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Chemistry of natural_products
This document provides information about natural products and terpenoids. It begins by defining natural products and describing their sources from plants, microbes, and animals. It then discusses the history of isolating and identifying pure natural compounds in the 18th-19th centuries. The rest of the document focuses on terpenoids, including their classification, isolation, properties, and structure elucidation. Specific terpenoids like myrcene, geraniol, and citral are discussed as examples.
Citral - isolation,identification and structure elucidation
This powerpoint presentation include isolation,identification and structure elucidation of citral by various spectroscopic techniques.
3.isolation and separation of terenoids
This document discusses methods for isolating and separating terpenoids. It describes both chemical and physical methods. The chemical methods involve using reagents like Tilden's reagent or phthalic anhydride to form crystalline adducts or diesters of terpenoids which can then be separated. Physical methods include fractional distillation under reduced pressure to separate terpenoids based on their boiling points, and various chromatography techniques like adsorption chromatography to separate terpenoids based on their differential adsorption on adsorbents like alumina and silica gel.
Chemistry of α-Terpineol
α-Terpineol is a colorless liquid with a pleasant lilac odor that is commonly used in perfumes and soaps. It has the chemical formula C10H18O. Structural elucidation revealed that α-terpineol has a tertiary alcohol functional group on a monocyclic p-menthane carbon skeleton with one double bond. Its structure was further confirmed through a graded oxidation study and the synthesis of related terpenoids. α-Terpineol can be synthesized from p-toluic acid or via a Diels-Alder reaction.
Citral
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
A presentation on terpenoids final 1488237641076
terpenoids, basic definition, classification, isolation, general structure elucidation, menthol, and camphor.
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Introduction
Constitution of reserpine
Structure of Reserpic acid
Structure of Yobyrine
Synthesis of Yobyrine
Structure of Reserpine
Synthesis of Reserpine
Classification
Extraction
Isolation:
Identification test
Mode of Action
Terpenoids
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
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Chemistry of natural_products
This document provides information about natural products and terpenoids. It begins by defining natural products and describing their sources from plants, microbes, and animals. It then discusses the history of isolating and identifying pure natural compounds in the 18th-19th centuries. The rest of the document focuses on terpenoids, including their classification, isolation, properties, and structure elucidation. Specific terpenoids like myrcene, geraniol, and citral are discussed as examples.
Citral - isolation,identification and structure elucidation
This powerpoint presentation include isolation,identification and structure elucidation of citral by various spectroscopic techniques.
3.isolation and separation of terenoids
This document discusses methods for isolating and separating terpenoids. It describes both chemical and physical methods. The chemical methods involve using reagents like Tilden's reagent or phthalic anhydride to form crystalline adducts or diesters of terpenoids which can then be separated. Physical methods include fractional distillation under reduced pressure to separate terpenoids based on their boiling points, and various chromatography techniques like adsorption chromatography to separate terpenoids based on their differential adsorption on adsorbents like alumina and silica gel.
Chemistry of α-Terpineol
α-Terpineol is a colorless liquid with a pleasant lilac odor that is commonly used in perfumes and soaps. It has the chemical formula C10H18O. Structural elucidation revealed that α-terpineol has a tertiary alcohol functional group on a monocyclic p-menthane carbon skeleton with one double bond. Its structure was further confirmed through a graded oxidation study and the synthesis of related terpenoids. α-Terpineol can be synthesized from p-toluic acid or via a Diels-Alder reaction.
Citral
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
A presentation on terpenoids final 1488237641076
terpenoids, basic definition, classification, isolation, general structure elucidation, menthol, and camphor.
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Introduction
Constitution of reserpine
Structure of Reserpic acid
Structure of Yobyrine
Synthesis of Yobyrine
Structure of Reserpine
Synthesis of Reserpine
Classification
Extraction
Isolation:
Identification test
Mode of Action
Terpenoids
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
Nicotine - Structural elucidation
This document discusses the structural elucidation and synthesis of nicotine. It begins with an introduction to nicotine and how it is extracted from tobacco plants. The properties of nicotine are then described. The document then details the various experiments and reactions performed to determine nicotine's molecular structure, including oxidation, distillation, hydrogenation, and conversion reactions. Finally, it discusses two methods for synthesizing nicotine that were developed in 1928 and 1933.
Terpenoids
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2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
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6.citral
Citral is an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group. It exists as two cis-trans isomers that differ in the orientation of the aldehyde group relative to the double bond and methylene group. This isomerism is evidenced by citral forming two different semicarbazones and reducing to either geraniol or nerol depending on the isomer. NMR data also shows differences between the isomers due to magnetic shielding effects. The carbon skeleton of citral contains two isoprene units joined head to tail, which is revealed through its cyclization to p-cymene when heated.
Practical Experiment 6: To synthesize and characterized 2,3 diphenyl quninox...
This document describes the synthesis of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline from o-phenylenediamine. It involves reacting o-phenylenediamine with benzil in a pinacol rearrangement reaction. The procedure involves warming a solution of benzil in rectified spirit, adding o-phenylenediamine, and continuing to warm the mixture. The product is isolated by adding water, cooling, filtering, and recrystallizing from aqueous ethanol. The synthesized compound has a melting point of 125-126°C and a 98.95% yield. 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline has potential medical applications.
Mevalonate pathway
1) Terpenes are derived from head-to-tail polymerization of isoprene units (C5). Monoterpenes contain 2 units, sesquiterpenes contain 3 units, and so on.
2) Mevalonic acid is converted to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), the basic C5 units. Repeated condensation of these units leads to prenyl diphosphates of different sizes.
3) These prenyl diphosphates are converted by terpene synthases into the skeletons of various terpenes, which may then undergo further modifications. This
Citral
Citral is a mixture of two aldehyde isomers - geranial and neral. Geranial has a strong lemon odor and neral has a less intense lemon odor and is sweeter. Citral is a clear yellow liquid extracted through steam distillation of lemon grass oil. It is used in perfumes, flavors, and insect repellents due to its antimicrobial properties. Laboratory synthesis of citral involves the heating of 3-methyl-3-butenal and 3-methyl-2-butenol. Structure was confirmed through reactions forming derivatives and comparison of products to known compounds.
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2. Quinoline itself has few applications but many derivatives are useful, including quinine which is an important anti-malarial drug. Over 200 biologically active quinoline alkaloids have been identified.
3. The document discusses the structure, properties, synthesis methods like Skraup, Doebner-Miller, and Conrad-Limpach, reactions including electrophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction, and applications of quinoline and its derivatives in dyes
Pyrimidine
1) Diazines are six-membered heterocyclic compounds derived from benzene where two CH groups are replaced by nitrogen atoms. This can occur at the 1,2; 1,3; or 1,4 positions.
2) Pyrimidine is a diazine where the nitrogen atoms are at the 1,3 positions. It is aromatic in nature and plays an important role in nucleic acids and vitamin B1.
3) Pyrimidines undergo electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions. Electrophilic substitution preferentially occurs at the 5th position while nucleophilic substitution occurs at the 2, 4, and 6th positions.
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This document provides information about terpenoids, which are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It discusses that terpenoids are commonly found in plants and have various important uses and properties. The document classifies terpenoids based on their carbon content, including monoterpenes which contain two isoprene units. It provides examples of important acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and discusses their structures, natural sources, and significance.
Oxazole
Oxazole is a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compound containing one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom. It has a planar cyclic structure and follows Hückel's rule for aromaticity. Oxazole can be synthesized through the Robinson–Gabriel synthesis involving an intramolecular cyclization of a 2-acylamino-ketone. It can also be synthesized through the reaction of acid amides with α-haloketones or α-hydroxyketones. The Van Leusen reaction involving a ketone and TosMIC leads to the formation of an oxazole through a 5-endo-dig cyclization. Oxazole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution at C5 with activating
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- Photolysis is the process of carrying out a photochemical reaction using light, usually infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light.
- Important natural photochemical reactions include photosynthesis, photography, ozone formation, and solar energy conversion.
- The photochemical process involves light absorption promoting an electron to a higher energy state, followed by primary processes like isomerization, dissociation, or secondary processes like chain reactions.
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1) The document discusses terpenoids, which are naturally occurring hydrocarbons found in plants. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can be simple or complex.
2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
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Citral is an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group. It exists as two cis-trans isomers that differ in the orientation of the aldehyde group relative to the double bond and methylene group. This isomerism is evidenced by citral forming two different semicarbazones and reducing to either geraniol or nerol depending on the isomer. NMR data also shows differences between the isomers due to magnetic shielding effects. The carbon skeleton of citral contains two isoprene units joined head to tail, which is revealed through its cyclization to p-cymene when heated.
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This document describes the synthesis of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline from o-phenylenediamine. It involves reacting o-phenylenediamine with benzil in a pinacol rearrangement reaction. The procedure involves warming a solution of benzil in rectified spirit, adding o-phenylenediamine, and continuing to warm the mixture. The product is isolated by adding water, cooling, filtering, and recrystallizing from aqueous ethanol. The synthesized compound has a melting point of 125-126°C and a 98.95% yield. 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline has potential medical applications.
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1) Terpenes are derived from head-to-tail polymerization of isoprene units (C5). Monoterpenes contain 2 units, sesquiterpenes contain 3 units, and so on.
2) Mevalonic acid is converted to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), the basic C5 units. Repeated condensation of these units leads to prenyl diphosphates of different sizes.
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Citral
Citral is a mixture of two aldehyde isomers - geranial and neral. Geranial has a strong lemon odor and neral has a less intense lemon odor and is sweeter. Citral is a clear yellow liquid extracted through steam distillation of lemon grass oil. It is used in perfumes, flavors, and insect repellents due to its antimicrobial properties. Laboratory synthesis of citral involves the heating of 3-methyl-3-butenal and 3-methyl-2-butenol. Structure was confirmed through reactions forming derivatives and comparison of products to known compounds.
Quinoline
1. Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C9H7N. It is colorless and hygroscopic, becoming yellow and brown over time when exposed to light.
2. Quinoline itself has few applications but many derivatives are useful, including quinine which is an important anti-malarial drug. Over 200 biologically active quinoline alkaloids have been identified.
3. The document discusses the structure, properties, synthesis methods like Skraup, Doebner-Miller, and Conrad-Limpach, reactions including electrophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction, and applications of quinoline and its derivatives in dyes
Pyrimidine
1) Diazines are six-membered heterocyclic compounds derived from benzene where two CH groups are replaced by nitrogen atoms. This can occur at the 1,2; 1,3; or 1,4 positions.
2) Pyrimidine is a diazine where the nitrogen atoms are at the 1,3 positions. It is aromatic in nature and plays an important role in nucleic acids and vitamin B1.
3) Pyrimidines undergo electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions. Electrophilic substitution preferentially occurs at the 5th position while nucleophilic substitution occurs at the 2, 4, and 6th positions.
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This document provides information about terpenoids, which are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It discusses that terpenoids are commonly found in plants and have various important uses and properties. The document classifies terpenoids based on their carbon content, including monoterpenes which contain two isoprene units. It provides examples of important acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and discusses their structures, natural sources, and significance.
Oxazole
Oxazole is a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compound containing one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom. It has a planar cyclic structure and follows Hückel's rule for aromaticity. Oxazole can be synthesized through the Robinson–Gabriel synthesis involving an intramolecular cyclization of a 2-acylamino-ketone. It can also be synthesized through the reaction of acid amides with α-haloketones or α-hydroxyketones. The Van Leusen reaction involving a ketone and TosMIC leads to the formation of an oxazole through a 5-endo-dig cyclization. Oxazole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution at C5 with activating
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- Photochemistry involves light interacting with matter, causing physical or chemical changes.
- Photolysis is the process of carrying out a photochemical reaction using light, usually infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light.
- Important natural photochemical reactions include photosynthesis, photography, ozone formation, and solar energy conversion.
- The photochemical process involves light absorption promoting an electron to a higher energy state, followed by primary processes like isomerization, dissociation, or secondary processes like chain reactions.
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Cholesterol is present in all mammalian tissues, either in a free state or esterified with fatty acids. It is synthesized in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions of cells and is present in large quantities in brain and nerve tissue. Cholesterol has an optically active levo-rotatory structure and is an animal sterol that occurs as a free alcohol and in fatty acid esters. It was first isolated from human gallstones and deposits in the bile duct. The structure of cholesterol was determined through a series of chemical reactions and degradations.
Terpenoid - General Consideration
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are produced mainly by plants and play roles such as contributing fragrances to flowers and flavors to fruits. The document discusses the definition, classification, occurrence, biosynthesis, and chemistry of terpenoids. It notes that terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can range from simple hemiterpenes to more complex polyterpenes. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily via the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways which link isoprene units together.
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• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Microwave Assisted Extraction
This document discusses microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), an efficient method for deriving natural compounds from plants. MAE uses microwave energy to heat plant materials mixed with solvents, extracting compounds faster than conventional methods. It describes the principles of microwave heating, closed and open vessel extraction systems, factors affecting MAE like solvent, time, power and temperature, and its applications. MAE provides benefits of reduced extraction time, improved yields, and ability to extract thermolabile substances.
Structural elucidation
The document provides information on the structural elucidation of nicotine and pilocarpine. It discusses the isolation, chemical structure, nomenclature, physical properties, spectral properties, and identification tests of both compounds. Nicotine was isolated from tobacco leaves in 1828 and is a potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid. Pilocarpine is isolated from jaborandi leaves and binds to muscarinic receptors to activate various physiological responses. The document includes detailed 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, UV-Vis, and mass spectra to characterize the structure of nicotine and pilocarpine. Various chromatographic methods are also described for analytical testing.
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Urea
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Fumaric acid
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Ethanol prices
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Fatty acid & Glycerin : Projects Information
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Sodium Alginate
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Terpineol
- 1. Add Quote Here Add Quote Here Add Quote Here Add Quote Here Four isomers exist: α-, β-, γ-terpineol, and terpinen-4-ol. Terpineol is any of four isomeric monoterpenoids. Terpineol is usually a mixture of these isomers with α- terpineol as the major constituent.
- 3. Alpha terpineol is obtained industrially by dehydration of terpin hydrate or by direct hydration of the terpene hydrocarbons contained in turpentine oil.
- 13. Coverage: Manufacturing Process Process Flow Chart Raw Materials required By products Utilities required – Water, Power, storage Environment Complaisance