applied nutrition

1. Nutrition Basics
by;
M. Zubair
Lecturer Kmu

2. Nutrition; defined
• The process of taking in food and using it for
growth, metabolism, and repair.
• The act or process of nourishing or being
nourished; specifically : the sum of the
processes by which an animal or plant takes in
and utilizes food substances.
• Is the sum total of the process by which living
things receive and utilize the necessary
materials for survival, growth and maintenance
of worn out tissues.

3. Def..
• The scientific study of food and
nourishment, including food composition,
dietary guidelines, and the roles that
various nutrients have in maintaining
health.

4. Applied Nutrition
• The study of Putting to use general
principles of the science of human
nourishment to address or solve specific
problems.
• The study or branch of nutrition which
emphasise the role that diet has in
promoting health and as a therapy.

5. Basic Terms
• Food: - is defined as any solid or liquid which when
ingested will enable the body to carry out any of its life
function.
• Diet: - is defined as food containing all the nutrients in a
sufficient amount and in proper ratio.
• Roughage: - is defined as food fibres which enable the
body to get rid of waste products, which would otherwise
become poisonous to the body
• Nutrients – Substances or components of food which
contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats (lipids), vitamins,
minerals, and water

6. cnt..
• Diet: - The customary amount and kind of food
and drink a person takes in day to day .
• Balanced diet – The daily provision of a variety
of foods which include all the nutrients in the
right amounts and combinations required to
meet the body’s functional needs
• Malnutrition: - is the condition that results from
an imbalance between dietary intake and
requirements

7. cnt..
• Meal – Food served or eaten at a given time
during the day (e.g., breakfast, lunch, dinner)
• Macronutrients – Nutrients (carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins) needed by the body in
relatively large quantities, measured in grams
per day.
• Micronutrients – Nutrients (vitamins and
minerals) needed by the body in very small
quantities, usually less than 1 gram per day

8. Purposes/ Importance
• Give us vitality and energy for life.
• Boost our immune system.
• Delays the effects of aging.
• Keeps us active and fit in old age.
• Help beat tiredness and fatigue.
• Ward off serious illnesses like heart disease,
certain cancers, mature-age onset, diabetes,
and gallbladder disease etc.

9. Food groups
• ♦ Milk, cheese, yoghurt
• ♦ Meat, poultry, fish and alternates
• ♦ Fruits and vegetables
• ♦ Bread and cereals
• ♦ Fats, sweets and alcohols

10. Nutritional stages
1)Ingestion,
2) Digestion,
3) Absorption,
4) Transport,
5) Assimilation, and
6) Excretion.

11. Modes of Nutrition
• HOLOZOIC NUTRITION : It is a method
of nutrition that involves the ingestion of
liquid or solid organic material, digestion,
absorption and assimilation of it to utilize it. It
includes taking in the complex substances and
converting them into simpler forms.
• This consists of 5 stages –
• Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation a
nd egestion.
• Ex – Humans, Amoeba.

12. • SAPROZOIC NUTRITION : Some unicellular
organism absorb liquid organic substances
from their environment and use them as food
for their body. They are term as saprozoic
feeders and the mode of nutrition is called
saprozoic nutrition.

13. • FRUGIVORIC NUTRITION : Some animals such as
parrot and squirrel are depend on fruit and seeds.
They are called Frugivores. And the nutrition is
named as frugivoric nutrition.
• An insectivore is a type of carnivore with a diet that
consists chiefly of insects and similar small creatures.
Thus, their mode of nutrition is called insectivorous
nutrition.
• Examples of insectivores include different species
of, nightingales, anteaters, frogs, lizards, bats,
and spiders.

14. Parasitic nutrition
• some animals obtain their food from a living host. They are called
parasites and the mode of nutrition is called parasitic nutrition. It is of
two types.
(i) Ectoparasitic (ii)Endoparasitic
• Ectoparasitic
• Ectoparasites are those, which acquire their food by living on the body
surface of their host and obtain nourishment by sucking blood.
• This mode of nutrition is called Ectoparasitic nutrition.
• For example head lice, dog fleas and leeches etc.
Endoparasitic
• Endoparasites are those, which obtain their food by living inside the
bodies of their hosts. They obtain food from blood or directly. This mode
of nutrition is called Endoparasitic nutrition. Hookworms, tape worms and
blood fluke are the example of endoparasites.

15. Daily calorie requirements of
individuals
• Infants 1 - 3 years need 1,000 cal/day
• Children 5 years need 1,500 cal/day
• Children 5 – 8 years need 1,800 cal/day
• Children 10 – 12 years need 2,000
cal/day
• For adolescents and adults calorie
requirements depend on the degree of
physical activities

16. cnt..
From 13 – 20 years of age
• Office worker 2, 800 cal/day
• Heavy work 3,500 cal/day
Adults
Office worker 2,300-cal/day
Heavy worke 2,700 cal/day
• Very heavy work up to 4,000 cal/day

17. The essential nutrient groups
To function properly, the body must maintain a
proper balance of the following key nutrients:
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Fats
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water

18. Protiens
• Contain C, O, H, but also lots of N
• Used for structure in the body
• Provide 4 kcal/g- not used much for
providing energy
• Formed by the linking of amino acids
• Most people eat 2-3 times the necessary
protein in their diet

19. Carbohydrates
• Composed mostly of C, H, and O
• Major source of fuel for body- 4 kcal/g
• Glucose is major energy component the
body uses
• Can be in form of simple sugar (sucrose,
glucose), or in polsaccharides (complex
carbs)
• Some complex carbs cannot be broken
down by human digestion- dietary fiber

20. Lipids/ Fats
• Mostly C and H, few O
• Yield more energy- 9 kcal/g
• Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic
solvents (benzene, ether)
• Basic structure is 3 C glycerol molecule with
fatty acid attached to each C- triglyceride
• Triglycerides are major form of fat in foods, and
key energy source for body
• Saturated fats- usually from animals, solid at
room temp
• Unsaturated fats- usually from plants, liquid at
room temp

21. Vitamins
• Main function is to allow chemical
reactions to occur in body
– Help release energy trapped in carbs, lipids,
and proteins
• Vitamins provide no usable energy for the
body however
• 13 vitamins divided into 2 groups:
– Fat soluble- A, D, E, K
– Water soluble- C and B vitamins

22. Minerals
• Inorganic compounds that exist as groups
of one or more of the same atoms
• Include Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++, Cl-, PO4
etc
• Critical for nervous system function,
maintaining electrolyte levels, water
balance, and skeletal system

23. Water
• Acts as solvent and lubricant in body
• Used to transport nutrients and wastes
• Medium for temperature regulation and
chemical processes
• We need about 2L of water per day (8
cups)