3. Introduction
• Steroids are the group of
structurally related
compounds which are widely
distributed in animals and
plants.
• The term steroids applies to
compounds containing
cyclopentanoperhydrophena
nthrene nucleus or skeleton.
• Steroids consist
of 4 rings (A,B,C,D)
4. • A perhydro phenanthrene (rings A,B,C,D ) is a completely
saturated derivative of phenanthrene.
• While ring D is a five membered cyclopentane ring .
5. Nomenclature
• The systematic names for steroids
are based upon the basic skeleton with
number of carbons (parent name).
Which are of following types mainly :-
• Gonane skeleton : - This is the
simplest skeleton with 17 carbons.
• Estrane skeleton: - Additional
methyl group on c-13th in gonane
in beta position gives estrane
skeleton with total 18th carbons.
GONANE
6. Nomenclature
• Androstane skeleton:-Additional
methyl group on C-13 and C-10 in
gonane (C-10 in estrane) in beta
position gives androstane
skeleton with 19 carbons.
• Pregnane skeleton :-An
addition ethyl chain on C-17
of the androstane give pregnane
skeleton with total 21 carbons.
PREGNANE
ANDROSTANE
8. 9a,11a-dimethyl-
1,hexadecahydro-1H-
cyclopentaphenanthrene
• Solid line is indicate groups above the
plane of the nucleus (β-configuration)
and dotted line denote group below
the plane (α-configuration).
• The configuration of the hydrogen (H)
at C-5 position is always indicate in
the name.
• Compounds with 5-α cholestane
belongs to the "allo series" while
compounds derived from the 5-β-
cholestane belongs to the "normal
series".
9. • If the double bond is not between sequence numbered
carbon ,in that case both carbon are indicated in the
name .
• The symbol Δ(delta) is used to indicate C=C bond in
steroids
• Then a methyl group is missing from the side chain, this is
indicated by the prefix `nor` with the number of the
carbon atom which are disappear.
11. Sterol and its chemistry
• Sterols is also known as steroid
alcohols, are a sub group of the
steroids and an important class of
organic molecules.
• The occur naturally in
plant, animals, and fungi with the
most familiar type of animal sterol
being cholesterol is vital to animal
cell membrane structure and
function and a precursor to fat-
soluble vitamins and
steroid hormones.
12. Sterol is divided into three classes :-
Zoosterol :- Sterol which is obtained from animal origin.
Exp; cholesterol
Phytosterol :- Derived from the plant source.
Exp; sitosterol
Mycosterol :- Obtained from fungi such as yeast. Exp;
ergosterol
Classes of sterol
CHOLESTEROL SITOSTEROL ERGOSTEROL
13. Steroids Hormones
• A steroid that acts as a hormones
• Can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to
which they bind; glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
androgens, estrogens and progestogens.
ANDROGENS ESTROGENS PROGESTOGENS
14. Cardiac glycosides
• Are glycosides of mostly C-23 steroidal compounds
• Are called cardiac glycosides because they modify
heart action.
DIGITOXIN
15. Bile Acids
• Are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates
• Are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver forming bile salts
• Primary bile acids thus synthesized by the liver
• Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon.
Sapogenins
• Where R contains an ox-acyclic ring system.
TAUROHOLIC ACIDS
16. Application of
steroids
• Mineralocorticoids effects on Na+, K+ and fluid
balance
• Glucocorticoids effects on carbohydrate ,protein
and fat metabolism
• Androgens effect on muscle development, maturity
and co-ordination.
• Cardiac glycosides are Cardiotronics used to
treat Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Bile acids remove unwanted cholesterol from the
body
