The document discusses various methods of disinfection and sterilization. It describes physical methods like dry heat which uses techniques like hot air ovens at 160°C for 1 hour to sterilize items. Moist heat methods are also discussed, which use steam under pressure to sterilize at temperatures above 100°C. Chemical methods involve the use of liquid disinfectants like alcohols, aldehydes and halogens or gaseous agents like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde. The different classifications of items based on sterility requirements - critical, semi-critical and non-critical are also mentioned.
This document provides information and guidelines for nurses on collecting various specimen types including urine, stool, sputum, blood, and wound drainage. It describes the proper procedures for collecting midstream urine samples, stool samples, and sputum samples. It emphasizes the importance of using standard precautions, proper labeling of specimens, and timely delivery of specimens to the laboratory. It also provides information on testing of urine, stool, and sputum samples in the laboratory.
The document discusses various terms related to sterilization and disinfection including sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, asepsis, and decontamination. It describes different methods of sterilization including physical methods like heat, radiation, filtration and drying as well as chemical methods using agents like alcohol, aldehydes, dyes, halogens, and phenols. Heat sterilization methods like moist and dry heat are explained in detail, noting the factors that influence sterilization and the appropriate temperatures and times required.
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste capable of transmitting infectious diseases, including blood, body fluids, and contaminated sharps. It notes that biomedical waste is categorized into infectious sharps, laboratory waste, medical sharps, isolation waste, and some animal waste. The sources of healthcare waste and groups at risk are identified. Key aspects of biomedical waste management include segregation, collection, transportation, storage, and end treatment/disposal.
The document discusses various methods for disinfection and sterilization. It describes disinfectants as chemical solutions that eliminate pathogens from inanimate objects. The ideal disinfectant is broadly active against pathogens while being harmless, penetrating, and stable. Disinfectant performance depends on concentration, time of exposure, temperature, and the type of microbe and substrate. Sterilization completely eliminates microorganisms including spores using heat, radiation or chemicals. Common sterilization methods and disinfectants like phenol, glutaraldehyde and oxidizing agents are also outlined.
This document outlines standard precautions for infection control, including proper hand hygiene techniques, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, safe injection practices, and protocols for cleaning patient equipment and transport. It emphasizes applying these practices to all patient care to prevent transmission of pathogens through contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, or contaminated surfaces or equipment.
Proper specimen collection is important for diagnosing infectious diseases. Different specimens like blood, urine, stool, sputum, wounds, and throat can be collected and tested. Each type of specimen has specific collection guidelines to obtain the most accurate results and avoid contamination, such as using aseptic technique for blood cultures and collecting clean-catch midstream urine samples.
The document defines biomedical waste as any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or research involving humans or animals. It outlines the principles of biomedical waste management, which include waste minimization, segregation, collection, treatment, and disposal while ensuring occupational safety and monitoring. The rules in India regarding disposal are described, including the different waste categories and color-coded containers. Proper collection, segregation into infectious and non-infectious waste, and treatment techniques like incineration are discussed as important for safe disposal.
This document provides information and guidelines for nurses on collecting various specimen types including urine, stool, sputum, blood, and wound drainage. It describes the proper procedures for collecting midstream urine samples, stool samples, and sputum samples. It emphasizes the importance of using standard precautions, proper labeling of specimens, and timely delivery of specimens to the laboratory. It also provides information on testing of urine, stool, and sputum samples in the laboratory.
The document discusses various terms related to sterilization and disinfection including sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, asepsis, and decontamination. It describes different methods of sterilization including physical methods like heat, radiation, filtration and drying as well as chemical methods using agents like alcohol, aldehydes, dyes, halogens, and phenols. Heat sterilization methods like moist and dry heat are explained in detail, noting the factors that influence sterilization and the appropriate temperatures and times required.
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste capable of transmitting infectious diseases, including blood, body fluids, and contaminated sharps. It notes that biomedical waste is categorized into infectious sharps, laboratory waste, medical sharps, isolation waste, and some animal waste. The sources of healthcare waste and groups at risk are identified. Key aspects of biomedical waste management include segregation, collection, transportation, storage, and end treatment/disposal.
The document discusses various methods for disinfection and sterilization. It describes disinfectants as chemical solutions that eliminate pathogens from inanimate objects. The ideal disinfectant is broadly active against pathogens while being harmless, penetrating, and stable. Disinfectant performance depends on concentration, time of exposure, temperature, and the type of microbe and substrate. Sterilization completely eliminates microorganisms including spores using heat, radiation or chemicals. Common sterilization methods and disinfectants like phenol, glutaraldehyde and oxidizing agents are also outlined.
This document outlines standard precautions for infection control, including proper hand hygiene techniques, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, safe injection practices, and protocols for cleaning patient equipment and transport. It emphasizes applying these practices to all patient care to prevent transmission of pathogens through contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, or contaminated surfaces or equipment.
Proper specimen collection is important for diagnosing infectious diseases. Different specimens like blood, urine, stool, sputum, wounds, and throat can be collected and tested. Each type of specimen has specific collection guidelines to obtain the most accurate results and avoid contamination, such as using aseptic technique for blood cultures and collecting clean-catch midstream urine samples.
The document defines biomedical waste as any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or research involving humans or animals. It outlines the principles of biomedical waste management, which include waste minimization, segregation, collection, treatment, and disposal while ensuring occupational safety and monitoring. The rules in India regarding disposal are described, including the different waste categories and color-coded containers. Proper collection, segregation into infectious and non-infectious waste, and treatment techniques like incineration are discussed as important for safe disposal.
This document outlines infection prevention practices for healthcare workers. It describes a training module created for nurses at Travancore Medical College to teach proper sanitization, disinfection, and sterilization procedures. It discusses the three levels of infection control and provides guidelines for standard precautions, personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, cleaning spills, and segregating medical waste. Transmission-based precautions for droplet infections are also covered. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of basic infection prevention and control for healthcare settings.
The document discusses disinfection, providing definitions and outlining factors that determine a disinfectant's potency. It describes ideal characteristics for disinfectants and lists common chemical agents used, including their mechanisms and uses. Different levels of disinfection are defined. Specific disinfectants like alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and phenols are explained in detail. Methods for disinfecting various surfaces and materials are provided.
17. epidemiology, control and prevention of infectionAhmad Hamadi
This document discusses endemic, emerging, and reemerging infectious diseases. It explains that endemic diseases have a constant presence within a given population or geographic area, while emerging diseases are newly appearing or increasing. Factors like human migration, climate change, and breakdown of public health services can influence whether a disease is restricted to a certain area or population. The document also covers reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, and principles of controlling outbreaks and preventing healthcare-associated infections.
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
The document discusses various moist heat sterilization techniques including pasteurization, boiling, tyndallization, steam sterilization, and autoclaving. Moist heat sterilization uses hot water vapor to destroy microorganisms through irreversible protein denaturation. Techniques vary based on temperature, with pasteurization occurring below 100°C, boiling and tyndallization at 100°C, and autoclaving above 100°C in pressurized steam. Autoclaving is the most effective method, achieving sterility through 15 minutes at 121°C or 3 minutes at 134°C under pressure. Various controls ensure sterilization conditions are properly met.
This document provides information on sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis in dentistry. It discusses the classification of dental instruments as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical based on the risk of infection. Critical instruments that contact bone or tissue must be sterilized after each use, while semi-critical instruments touching mucosa can be high-level disinfected. Non-critical instruments contacting intact skin require low-level disinfection. Common sterilization methods like moist heat via autoclaving and dry heat are described. Autoclaving uses pressurized steam to sterilize at 121-134°C, while dry heat uses hot air ovens or flaming. Chemical indicators, biological indicators,
Care of linens, rubber goods,glasswaresbaladinesh .K
This document provides guidance on the care of various items used in hospitals, including linens, rubber goods, and glassware. It outlines the proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage procedures for items like mackintoshes, hot water bags, gloves, test tubes, and thermometers. Maintaining cleanliness and proper care is important to prevent infection spread, remove stains, and prolong the life of these items. Key steps include washing with soap and water, drying completely, and disinfecting or sterilizing depending on the item.
This document outlines universal precautions for preventing the transmission of diseases through contact with blood and bodily fluids. It defines universal precautions as measures to treat all bodily fluids as potentially infectious. Key precautions include hand washing, use of gloves, masks, protective clothing and eyewear when exposure to bodily fluids is anticipated, and safe handling and disposal of needles. Proper removal of personal protective equipment and treatment following accidental needle sticks are also covered.
Care of stainless steel instruments, sharps, glasswareSiva Nanda Reddy
This document provides guidelines for the proper care and cleaning of stainless steel instruments. It discusses that stainless steel is heat resistant, anticorrosive, and durable. The most common instruments include forceps, needles, scopes, and sharp instruments. Principles of care include handling instruments carefully, not boiling them repeatedly, and sterilizing using chemicals or autoclaving. Sharp instruments can be sterilized using hot air or chemical disinfectants. Needles should be decontaminated and either destroyed or autoclaved if reusable. Other instruments should be rinsed, cleaned, and autoclaved. Glassware should be cleaned smoothly and sterilized with dry heat.
This document discusses the importance of proper hand washing and surgical scrubbing. It notes that during the 19th century, surgical hand preparation involved washing hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, often using a brush. Proper hand washing, especially in hospital settings, is an effective infection control measure that can prevent the spread of microorganisms. The document outlines the steps for surgical scrubbing, which includes soaping and vigorously scrubbing the hands and arms for 5-10 minutes using circular motions and getting under fingernails and jewelry. The goal is to remove bacteria to prevent transmission of infections to patients or oneself.
This document discusses hand washing in a healthcare setting. It defines hand washing as cleansing hands with soap and water to remove dirt, soil, and microorganisms. The purpose of hand washing is to prevent cross-infection and the spread of disease. Proper hand washing technique involves preparing hands, washing for 40-60 seconds using various motions, rinsing, and drying. There are also different types of hand washing for medical and surgical purposes.
This document provides information on sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as a process that removes all microorganisms from a surface or medium, while disinfection destroys or removes pathogens. Various physical sterilization methods are outlined, including heat, radiation, filtration, as well as chemical methods using alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and other agents. Autoclaving using moist heat is described as the most widely used and effective sterilization method. The document also briefly discusses the history of sterilization and provides classifications of sterilization methods.
1) There are two main types of asepsis - medical asepsis and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis aims to reduce the spread of microorganisms through practices like handwashing and environmental cleaning. Surgical asepsis, also called sterile technique, aims to prevent introduction of pathogens by using sterile supplies and equipment.
2) Key principles of medical asepsis include knowing what is clean/dirty/sterile and keeping them separate. Surgical asepsis requires that sterile items be kept separate from non-sterile items and any contamination addressed immediately.
3) Strict adherence to asepsis techniques is important to prevent nosocomial infections and protect patient safety.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (sterilization and disinfection)Hussein Al-tameemi
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in medical microbiology laboratories. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, and provides examples of various sterilization methods including heat sterilization methods using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving. It also covers radiation, filtration and chemical sterilization methods as well as the principles of aseptic technique.
History
Definition and Terms
Materials to sterilize
Preparation
Sterilization methods and uses
Methods of sterilization
Methods of monitoring sterilization
Merits / demerits
This document discusses the importance and relevance of microbiology to nursing. It explains that nurses must understand microbiology to control infections in hospitals and know which microorganisms are harmful or harmless to humans. Microbiology knowledge helps nurses with drug production, diagnosis, sterilization, and maintaining cleanliness. The document also provides brief historical perspectives on Koch's phenomenon and Koch's postulates, which were methods for identifying disease-causing pathogens established by Robert Koch.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in a medical laboratory setting. It defines sterilization as the destruction of all microorganisms using physical means like heat or radiation, or chemical agents. The main purposes of sterilization are to prepare specimens and materials, sterilize contaminated items, and prepare apparatus for cultures. Methods of sterilization include physical methods like dry heat, moist heat, and radiation. Specific techniques covered are hot air ovens, flaming, boiling water, and autoclaving which uses high temperature steam under pressure to kill all microbes including spores.
This document discusses the role of nurses in infection control. It defines infection and describes different types such as localized, systemic, and nosocomial infections. It outlines the infection cycle including portals of entry and exit, means of transmission, reservoirs, and susceptible hosts. It discusses standard and transmission-based precautions that nurses should follow to prevent the spread of infections. The roles of nurses in promoting positive patient outcomes are maintaining hand hygiene, using aseptic technique, cleaning practices, respiratory hygiene, assessing patients for additional precautions, using safety devices, and providing patient education.
This document discusses the importance of asepsis and surgical asepsis. It defines asepsis as the state of being free from microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Surgical asepsis involves proper preparation of facilities, equipment, surgical site, and surgical team to prevent infection. This includes practices like hand washing, skin preparation, sterilizing instruments, and wearing proper attire. It emphasizes maintaining a sterile field during procedures and limiting movement and conversation to minimize contamination. Strict aseptic techniques help reduce the need for antibiotics after surgery.
Chemical disinfectants can kill microorganisms through several mechanisms: 1) damaging the cell membrane through surface-active agents like soaps or phenolic compounds, 2) denaturing cellular proteins using alcohols, acids, or phenols, or 3) modifying functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids using heavy metals, halogens, or alkylating agents. Effective disinfectants are broad-spectrum, fast-acting, unaffected by organic matter, non-toxic, and produce residual antimicrobial effects on treated surfaces. Common disinfectants include alcohols, iodine, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde.
This document discusses disinfection methods used to treat water. It lists the members of the Disinfection Group and explains that disinfection is necessary to kill pathogens in water and prevent waterborne diseases. The document then discusses various pathogens and the diseases they cause. It explains that the goal of disinfection is to reduce microorganisms to a safe level and lists some requirements of effective disinfectants. The document summarizes various disinfection methods including chlorine, bromine, iodine, ozone, ultraviolet light, and their advantages and disadvantages.
This document outlines infection prevention practices for healthcare workers. It describes a training module created for nurses at Travancore Medical College to teach proper sanitization, disinfection, and sterilization procedures. It discusses the three levels of infection control and provides guidelines for standard precautions, personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, cleaning spills, and segregating medical waste. Transmission-based precautions for droplet infections are also covered. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of basic infection prevention and control for healthcare settings.
The document discusses disinfection, providing definitions and outlining factors that determine a disinfectant's potency. It describes ideal characteristics for disinfectants and lists common chemical agents used, including their mechanisms and uses. Different levels of disinfection are defined. Specific disinfectants like alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and phenols are explained in detail. Methods for disinfecting various surfaces and materials are provided.
17. epidemiology, control and prevention of infectionAhmad Hamadi
This document discusses endemic, emerging, and reemerging infectious diseases. It explains that endemic diseases have a constant presence within a given population or geographic area, while emerging diseases are newly appearing or increasing. Factors like human migration, climate change, and breakdown of public health services can influence whether a disease is restricted to a certain area or population. The document also covers reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, and principles of controlling outbreaks and preventing healthcare-associated infections.
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
The document discusses various moist heat sterilization techniques including pasteurization, boiling, tyndallization, steam sterilization, and autoclaving. Moist heat sterilization uses hot water vapor to destroy microorganisms through irreversible protein denaturation. Techniques vary based on temperature, with pasteurization occurring below 100°C, boiling and tyndallization at 100°C, and autoclaving above 100°C in pressurized steam. Autoclaving is the most effective method, achieving sterility through 15 minutes at 121°C or 3 minutes at 134°C under pressure. Various controls ensure sterilization conditions are properly met.
This document provides information on sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis in dentistry. It discusses the classification of dental instruments as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical based on the risk of infection. Critical instruments that contact bone or tissue must be sterilized after each use, while semi-critical instruments touching mucosa can be high-level disinfected. Non-critical instruments contacting intact skin require low-level disinfection. Common sterilization methods like moist heat via autoclaving and dry heat are described. Autoclaving uses pressurized steam to sterilize at 121-134°C, while dry heat uses hot air ovens or flaming. Chemical indicators, biological indicators,
Care of linens, rubber goods,glasswaresbaladinesh .K
This document provides guidance on the care of various items used in hospitals, including linens, rubber goods, and glassware. It outlines the proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage procedures for items like mackintoshes, hot water bags, gloves, test tubes, and thermometers. Maintaining cleanliness and proper care is important to prevent infection spread, remove stains, and prolong the life of these items. Key steps include washing with soap and water, drying completely, and disinfecting or sterilizing depending on the item.
This document outlines universal precautions for preventing the transmission of diseases through contact with blood and bodily fluids. It defines universal precautions as measures to treat all bodily fluids as potentially infectious. Key precautions include hand washing, use of gloves, masks, protective clothing and eyewear when exposure to bodily fluids is anticipated, and safe handling and disposal of needles. Proper removal of personal protective equipment and treatment following accidental needle sticks are also covered.
Care of stainless steel instruments, sharps, glasswareSiva Nanda Reddy
This document provides guidelines for the proper care and cleaning of stainless steel instruments. It discusses that stainless steel is heat resistant, anticorrosive, and durable. The most common instruments include forceps, needles, scopes, and sharp instruments. Principles of care include handling instruments carefully, not boiling them repeatedly, and sterilizing using chemicals or autoclaving. Sharp instruments can be sterilized using hot air or chemical disinfectants. Needles should be decontaminated and either destroyed or autoclaved if reusable. Other instruments should be rinsed, cleaned, and autoclaved. Glassware should be cleaned smoothly and sterilized with dry heat.
This document discusses the importance of proper hand washing and surgical scrubbing. It notes that during the 19th century, surgical hand preparation involved washing hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, often using a brush. Proper hand washing, especially in hospital settings, is an effective infection control measure that can prevent the spread of microorganisms. The document outlines the steps for surgical scrubbing, which includes soaping and vigorously scrubbing the hands and arms for 5-10 minutes using circular motions and getting under fingernails and jewelry. The goal is to remove bacteria to prevent transmission of infections to patients or oneself.
This document discusses hand washing in a healthcare setting. It defines hand washing as cleansing hands with soap and water to remove dirt, soil, and microorganisms. The purpose of hand washing is to prevent cross-infection and the spread of disease. Proper hand washing technique involves preparing hands, washing for 40-60 seconds using various motions, rinsing, and drying. There are also different types of hand washing for medical and surgical purposes.
This document provides information on sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as a process that removes all microorganisms from a surface or medium, while disinfection destroys or removes pathogens. Various physical sterilization methods are outlined, including heat, radiation, filtration, as well as chemical methods using alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and other agents. Autoclaving using moist heat is described as the most widely used and effective sterilization method. The document also briefly discusses the history of sterilization and provides classifications of sterilization methods.
1) There are two main types of asepsis - medical asepsis and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis aims to reduce the spread of microorganisms through practices like handwashing and environmental cleaning. Surgical asepsis, also called sterile technique, aims to prevent introduction of pathogens by using sterile supplies and equipment.
2) Key principles of medical asepsis include knowing what is clean/dirty/sterile and keeping them separate. Surgical asepsis requires that sterile items be kept separate from non-sterile items and any contamination addressed immediately.
3) Strict adherence to asepsis techniques is important to prevent nosocomial infections and protect patient safety.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (sterilization and disinfection)Hussein Al-tameemi
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in medical microbiology laboratories. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, and provides examples of various sterilization methods including heat sterilization methods using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving. It also covers radiation, filtration and chemical sterilization methods as well as the principles of aseptic technique.
History
Definition and Terms
Materials to sterilize
Preparation
Sterilization methods and uses
Methods of sterilization
Methods of monitoring sterilization
Merits / demerits
This document discusses the importance and relevance of microbiology to nursing. It explains that nurses must understand microbiology to control infections in hospitals and know which microorganisms are harmful or harmless to humans. Microbiology knowledge helps nurses with drug production, diagnosis, sterilization, and maintaining cleanliness. The document also provides brief historical perspectives on Koch's phenomenon and Koch's postulates, which were methods for identifying disease-causing pathogens established by Robert Koch.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in a medical laboratory setting. It defines sterilization as the destruction of all microorganisms using physical means like heat or radiation, or chemical agents. The main purposes of sterilization are to prepare specimens and materials, sterilize contaminated items, and prepare apparatus for cultures. Methods of sterilization include physical methods like dry heat, moist heat, and radiation. Specific techniques covered are hot air ovens, flaming, boiling water, and autoclaving which uses high temperature steam under pressure to kill all microbes including spores.
This document discusses the role of nurses in infection control. It defines infection and describes different types such as localized, systemic, and nosocomial infections. It outlines the infection cycle including portals of entry and exit, means of transmission, reservoirs, and susceptible hosts. It discusses standard and transmission-based precautions that nurses should follow to prevent the spread of infections. The roles of nurses in promoting positive patient outcomes are maintaining hand hygiene, using aseptic technique, cleaning practices, respiratory hygiene, assessing patients for additional precautions, using safety devices, and providing patient education.
This document discusses the importance of asepsis and surgical asepsis. It defines asepsis as the state of being free from microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Surgical asepsis involves proper preparation of facilities, equipment, surgical site, and surgical team to prevent infection. This includes practices like hand washing, skin preparation, sterilizing instruments, and wearing proper attire. It emphasizes maintaining a sterile field during procedures and limiting movement and conversation to minimize contamination. Strict aseptic techniques help reduce the need for antibiotics after surgery.
Chemical disinfectants can kill microorganisms through several mechanisms: 1) damaging the cell membrane through surface-active agents like soaps or phenolic compounds, 2) denaturing cellular proteins using alcohols, acids, or phenols, or 3) modifying functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids using heavy metals, halogens, or alkylating agents. Effective disinfectants are broad-spectrum, fast-acting, unaffected by organic matter, non-toxic, and produce residual antimicrobial effects on treated surfaces. Common disinfectants include alcohols, iodine, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde.
This document discusses disinfection methods used to treat water. It lists the members of the Disinfection Group and explains that disinfection is necessary to kill pathogens in water and prevent waterborne diseases. The document then discusses various pathogens and the diseases they cause. It explains that the goal of disinfection is to reduce microorganisms to a safe level and lists some requirements of effective disinfectants. The document summarizes various disinfection methods including chlorine, bromine, iodine, ozone, ultraviolet light, and their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses disinfection in healthcare facilities. It defines disinfection as destroying nearly all pathogenic microorganisms on an inanimate surface using chemical or heat processes. This is different from sterilization which eliminates all microorganisms. The document outlines factors that impact the effectiveness of disinfectants like moisture, dilution, and contact time. It also discusses matching the appropriate level of disinfection like high, intermediate, or low to the intended use and risk level of devices based on the Spaulding Classification System. Finally, it provides details on common chemical disinfectants like alcohols, phenolics, quaternary ammonium compounds, halogens, glutaraldehyde and their characteristics and appropriate uses.
Fungal diseases can seriously impact fish populations. Three common fungal diseases are:
1. Saprolegniasis is caused by Saprolegnia fungi and is characterized by cotton-like fungal growths on the skin, gills, or eyes of fish. It can spread rapidly between fish and cause death.
2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot) infects gill tissues and is caused by Branchiomyces fungi. Infected fish have difficulty breathing and their gills may appear red.
3. Ichthyophonosis causes rough skin and white lesions inside the body and is caused by Ichthyophonus fungi. More severe infections result in organ
Purification anf disinfection of watertJasmine John
Water purification involves removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, and gases from contaminated water to produce water suitable for drinking or other purposes. Key steps in water purification treatment include physical processes like filtration and sedimentation, chemical processes like flocculation and chlorination, and biological processes like slow sand filters. Standards for drinking water quality are set by governments and international organizations and treatment methods vary depending on the source and quality of the water.
Sterilization disinfection in oral and maxillofacial surgeryArjun Shenoy
This document provides a summary of the history and methods of sterilization in 3 sentences:
The document traces the history of sterilization from ancient times when antiseptics like tar and boiled water were used, to the 19th century discoveries proving the role of microorganisms in infection and the development of sterilization techniques like steam sterilization. It then describes various physical and chemical methods of sterilization that are used today, including heat, radiation, filtration, and chemicals, as well as classifications of medical devices based on sterilization needs. The document concludes with standards for operating room ventilation and airflow to minimize infection in modern surgical facilities.
The document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like infection, infection control, cleaning, disinfection, sterilization etc. It describes standard precautions like using barriers during procedures. Modes of disease transmission and classification of instruments are covered. The sterilization methods of autoclaving, dry heat and chemical vapor are summarized. Disinfection methods and agents are also outlined along with protocols for processing instruments and sterilizing the dental chair between patients.
1. The document discusses various methods for disinfecting and controlling microbial growth, including physical methods like heat and radiation, and chemical methods like disinfectants, antiseptics, and other antimicrobial agents.
2. It describes the mechanisms of action for different antimicrobial agents like phenolics, iodophores, alcohols, aldehydes, and oxidizing agents which act by damaging cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on factors like concentration and contact time of the antimicrobial agent, amount of organic matter present, and characteristics of the microbes being targeted.
Dr. Swapnaneel Pradhan's document discusses sterilization and related terms. It defines sterilization as removing all microorganisms from an object through physical or chemical processes. It distinguishes sterilization from disinfection and asepsis. Various sterilization methods are described, including heat (dry and moist), filtration, radiation, and chemicals. Moist heat sterilization using an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes is commonly used. Proper loading and cycle parameters are important for effective sterilization.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis. It describes various physical methods of sterilization like heat, radiation, filtration and chemical methods like ethylene oxide and other disinfectants. Heat-based methods include moist heat sterilization using autoclaving and dry heat sterilization using ovens or flaming. Proper monitoring of sterilization methods is important to ensure effectiveness. The ideal characteristics of disinfectants are also discussed.
Sterilization is important to prevent contamination and transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. The goal of sterilization is to remove or destroy all microorganisms, including bacterial spores. There are physical and chemical methods of sterilization. Physical methods include dry heat sterilization using hot air ovens at temperatures over 160°C, and moist heat sterilization using autoclaves above 100°C, which is more effective at killing both vegetative cells and bacterial spores. Autoclaves apply high-pressure steam to sterilize materials for over 15 minutes at 121°C. Sterilization is crucial in healthcare, pharmaceutical, food and other industries to prevent infection and spoilage.
The document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as a process that kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection eliminates most pathogens but not spores. Physical sterilization methods discussed include heat, radiation and filtration. Heat sterilization can be achieved through moist heat methods like autoclaving or dry heat methods like hot air ovens. Radiation sterilization uses ionizing or non-ionizing rays. The document also discusses various chemical disinfectants and differences between related processes like sanitization, asepsis and antisepsis.
The document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as a process that kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection eliminates most pathogens but not spores. Physical sterilization methods discussed include heat, radiation and filtration. Heat sterilization can be achieved through moist heat methods like autoclaving or dry heat methods like hot air ovens. Radiation sterilization uses ionizing or non-ionizing rays. The document also discusses various chemical disinfectants and differences between related processes like sanitization, asepsis and antisepsis.
The document discusses various methods for sterilization and disinfection. It begins by explaining that most medical devices are heat sterilized using steam, but some materials like plastics require low-temperature sterilization. It then describes several physical methods like heat, radiation, and filtration. It also outlines some common chemical disinfecting agents like alcohol, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, and dyes. The document provides details on sterilization techniques like autoclaving and their mechanisms of action.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as making something free of all microorganisms, while disinfection reduces microorganisms to non-harmful levels. Physical sterilization methods discussed include heat, radiation, filtration and ozone. Chemical sterilization agents include alcohols, aldehydes, phenols and halogens. Autoclaving uses high-temperature steam under pressure to reliably kill microbes on materials like instruments and media. Proper temperature and time are needed for effective sterilization.
This document defines various terms related to sterilization and disinfection. It states that sterilization kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection kills most pathogens but not spores. Decontamination removes microbes through sterilization or disinfection. Sanitization and asepsis reduce microbes to safe levels. Various physical and chemical methods for achieving sterilization and disinfection are described, including heat, radiation, filtration and chemical disinfectants. An ideal disinfectant is said to have several desirable properties.
Sterilization: It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in the vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection: The destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection , usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. Sterilization aims to remove all microorganisms through physical or chemical means. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Heat sterilization can be achieved through dry heat methods like flaming or hot air ovens, or moist heat methods like autoclaving, boiling, or steaming. Chemical sterilization uses disinfectants like phenols, alcohols, or dyes to kill microbes. Disinfection aims to reduce microbe numbers and cannot kill all organisms like bacterial spores or some viruses. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on factors like the method used, concentration, microbe type, exposure time and temperature.
what is sterilization & disinfectant& decontamination
risk of infection from equipment
process of sterilization, filtration
classification of disinfectant
alcohol,phenol,hydrogen peroxide
This document discusses various terms and methods related to sterilization. It defines sterilization as making a substance free from all microorganisms, and discusses different related terms such as disinfection, antisepsis, and decontamination. It then describes various sterilization methods including thermal or heat methods using dry heat or moist heat, radiation, filtration, and gaseous methods. Specific sterilization tools and processes are explained, such as autoclaving, hot air ovens, and the use of ethylene oxide gas. The key advantages and disadvantages of different sterilization methods are also summarized.
This document discusses various physical sterilization methods including heat, radiation, filtration, and sunlight. Heat-based methods involve dry heat using ovens or flaming, and moist heat using autoclaving, boiling, or tyndalization. Radiation methods use ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation like x-rays. Filtration removes microbes using membrane filters or HEPA filters. Each method aims to eliminate all microbial life through mechanisms like oxidation, coagulation of proteins, or removal of particles above a certain size.
Sterilization and Disinfection
Sterilization kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection kills most pathogens excluding spores. Dry heat sterilizes through protein denaturation and moisture damage, while moist heat is more effective through coagulation and protein denaturation. Autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes is the most effective sterilization method. Membrane filtration below 0.45 μm is used to remove microbes from heat-labile liquids. Disinfectants like alcohol, aldehydes, phenol, hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide and halogens are used to disinfect surfaces, with alcohols and aldehydes being
This document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines key terms and lists factors that affect the efficacy of sterilization. It describes the decreasing order of microbial resistance and then explains different sterilization methods like heat, filtration, radiation, and chemicals. Heat methods include dry heat (flaming, oven) and moist heat (boiling, autoclaving). Chemical methods discussed are alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, and halogens. The document also covers different disinfectants and factors influencing their activity. Finally, it lists examples of hospital disinfection methods.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses the history and methods of sterilization. It begins by describing the contributions of Ignatz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister in introducing antisepsis through hand washing and wound treatment. It then defines various sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis terms. The remainder of the document details various physical and chemical sterilization methods such as heat, radiation, filtration and their mechanisms and appropriate uses.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as making something free of microorganisms, while disinfection removes or destroys pathogens. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Chemical methods use alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, and other agents. Proper sterilization is important in surgery and other medical fields to prevent infection. The history of infection control involved early advances like Lister introducing antiseptic techniques. Common pathogens in medical settings are also listed.
Decontamination, Disinfection and sterilisationbhavinikrishnan
This document discusses various methods for decontamination, sterilization, and disinfection important for laboratory biosafety. It defines key terms like sterilization, which aims to eliminate all microbial life, versus disinfection, which aims to eliminate pathogens but not bacterial spores. Various physical methods for sterilization are covered, including heat/thermal methods like autoclaving, radiation methods, and filtration. Specific sterilization techniques using heat, chemicals, and gases are then described in more detail. The document emphasizes the importance of choosing the appropriate sterilization or disinfection method based on the level and type of contamination present.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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2. In mid 1800s Lister developed
Aseptic techniques to prevent
contamination of surgical
wounds. Prior to this
development:
•Nosocomial infections caused
death in 10% of surgeries.
•Up to 25% mothers delivering
in hospitals died due to
infection.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
3. INTRODUCTION
• Microorganisms are the agents of
contamination, infection, and decay.
• Hence it becomes necessary to remove
them from materials and areas.
• Early civilization practiced salting,
smoking, pickling (Preserving) and
exposure to sunlight .Sachin Chauhan
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4. DISINFECTION & STERILIZATION
STERILIZATION
Process of complete
destruction of all
microbes or micro-
organisms & their
bacterial endospores /
spores on a substance
by exposure to
physical or chemical
agents.
DISINFECTION
Process of reducing or
removing microbes or
micro-organisms
except bacterial
endospores but kills
vegetative forms of
bacteria.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
5. Disinfectant - Chemicals used in disinfection are called disinfectants. Should be applied to
inanimate (lifeless) objects.
Decontamination is the process of removal of contaminating pathogenic microorganisms
from the articles by a process of sterilization or disinfection.
Antibiotics are substances produced by one microbe that inhibits or kills another microbe.
Sanitization is the process of chemical or mechanical cleansing. It reduces microbes on
eating utensils to safe, acceptable levels for public health.
Asepsis is the techniques (such as usage of gloves, air filters, uv rays etc) to achieve microbe-
free environment.
Antiseptic is the use of chemicals (antiseptics) to make skin or mucus membranes devoid of
pathogenic microorganisms. applied to living tissue, Some can be used as both.
Bacteriostatic is a condition where the multiplication of the bacteria is inhibited without
killing them.
Bactericidal is that chemical that can kill or inactivate bacteria.
Sporicide: An agent that kills spores.
TERMINOLOGY
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6. Types of Disinfection
1) Concurrent Disinfection:
Immediate process of removing microorganisms. Eg. Linen
contaminated with blood, stool, urine, vomitus etc.
2) Terminal Disinfection:
Removal of microorganisms from contaminated objects at
convenient time. Eg. Bed, locker, mattress, IV stand, suction
& BP apparatus etc.
3) Prophylactic Disinfection:
As a preventive measure to prevent the spread of infection.
Eg. Boiling of water, pasteurization of milk, hand washing,
chlorination of water etc.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
7. Levels of disinfection
• High-level disinfection: can be expected to destroy all
microorganisms, with the exception of large numbers
of bacterial spores.
• Intermediate disinfection: inactivates Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, vegetative bacteria, most viruses, and
most fungi; does not necessarily kill bacterial spores.
• Low-level disinfection: can kill most bacteria, some
viruses, and some fungi; cannot be relied on to kill
resistant microorganisms such as tubercle bacilli or
bacterial spores. Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
10. Methods of
Disinfection/Sterilization
(1) Natural (D)
a) Sun Light
b) Air
(2) Physical (by temperature)
A. Dry Heat
i) Burn or Red Heat (D/S)
ii) Flaming (D)
iii) Ironing (D)
iv) Hot Air Oven (D/S)
v) Incineration (S)
vi) Infra Red Conveyor Oven (S)
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
11. Methods of
Disinfection/Sterilization
B. Moist Heat
i) Below 100o
C (Pasteurization @ 60 -72o C) (D)
ii) At 100o
C (Boiling) – 15 to 20 minutes (D)
iii) Above 100o
C (Steaming) @ low pressure (D)
iv) Above 100o
C (Steaming) @ low pressure with Formaldehyde (S)
v) Above 100o
C (Steaming) @ high pressure (S)
C) Vibration (D)
D) Radiation
i) Ionizing (S): Electromagnetic, Cathode & Gamma Rays
ii) Non – Ionizing (D): UV Rays
E) Filtration (D)
i) Candle filters
ii) Asbestos filters
iii) Sintered glass filter
iv) Membrane filters
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
16. Natural Methods of
Disinfection/Sterilization
Sunlight:
The microbicidal activity of sunlight is mainly due to the presence
of ultra violet rays in it. This method used to disinfect hospital
furniture's like Chair, Tables, Locker, Coat, Mattresses. It can be
done every 15 days to 2 months by keeping the things for 3 hours
at least.
Air:
It is an natural disinfectant. It will disinfect the room by keeping
them well & cross ventilated. The windows & doors should be kept
open for enough light & air.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
18. Action of Dry Heat:
Dry heat acts by protein denaturation, damage the toxic
effects of elevated levels of electrolytes.
Action of Moist Heat:
The moist heat acts by coagulation and denaturation of
proteins. Moist heat is superior to dry heat in action.
Temperature required to kill microbe by dry heat is more than
the moist heat.
Physical Methods of
Disinfection/Sterilization
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19. 1) Burn or Red heat (D/S):
Articles such as bacteriological loops, straight wires, tips of forceps
are sterilized by holding them in Bunsen flame till they become red hot and
article like kidney tray, bowl, sputum mug are sterilized by pouring spirit &
making fire. This is a simple method for effective sterilization of such
articles, but is limited to those articles that can be heated to redness in flame.
2) Flaming(D):
This is a method of passing the article over a Bunsen flame, but not
heating it to redness. Articles such as scalpels, mouth of test tubes, flasks, glass
slides and cover slips are passed through the flame a few times. Even though
most vegetative cells are killed, there is no guarantee that spores too would die
on such short exposure.
This method too is limited to those articles that can be exposed to
flame. Cracking of the glassware may occur.
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
21. 3) Ironing (D):
it is an old method and no more in use. By this method we can
disinfect the bandages, OT clothes, draping clothes and other
linen materials.
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
22. 4) Hot air oven (D/S):
This method was introduced by Louis Pasteur.
Articles to be sterilized are exposed to high
temperature (160o C) for duration of one hour in an
electrically heated oven. Since air is poor conductor of
heat, even distribution of heat throughout the chamber
is achieved by a fan. The heat is transferred to the article
by radiation, conduction and convection. The oven
should be fitted with a thermostat control, temperature
indicator, meshed shelves and must have adequate
insulation.
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
23. Sterilisation By Dry Heat:
Hot Air Oven
• Kills by oxidation effects
•The oven utilizes dry heat to
sterilize articles
• Operated between 50oC to
250/300oC.
•A holding period of 160oC for
1 hr is desirable.
• There is a thermostat
controlling the temperature.
•Double walled insulation
keeps the heat in and
conserves energy,
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
25. 5) Incineration (S):
This is a method of destroying contaminated material by
burning them in incinerator. Articles such as soiled dressings;
animal bodies, pathological material and bedding etc should be
subjected to incineration.
This technique results in the loss of the article, hence is
suitable only for those articles that have to be disposed.
Burning of polystyrene materials emits dense smoke, and hence
they should not be incinerated.
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
28. 5) Infra Red Conveyor Oven (S):
Similar to other electrical conveyor ovens, the infra red conveyor
oven utilizes short wave infra red lamp element to achieve
maximum heat.
Specification :-
• It is similar to Electrical belt Conveyor Oven but it has infrared
heating elements instead of other heating media.
• Temperature control: Automatic-Electronic
• Increases Production.
• Better quality of Product.
• Less process time.
• Less electric consumption as compared to
• other convection belt conveyor ovens
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
30. 1) Pasteurization (D):
Process of killing of pathogens in the milk but does not sterilize it .
Milk is heated at 63oC for 30 mins.
(HOLDER METHOD)
At 72oC for 15-20 Sec. Rapid cooling to 13oC
(FLASH PROCESS)
Moist Heat
Below 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
31. 2) Hot Water Bath (D):
• To inactivate non sporing bacteria for the preparation of
vaccines - Special vaccine bath at 60oC for one hour is
used
• Serum or body fluids containing coagulable proteins can
be sterilized by heating for 1 hr at 56oC in a water bath
for several successive days.
Moist Heat
Below 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
33. 3) Inspissator (D):
Sterilizes by heating at 80-85oC for half an hour
for 3 successive days
Used to sterilize media such as Lowenstein-Jensen
& Loefller’s serum
Moist Heat
Below 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
35. 2) Boiling(D):
Kills vegetative forms of bacterial pathogens.
Hepatitis virus: Can survive up to 30 minutes of boiling.
Endospores: Can survive up to 20 hours or more of boiling
Moist Heat
At 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
36. 3) Steaming at Low Atmospheric Pressure (D):
Steam is generated using a steamer (Koch/ Arnold)
Consists of a Tin cabinet Has a conical lid to enable the drainage of condensed
steam Perforated tray above ensures materials are surrounded by steam.
For routine sterilization exposure of 90 mins is used.
4) Steaming at Low Pressure with Formaldehyde (S):
Instruments like scopes, plastic & anesthetic equipment's should be sterilized
by steaming at low pressure with formaldehyde.
The drawback of this method is the cycle time is about 2 hours at 80o
C & it
irritates the living tissues, if formaldehyde remains in an articles.
Moist Heat
Above 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
37. Steaming at Low or Atmospheric Pressure
Sachin Chauhan
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38. 5) Steaming at High Pressure - Autoclave (S):
Works on the principle of Steam under pressure
Invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.
Autoclave machine is made up of metal body & consists of a vertical or a
horizontal cylinder.
One end has an opening which is meant for keeping materials to be
sterilised.
The lid is provided with a Pressure gauge, to measure the pressure
A safety valve is present to permit the escape of steam from the
chamber
Articles to be sterilised are placed in the basket provided.
Sterilisation is carried out under pressure at 121º for 15 mnts.
Moist Heat
Above 100o C
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39. Steaming at High Pressure - AutoclaveSachin Chauhan
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40. ULTRASONIC AND SONIC VIBRATION
Bactericidal
Microorganisms vary in their sensitivity, hence no practical value
in sterilisation and disinfection.
Vibration (D)
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
41. 1) Non – Ionizing (D):
Absorbed as heat
Can be considered as hot air sterilisation
Used in rapid mass sterilisation of pre packed Syringes and
catheters
Eg: UV rays & Infrared Rays
Radiation
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
42. ICU – ISOLATION ROOM
SINGLE CLOSED CUBICLE
CASES – OPEN TB , ANTHRAX, MRSA etc…
UV LIGHT FOR DISINFECTION
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
43. 2) Ionizing (S):
Electromagnetic, Cathode, X- rays, gamma rays & cosmic rays.
High penetrative power
No appreciable increase in the temperature – COLD
STERILISATION
Sterilise plastics Syringes, catheters, grease fabrics metal foils
Radiation
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
44. Filtration helps to remove bacteria from heat labile liquids such as
sera and solutions of sugar, Antibiotics.
The following filters are used
1. Candle filters
2. Asbestos filters
3. Sintered glass filter
4. Membrane filters
Filtration (D)
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
45. CANDLE FILTERS
• Widely used for purification of water
Two types
(a) Unglazed ceramic filter – Chamberland
filter
(b) Diatomaceous earth filters – Berkefeld
filter
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
51. MEMBRANE FILTERS
• Made of cellulose esters or other
polymers
Uses
• Water purification & analysis
• Sterilization & sterility testing
• Preparation of solutions for parenteral
use Sachin Chauhan
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53. In this method temperature should be kept at -4O
C which stops
the growth of micro-organism but this process will not able to kill
them. For eg. Refrigerators
Cold/Freezing (D)
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
58. Chemical agents act by
• Protein coagulation
• Disruption of the cell membrane
• Removal of Sulphydryl groups
• Substrate competition
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
59. 1) ALCOHOLS
• Ethanol /Isopropyl alcohol are frequently
used
• No action on spores
• Concentration recommended 60-90% in
water
Uses
• Disinfection of clinical thermometer.
• Disinfection of the skin – Venupuncture
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
60. 2) ALDEHYDES
• Formaldehyde & Glutaraldehyde are
frequently used
• Formaldehyde is bactericidal, sporicidal &
has a lethal effect on viruses.
• Glutaraldehyde is effective against
Tubercle bacilli, fungi and viruses
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
61. USES
FORMALDEHYDE
• To preserve anatomical specimens
• Destroying Anthrax spores in hair and wool
• 10% Formalin+0.5% Sodium tetra borate is used to
sterilise metal instruments
GLUTARALDEHYDE
• Used to treat corrugated rubber anesthetic tubes,
Face masks, Plastic endotracheal tubes, Metal
instruments and polythene tubingSachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
62. 2% GLUTARLDEHYDE
Sterilization Disinfection
8-10 Hrs used for :- Pneumatic
circuits. i.e.- ventilator tubing
O2 masks ventury devices
nebulizer chamber
15-30 Mts used for dis
infecting endoscopes
Respiratory tubing's
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
63. PHENOLS
• Obtained by distillation of coal tar
• Phenols are powerful microbicidal
substances
• Phenolic derivatives have been widely
used as disinfectants for various purposes
in hospitals
• Eg: Lysol, cresol
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
64. USES
• Various combinations are used in the
control of pyogenic cocci in surgical &
neonatal units in hospitals.
• Aqueous solutions are used in treatment
of wounds
Sachin Chauhan
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66. SUCTION TRAYS
o TO BE CHANGED EVERYDAY
o SUCTION CUPS
-CHANGED AFTER EACH USE
- IMMERSED IN 7% LYSOL FOR 1Hr
- WASHED WITH SOAP &WATER
- SENT FOR AUTOCLAVING
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
67. HALOGENS
• Iodine in aqueous and alcoholic solution
has been used widely as a skin
disinfectant
• Actively bactericidal with moderate
against spores
• Chlorine and its compounds have been
used as disinfectants in water supplies &
swimming pools
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
68. SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS AND
METALLIC SALTS
Substances which reduce the surface tension –
Surface active agents
• Cations are widely used in the form of quaternary
ammonium compounds.
• Markedly bactericidal, active against Gram positive
organisms.
• No action on spores, tubercle bacilli, viruses
Sachin Chauhan
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69. METALLIC SALTS
• The salts of silver, copper and mercury are
used as disinfectants.
• Act by coagulating proteins
• Marked bacteriostatic, weak bactericidal and
limited fungicidal activity
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
74. Sterilium (80% Ethanol)
(Hand Disinfectants)
• The classic among rub-in hand disinfectants for hygienic and
surgical hand disinfection
• best peer-reviewed hand-disinfectant – quality since 1965
• possesses an excellent immediate effect
• provides very good residual effect
• excellent skin tolerability even with long-term use
• Areas of application
For hygienic and surgical rub-in hand disinfection – independent
of washbasin and water. For all areas that are relevant to
hygiene.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
76. DYES
Two groups of dyes are used
Aniline dyes
Acridine dyes
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77. ANILINE DYES
• Are Brilliant green, Malachite green &
Crystal violet
• Active against Gram positive bacteria
• No activity against tubercle bacilli
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
78. ACRIDINE DYES
• Acridine dyes in use are orange in colour
• Effective against Gram positive than Gram
negative
• Important dyes are Proflavine,
Acriflavine,Euflavine
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
80. GASES
Ethylene Oxide
–Colourless ,Highly penetrating gas
with a sweet ethereal smell.
–Effective against all types of
microorganisms including viruses
and spores
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
81. ETHYLENE OXIDE(EO)
Used for polythene and plastic items
E.g.:- Ambu bag, Baines circuit, Domes, Biopsy Needle,
Electric items, Rubber items
Pre-caution:-
Thorough cleanliness and dryness
Adequate aeration at least 12Hrs
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
82. USES
• Specially used for sterilising heart-lung
machines,respirators,sutures,dental
equipments, books and clothing.
• Also used to sterilise Glass, metal and
paper surfaces ,plastics, oil,some foods
and tobacco.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
83. FORMALDEHYDE GAS
• Widely employed for fumigation of
operation theatres and other rooms
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
84. Eco Shield
Eco Shield (Hydrogen Peroxide 11% with
Diluted Silver nitrate 0.01%) - used for
fumigation of OT/ICU/BB/OPD/Clinic/Lab
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
85. BETA PROPIOLACTONE
• Used in fumigation
• For sterilisation 0.2% BPL is used
• Has a rapid biocidal activity
• Very effective against viruses
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
89. The level of disinfection achieved depends on several factors:
• Contact Time & Temperature
• Items must be thoroughly cleaned before processing, because
organic material (e.g., blood and proteins) may contain high
concentrations of microorganisms. Also, such organic material
may inactivate chemical germicides and protect
microorganisms from the disinfection or sterilization process.
• Some disinfectants gradually loss their effectiveness after
diluting with water.
• Use of same solution for long time, loses their effectiveness.
Also it is prone to grow micro-organisms.
• This method is only used for non boilable, scopes & sharp
instruments.
POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
91. Actions
Spirit:
• General skin disinfectant constricts your skin,
preventing dirt and stain from infecting the skin.
• Also can be used as a rub to harden the skin of the
hands and feet.
• It prevents bleeding while giving injection due to
constriction of blood vessels.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com