar dryer
The air movement is occurs by natural
circulation, and products get heated due to
direct absorption of heat or due to high
temperature in the enclosure and then moisture
removed from the crop escapes out of the
chamber by natural circulation of air.
Movement of air take place due to density or
the pressure difference.
21. Active (Force Convection) Solar Dryer
The air is forced into or out of the drying
chamber using a blower or fan which is
electrically or mechanically operated.
Forced convection dryers are best suited for
high moisture content crops whereas natural
convection is best for low moisture content
crops.
23. Fig. 11: Active solar energy cabinet dryer
Fig.10: Forced-convection GH dryer
24. In direct solar dryers, collection of solar energy
and drying of product takes place in an enclosed
insulated structure.
The moisture is taken away by the air entering
into the dryer from below and escaping through
at the top exit
These driers have enclosures and covered with
glass or transparent LDPE etc.
Direct solar dryer (DSD)
26. Advantages of DSD
Simpler and cheaper to construct than the
indirect-type for the same capacity.
Offer protection from rains, dews, debris etc.
Product quality obtained is better than open sun
drying.
Disadvantages of DSD
Poor vapor removal rates leading to relatively
slow overall drying rates.
Small capacity limits it to small scale
applications.
Discoloration of crop due to direct exposure to
solar radiation.
27. The crops are dried in trays or shelves inside an
opaque drying chamber and a separate unit, solar
collector is used for heating of the entering air into the
cabinet.
The heated air is allowed to flow through/over the wet
crop that provides the heat for moisture evaporation
by convective heat transfer between the hot air and
the wet crop.
Drying takes place due to the difference in moisture
concentration between the drying air and the air in the
vicinity of crop surface.
The better controlled of temperature in dryer results in
efficient operation.
Indirect solar dryer (ISD)
30. Advantages of ISD
Can be operated at higher temperature,
recommended for deep bed drying.
It is more efficient than the direct solar dryer.
Maintain the quality of product by avoiding
direct exposure of solar radiations.
Disadvantages of ISD
More complex and expensive than direct solar
dryer.
Incur larger maintenance costs than the direct
solar dryer.
31. Mixed-mode solar dryer
The products are exposed directly to solar
radiations and hot air from solar collector. It is
a combination of direct and indirect solar
dryers.
32. Working of mixed-mode solar dryer
Fig.15: Isometric illustration of the mixed-mode solar dryer
33. Advantages of mixed-mode solar dryer
Less damage from temperature extreme.
Disadvantages of mixed-mode solar dryer
More complex and expensive than direct sun
drying.
UV radiation can damage food.
35. Low cost Multipurpose GH (MGH)
Due to high temperature and high light intensity
during summer season in open, it is very difficult
utilize GH for cultivation/nursery growing.
The MGH can utilize high temperature for other
beneficial application.
When the GH is used for cultivation/nursery
growing and drying/soil solarization, it is called
Multipurpose greenhouse (MGH).
Here during winter and rainy season it is use for
cultivation/nursery growing but during summer
season it is used for drying/soil solarization.
36. Mid Feb-June: Utilized for drying & Soil
solarization.
Drying process: Passive (natural) & active (using
fan or chimney)
Fig.17: Low cost multipurpose
GH
Fig.18: Tomato cultivated under
low cost multipurpose GH
37. Fig.19a: Open field dried tomato (WB) Fig.19b: Open field dried tomato (B)
Fig.20a: Low cost multipurpose GH
dried tomato (WB)
Fig.20b: Low cost multipurpose GH
dried tomato (B)
38. Advantages
It can be efficiently utilized for cultivation of
vegetables or nursery raising during June-Mid.
February.
It can be used for drying of cauliflower,
mushroom, mahua etc. during Mid. Feb-June due
to high temperature (40-550C).
It can be also be utilized for soil sterilization
before next crop.
Youtube video: Low cost multipurpose
greenhouse (MGH)
https://youtu.be/Xbyq8U9TUaE)
39. Multipurpose Greenhouse (MGH) vs Conventional GH
Dryer
The MGH can be used for drying as well as
cultivation where as GH dryer used for only drying
purpose.
The construction cost of low cost MGH is around
Rs. 300 per square meter where as GH dryer it
varies between Rs. 400 to 600 per square meter.
The cost economics of GH dryer is major hindrance
in its adaption.
The MGH is used for drying & cultivation has
better economics then stand alone GH dryer and it
can be constructed locally and used by farmer
community to improved there livelihood.
40. If you have any question/suggestion
Mail me: pramod_kgp@yahoo.co.uk
Contact me on WhatsApp: 8986644713