Stem cells can either be embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from 5-day old embryos, or adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all cell types, while adult stem cells are more limited in their potential. Stem cell research aims to understand stem cell biology and potentially use stem cells for regenerative medicine by inducing them to generate replacement healthy tissues. However, there are challenges to clinical applications like immune rejection and the potential for cancer. The source of embryonic stem cells also raises ethical concerns.

3. STEM CELLS

4. Content of the Lecture
If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.
1. What
2. Where
3. How
4. When
5. Which

5. What is a stem cell?
Self Renewable
Potency

6. What is a cell potency?

7. Hierarchy of cell potency.

8. How many kinds of stem cells?
Embryonic Stem Cells
Adult Stem Cells
•Capable of developing
into all cell types of the
body.
•Exist in mature tissues
and supply the tissue
with replacement cells
throughout life.
•Every organ has stem
cells.
•They are pluripotent.
•They are obtained from
5 day old (blastocyts)
embryo.
•Embryos are produce as
part of IVF and the left
over cells are used by
scientist.
•They are multipotent.
•Skin and blood.

9. Embryonic Stem Cells
Researchers extract stem cells from a 5-7 days old blastocyst.
Stem cells can divide in culture to form more of their own kind, thereby creating a
stem cell line.
The research aims to induce these cells to generate healthy tissue needed by
patients.
ESC

10. Embryonic Stem Cells (Contd..)
What are the source of Embryonic stem cell?

11. Embryonic Stem Cells (Contd..)
Tens of thousands of frozen
embryos are routinely
destroyed when couples finish
their treatment.
These surplus embryos can
be used to produce stem
cells.
Regenerative medical
research aims to develop
these cells into new, healthy
tissue to heal severe
illnesses.

12. Embryonic Stem Cells (Contd..)
Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer
The nucleus of a donated egg
is removed and replaced with
the nucleus of a mature,
"somatic cell" (a skin cell, for
example).
No sperm is involved in this
process, and no embryo is
created to be implanted in a
woman’s womb.
The resulting stem cells can
potentially develop into
specialized cells that are useful
for treating severe illnesses.

13. Adult Stem Cells
1. Almost every organ of the body have Adult Stem Cells.
2. They are both pluripotent and multipotent. Pluripotent are rare and are
found in Umbilical Cord blood.
3. Those that are multipotent are referred to by there tissue of origin like
mesenchymal stem cells, adipose derived stem cells, endothelial stem
cells, dental pulp stem cells, etc
4. Unlike embryonic stem cells,
adult stem cells are stored in
body to replace dead or
damage cells in a specific
tissue. For e.g skin has a large
supply of skin stem cell. They
multiply only when needed.

14. Use of Stem Cells

15. Hurdles in Stem Cell therapy.
1. Immune Rejection
Patients receiving a graft of embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells sourced from
cadavers would probably be treated in much the same way that organ transplant
recipients are treated.
2. Cancer
Any stem cell, adult or embryonic, has an explosive ability to grow and to change
into other types of cells, hence it can cause cancer.
3. Opposition to embryonic stem cell research.
Religious beliefs. Embryo is human.
Fear of human cloning.

16. Let us see how many were sleeping!
1.
Embryonic stem cells are tutipotent.
FALSE
2.
Scientist get the embryo for stem cell research from In-Vitro
fertilization clinic.
TRUE
FALSE
3.
Morula is only pluripotent.
4.
series.
Hematologic stem cells are oligopotent because they produce erythroid
TRUE
5.
Germs cells play most important role in SCNT.
FALSE

17. Stem Cell research Worldwide.

18. Thank you very much!