Steroids, Classification of Steroids, Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Aldosterone, Significance, Biosynthesis, Skeleton structure, History, Bile acids, Cardiac Glycosides, Steroid hormones, Saponins, Mode of Action, Tests of steroids, Sterol, Adrenocorticosteroids, Glucocorticoids, Cortisol, Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone, Mineralocorticoids, Steroid Contraceptives, Androgens, Vitamin D2&D3, Cardenolides
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Introduction about Steroids.
Important Steroids, Cholesterol.
Physical and Chemiscal Properties of Cholesterol.
Structural Elucidation of Cholesterol.
Synthesis of Cholesterol.
Purines are the cyclic diureides, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring. Purine m.p. 212-213⁰C is a synthetic compound. Purine is not found naturally, but it’s derivatives, adenine, and guanine are found in nature. These are the building blocks of nucleic acid RNA and DNA. Purine can exist in four tautomeric forms in which the hydrogen atom is attached to the different nitrogen atom, N-1, N-3, N-7, and N-9. Purines are a type of chemical compound found in foods and drinks that are part of a normal diet. A small number of foods contain concentrated levels of purines, such as seafood, organ meats, and alcoholic beverages, especially beer.
Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical sufffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes.
Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin D. Cholesterol is the principal sterol synthesized by all animals. In vertebrates, hepatic cells typically produce the greatest amounts. It is absent among prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), although there are some exceptions, such as Mycoplasma, which require cholesterol for growth.
cholesterol is essential because it is involved in synthesis of
1. steroidal hormone
2.vitamin-d
3.bile acids
4. it is also structural component of cell membrane
IN PLASMA MEMBRANE
Cholesterol is important in the membrane as it helps to maintain cell membrane stability at varying temperatures. Cholesterol is bound to neighbouring phospholipid molecules via hydrogen bonds and therefore at low temperatures, reduces their packing.
2. TRANSPORTATION
Cholesteryl ester, a dietary lipid, is an ester of cholesterol. The ester bond is formed between the carboxylate group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol. Cholesteryl esters have a lower solubility in water due to their increased hydrophobicity. Esters are formed by replacing at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group with an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group. They are hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes, cholesterol esterase, to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids
cholesterol is also important to maintain structure of lipoprotein
Cholesterol travels through the blood on proteins called “lipoproteins.” Two types of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout the body:
1.LDL (low-density lipoprotein), sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, makes up most of your body's cholesterol.
2.HDL (high-density lipoprotein) called “good cholesterol” makes a less part of your body’s cholesterol
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosisJinal Tandel
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies is part of lipid metabolism. After completion of this topic one can understand about Ketogenesis, utilization of Ketone bodies and ketoacidosis
Presentation by
Primary Information Services
www.primaryinfo.com
mailto:primaryinfo@gmail.com
Download PDF Version at
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See You tube Channel
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INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
Introduction about Steroids.
Important Steroids, Cholesterol.
Physical and Chemiscal Properties of Cholesterol.
Structural Elucidation of Cholesterol.
Synthesis of Cholesterol.
Purines are the cyclic diureides, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring. Purine m.p. 212-213⁰C is a synthetic compound. Purine is not found naturally, but it’s derivatives, adenine, and guanine are found in nature. These are the building blocks of nucleic acid RNA and DNA. Purine can exist in four tautomeric forms in which the hydrogen atom is attached to the different nitrogen atom, N-1, N-3, N-7, and N-9. Purines are a type of chemical compound found in foods and drinks that are part of a normal diet. A small number of foods contain concentrated levels of purines, such as seafood, organ meats, and alcoholic beverages, especially beer.
Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical sufffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes.
Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin D. Cholesterol is the principal sterol synthesized by all animals. In vertebrates, hepatic cells typically produce the greatest amounts. It is absent among prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), although there are some exceptions, such as Mycoplasma, which require cholesterol for growth.
cholesterol is essential because it is involved in synthesis of
1. steroidal hormone
2.vitamin-d
3.bile acids
4. it is also structural component of cell membrane
IN PLASMA MEMBRANE
Cholesterol is important in the membrane as it helps to maintain cell membrane stability at varying temperatures. Cholesterol is bound to neighbouring phospholipid molecules via hydrogen bonds and therefore at low temperatures, reduces their packing.
2. TRANSPORTATION
Cholesteryl ester, a dietary lipid, is an ester of cholesterol. The ester bond is formed between the carboxylate group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol. Cholesteryl esters have a lower solubility in water due to their increased hydrophobicity. Esters are formed by replacing at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group with an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group. They are hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes, cholesterol esterase, to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids
cholesterol is also important to maintain structure of lipoprotein
Cholesterol travels through the blood on proteins called “lipoproteins.” Two types of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout the body:
1.LDL (low-density lipoprotein), sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, makes up most of your body's cholesterol.
2.HDL (high-density lipoprotein) called “good cholesterol” makes a less part of your body’s cholesterol
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosisJinal Tandel
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies is part of lipid metabolism. After completion of this topic one can understand about Ketogenesis, utilization of Ketone bodies and ketoacidosis
Presentation by
Primary Information Services
www.primaryinfo.com
mailto:primaryinfo@gmail.com
Download PDF Version at
https://www.slideshare.net/thorapadi/presentations
See You tube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/user/ch600091/videos?view_as=subscriber
INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
This presentation contains topic related to
CHOLESTEROL, CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM & CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS.
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591114482&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Cholesterol Biosynthesis and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
Cholesterol is found exclusively in animals, hence it is often called as animal sterol.
The total body content of cholesterol in an
adult man weighing 70 kg is about 140 g i.e., around 2 g/kg body weight.
The level of cholesterol in blood is related to the development of atherosclerosis & MI.
cholesterol introduction , synthesis , degradation and functions.
different intermediate products , biochemical importance, fate of cholesterol: synthesis of bile acids (primary and secondary ) , synthesis of vitamin D and different steroid hormones
clinical significance of cholesterol: Hypercholesterolemia ANd hypocholesterolemia normal ranges and so on
Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma either as free cholesterol or as a storage form, combined with a long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl ester.
In plasma, both forms are transported in lipoproteins
removed from tissues by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and transported to the liver, where it is eliminated from the body either unchanged or after conversion to bile acids in the process known as reverse cholesterol transport
It mainly contains metabolism of saturated and unsaturated fats. It also contains utilisation of cholesterol after degradation in body i.e. synthesis of bile acids, Vit. D, steroid hormone etc. It also describe synthesis of ketone bodies and utilisation.
the slides aim at providing explanations on cholesterol biosynthesis, regulations, functions of cholesterol, and their consequences. facts about lipoproteins have also been included. enjoy the reading
prepared by Asangalwisye Deo
St. john's University of Tanzania
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
3. Introduction:
Lipids are substances soluble in organic
solvents and insoluble in water. The extraction
of plant and animal tissues with organic
solvents such as ether, chloroform Or benzene
yields Lipids. Lipids so obtained are of two
main categories;
• The 1st are converted into water soluble matter on
sponification (Alkaline hydrolysis)
• The 2nd are do not get converted Into water soluble matter
on sponification Like STEROIDS. Steroids (Greek stereos
= solid) are compounds possessing a characteristic
tetracyclic carbon skeleton, the perhydrocyclopentano
phenanthrene nucleus.
4.
5. Structure:
A steroid is an organic compound with Four
fused rings arranged in a specific
molecular configuration.
The steroid core structure is composed of
seventeen carbon atoms(17), bonded in
four rings.
Three six-member cyclohexane rings (rings
A , B and C in the first illustration) and one
five-member cyclopentane ring (the D ring).
Steroids vary by the functional groups
attached to this four- ring core and by the
oxidation state of the rings.
6. History:
Most sources suggest
that scientists began to
experiment with synthetic
testosterone in the late
1880s.
The first steroid was
synthesized in 1938.
The Health Organization
of the League of Nations
immediately recognized
Anabolic steroids as
performance-enhancing
drugs.
However, health
companies did not begin
to regulate steroids until
the late 1990s.
7. Classification:
Sterol:
• Also known as steroid alcohols.
• where R is an aliphatic side chain.They contain usually
one or more hydroxyl groups(-OH) attached in alicyclic
linkage.
• Occur naturally in plants, animals, and fungi, with the
most familiar type of animal sterol being cholesterol.
8. Types:
• Phytosterols – plant sterol (Campesterol, Sitosterol,
and Stigmasterol).
(Blocks cholesterol absorption sites in the human
intestine, thus helping to reduce cholesterol in humans)
• Zoosterol – animal sterol (Cholesterol).
• Ergosterol – sterol present in the cell membrane of
fungi.
9. Bile acids:
• Are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other
vertebrates.
• where R is essentially a five-carbon side chain ending with a carboxylic acid
moiety
• Are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver, forming bile salts.
Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver. Secondary bile acids
result from bacterial actions in the colon.
• Functions:
• To remove unwanted cholesterol from the body.
• To aid in lipid digestion in the intestine.
10. Cardiac glycosides:
• Are glycosides of mostly C23-steroidal compounds.
• where R is a lactone ring.
• Are called cardiac glycosides because they modify
heart action.
Medicinal importance:
• They are cardiotonics used to treat Congestive heart
failure (CHF).
• They increase force of contraction of cardiac
muscles without increase oxygen consumption.
11. Steroid
hormones:
• where R bears a ketonic (C=O) or hydroxyl group(-OH) and
mostly possess a two carbon side chain
• A steroid that acts as a hormone
• Can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they
bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens,
estrogens, and progestogens.
• Steroid hormones help control Metabolism, inflammation,
immune functions, salt and water balance, development of
sexual characteristics, and the ability to withstand illness and
injury.
12. Sapogenins:
• Sapogenins :- where R
contains an oxacyclic
(etheral) ring system.
• Sapogenin, any of a class
of organic compounds
occurring in many species
of plants as derivatives of
the Steroids.
• Sapogenins
contain steroids or
other triterpene framewor
ks as their key organic
feature.
13. Mechanism of action:
• Simple Diffusion: The lipid soluble hormones diffuses through the cell membrane to enter the cell.
• Hormone binds to the intracellular receptor composed of a "Hormone binding" domain, a "DNA binding"
domain and a "amino terminal" which interacts with other transcription factors. Binding of the hormone leads
to exposure of DNA binding zone.
• Hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus and dimerizes.
• Binding to HREs: Hormone-recpetor dimers bind to Hormone (Steroid) Receptor Elements (SREs or HREs)
of DNA.
• Transcription: DNA transcription leads to formation of mRNA.
• Translation: mRNA undergoes translation to produce new proteins. e.g. Calbindin for Vitamin D
• Physiologic action of hormones.
14.
15. Tests of
steroids:
(a) Liebermann-Burchard’s test:
2 mg of dry extract was dissolved in acetic anhydride,
heated to boiling, cooled and then 1 ml of concentrated
sulphuric acid was added along the sides of the test tube.
Formation of green colour indicates the presence of
steroids.
(b) Salkowski reaction:
2 mg of dry extract was shaken with chloroform, to the
chloroform layer sulphuric acid was added slowly by the
sides of test tube.
Formation of red colour indicated the presence of
steroids.
17. STEROL
Sterol is a class of steroids
containing OH group at C-3
position and a side chain of
8 to 10 carbon atoms.
Sterol is a chemical
compound with
formula C17H28O.
18.
19. CHOLESTEROL
• Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
• Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma
either as free cholesterol or as a storage form,
combined with a long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl
ester.
• In plasma, both forms are transported in
lipoproteins.
20. CHOLESTEROL
• The structure of
cholesterol consists of
four fused rings (The
rings in steroids are
denoted by the letters
A, B, C, and D.), with
the carbons numbered
in the sequence, and
an eight numbered, and
branched hydrocarbon
chain attached to the D
ring.
21. SALIENT FEATURES OF CHOLSTEROL
BIOSYNTHESIS
Substrate : Acetyl CoA
Site: Liver, intestine, skin, adrenal cortex, gonads, neural
tissues, placenta
Nature: Anabolic
Compartment: Cytoplasm
Rate limiting enzyme: HMG CoA reductase
22. BIOSYNTHESIS OF
CHOLSTEROL
• Biosynthesis of cholesterol generally takes place in the
endoplasmic reticulum of hepatic cells and begins with acetyl-
CoA, which is mainly derived from an oxidation reaction in the
mitochondria. However, acetyl-CoA can also be derived from
the cytoplasmic oxidation of ethanol by acetyl-CoA synthetase.
Acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA are converted to 3-hydroxy-
3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) by HMG-CoA synthase.
• HMG-CoA is then converted to mevalonate by HMG-CoA
reductase (HMGR). This reaction is completed with the aid of
NADPH, which is used as a cofactor for all reduction reactions
throughout cholesterol synthesis. Mevalonate undergoes a
series of phosphorylations and a decarboxylation yielding the
isoprenoid, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). A series of
condensing reactions occur, catalyzed by squalene synthase,
leading to the production of squalene. From squalene,
lanosterol, the first of the sterols is formed. The conversion of
lanosterol to cholesterol requires 19 additional reaction steps.
23.
24. FUNCTION OF CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is the most abundant sterol in humans and
performs a number of essential functions.
It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and of plasma
lipoproteins.
It is a precursor of bile salts/bile acid.
It is a precursor of steroid hormones that include adrenocortical
hormones, sex hormones, placental hormones etc
26. Testosterone
Testosterone is the hormone responsible for
the development of male sexual
characteristics.
Hormones are chemical messengers that
trigger necessary changes in the body.
Females also produce testosterone, usually
in smaller amounts.
It is a type of androgen produced primarily by
the testicles in cells called the Leydig cells.
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 26
27. Role of Testosterone:
Mind
Helps to
maintain a
feeling of
wellbeing.
Sexual
function
Maintain
sexdrive and
fertility.
Body
Helps to
maintain
healthy bones
and muscle
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 27
28. Role in body:
In men, testosterone is thought to regulate a number of functions alongside sperm production.
These include:
sex drive
bone mass
fat distribution
muscle size and strength
red blood cell production
Without adequate amounts of testosterone, men become infertile. This is because testosterone
assists the development of mature sperm.
Despite being a male sex hormone, testosterone also contributes to sex drive, bone density, and
muscle strength in women. However, an excess of testosterone can also cause women to
experience male pattern baldness and infertility.
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 28
30. Synthesis of testosterone:
A- F R O M C H O L E S T E R O L
B - F R O M
D I H Y D R O E P I AN D R O S T R E O N E
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 30
31. Synthesis:
• Cholesterol acetate dibromide is first prepared by the acylation of cholesterol and its
subsequent bromination, this is oxidation with chromium-6-oxide which on reduction
yields dehydroepiandrosterone.
• The resulting product on acylation and with the treatment with sodium peroxide
introduces a hydroxyl group.
• Benzoylation followed by mild hydrolysis causes the reappearance of free OH
constituent.
• Oppeanauer oxidation caused by refluxing the resulting secondary alcohol with
aluminium tertiary butoxide in excess of acetone affords a ketonic function at C-3
which on hydrolysis yields the official compound.
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 31
32. Metabolism of action:
Testosterone binds to a specific receptor in a
target cell.
Telesteron itself is the active ligand in muscle
and liver but in other organs it must be
metabolized to dihydroxytestosterone (DHT)
to show its action.
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 32
33. Fun facts:
A mother testosterone level during pregnancy is correlated with her
daughter’s sex-typical behavior as an adult, the correlation is even
stronger than the daughter’s own adult testosterone level.
Falling in love decreases men’s testosterone level while increasing
women’s testosterone level.
Fatherhood decreases testosterone levels in men.
Testosterone levels plays a major role in risk-taking during financial
decisions.
Testosterone in the presence of a slow-growing cancer is assumed to
increase its growth.
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 33
35. Estrogens are hormones
that are important for
sexual and reproductive
development, mainly in
women.
They are also referred to
as female sex hormones.
Estrogen
39. Function of
estrogen
• Ovaries: Estrogen helps stimulate the growth of
the egg follicle.
• Vagina: In the vagina, estrogen maintains the
thickness of the vaginal wall and promotes
lubrication.
40. Conti..
• Uterus: Estrogen enhances and maintains the
mucous membrane that lines the uterus. It also
regulates the flow and thickness of uterine mucus
secretions.
• Breasts: The body uses estrogen in the formation of
breast tissue.
41. Progesterone
• Progesterone belongs to a group of steroid
hormones called progestogens.
• Progesterone is a hormone released by the
corpus luteum in the ovary. It plays important roles
in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early
stages of pregnancy. It may also be involved in the
growth of certain cancers.
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 41
43. Uses
• Prevention of abortion
• Function in bone strength, skin elasticity,
nerve tissue.
• Receptors in certain muscle and fat
tissues.
• Treatment of breast carcinoma
• Treatment of dysmenorrhea
• Treatment of catamenial epilepsy
• Oral contraceptives
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 43
44. Adrenocorticosteroid
s
Adrenocorticosteroids are group of hormones
that are produced in the adrenal cortex of
humans.
They are involved in many types of functions
including:
• Stress response
• Immune response
• Regulation of inflammation
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Protein Catabolism
• Blood electrolyte levels
• Behavior
2/8/20XX
Sample Footer Text 44
45. Glucocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids are steroid
hormones synthesized and
secreted by the adrenal gland
in response to stress.
• Both natural and synthetic
glucocorticoids are widely
prescribed as anti-
inflammatory drugs
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 45
47. Cortisol/ Hydrocortisone
• Cortisol plays an important role in a number of
things your body does. For example, it:
• Manages how your body uses carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins
• Keeps inflammation down
• Regulates your blood pressure
• Increases your blood sugar (glucose)
• Controls your sleep/wake cycle
• Boosts energy so you can handle stress and
restores balance afterward
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 47
48. Prednisolone
Prednisone is a corticosteroid
that is used to reduce
inflammation and calm down an
overactive immune system. Its
glucocorticoid activity is greater
than its mineralocorticoid activity,
which means that it has more
effects on the immune response
and inflammation than it does on
electrolytes and fluid.
2/8/20XX
Sample Footer Text 48
49. Mineralocorticoids
• Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which
in turn are a class of steroid hormones.
• Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal
cortex and influence salt and water balances
(electrolyte balance and fluid balance).
• The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.
Sample Footer Text 2/8/20XX 49
50. Aldosterone
• Aldosterone, a steroid
hormone secreted by
the adrenal glands.
Aldosterone serves as
the principal regulator
of the salt and water
balance of the body
and thus is categorized
as a mineralocorticoid.
It also has a small
effect on the
metabolism
of fats, carbohydrates,
and proteins.
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52. Cholesterol
• Cholesterol is the most common steroid and is the
precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone,
aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.
• Cholesterol is a component of the phospholipid bilayer and
plays a role in the structure and function of membranes.
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53. Steroids & Brain
• Steroids are found in the brain and alter electrical activity in the
brain.
• Because they can tone down receptors that communicate messages
from neurotransmitters, steroids are often used in anesthetic
medicines.
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54. Cholesterol & Atherosclerosis
In the disease atherosclerosis, fatty materials
containing cholesterol form deposits (plaques),
especially in the walls of the major blood vessels, and
vascular function may be fatally impaired. The
disease has many contributory factors but typically is
associated with elevated concentrations of
cholesterol in the blood plasma. One aim of medical
treatment is to lower the plasma cholesterol level.
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55. Cardiotonic
steroids
• Preparations in which cardiotonic
steroids of both vegetable
and animal origin are the active
principles have been used as
emetics, diuretics, and arrow poisons
for centuries.
• The use of digitalis, ouabain, and
strophanthin glycosides to slow the
rate and strengthen the contractility of
the failing heart is one of the most
important methods of treatment of
this condition.
• Of these agents, the digitalis
glycosides are the most widely used.
The therapeutic effects of these
agents are related to their influence
on muscle cells of the heart.
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56. Steroid contraceptives
• The most effective method of contraception uses
combinations of synthetic estrogen and progesterone that
prevent ovulation.
• Unlike the natural hormones, these synthetic steroids are
highly active when taken orally as tablets.
• Estrogens that have been used in oral contraceptives include
estranol which has about the same potency as estradiol, and
mestranol, which is less potent.
• Contraceptive steroid preparations are also used for control of
breeding cycles and synchronization of estrus in farm animals.
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57. Androgens and anabolic steroids
• A growing number of amateur and professional
athletes have made use of synthetic analogs
of testosterone to accelerate muscular
development and to improve strength.
• Medical researchers have determined that the
use of anabolic steroids may lead to heart disease,
sexual and reproductive disorders, immune
deficiencies, liver damage, stunted growth (in
teenagers and young adults), and aggressive,
violent behaviour.
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58. Vitamin D2 & D3
• In
mammalian skin one precursor of cholesterol, 7-
dehydrocholesterol, is converted by
solar ultraviolet light to cholecalciferol, vitamin D3,
which controls calcification of bone by regulating
intestinal absorption of calcium. The
disease rickets, which results from lack of
exposure to sunlight or lack of intake of vitamin D,
can be treated by administration of the vitamin or
of the corresponding derivative of ergosterol,
ergocalciferol (vitamin D2).
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59. Adrenal Steroids
• Failure of the adrenal cortex in humans gives rise
to Addison disease, a formerly fatal condition that
can now be successfully treated
with synthetic adrenal steroids.
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60. Glucocorticoids
• The glucocorticoids promote
the deposition of glycogen in the
liver and the breakdown of
body proteins.
• The secretion of
glucocorticoids is exquisitely
responsive to injury and fear in
animals and is primarily
responsible for
metabolic adaptation to stressful
conditions.
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61. Cardenolide:
Nature’s
weapon
• Cardenolide and bufanolide
derivatives, found in many plants and
in the skin of toads, cause vomiting,
visual disturbances, and slowing of
the heart in vertebrates and are
strong deterrents to predators. Birds
and other predators instinctively
avoid
certain grasshoppers and butterflies t
hat store cardenolides of the plants
upon which they feed.
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62. Summary
• Steroid, any of a class of natural or synthetic organic
compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms
arranged in four rings.
• Steroids are important in biology, chemistry, and medicine.
• The steroid group includes all the sex hormones, adrenal cortical
hormones, bile acids, and sterols of vertebrates, as well as
the molting hormones of insects and many other physiologically active
substances of animals and plants.
• Among the synthetic steroids of therapeutic value are a large number of
anti-inflammatory agents, anabolic (growth-stimulating) agents, and oral
contraceptives.
• Steroids vary from one another in attached groups, the position of the
groups, and the configuration of the steroid nucleus (or gonane).
• Small modifications in the molecular structures of steroids can produce
remarkable differences in their biological activities.
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63. Thank You
A N Y Q U E S T I O N S ?
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