This document provides an overview of stem cell technology. It defines stem cells as cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from early-stage embryos, and adult stem cells found in tissues. Embryonic stem cells have advantages like flexibility and availability but also limitations like a risk of tumor formation. The document also discusses cell potency, multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into related cell types, and the benefits of multipotent stem cells for research and transplantation.

1. PRESENTATIONON:- STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY
PRESENTEDBY :- KARAN GOWARDHAN SATHAWANE
M.Sc. – IInd Year (semester 3rd )
SUBJECT :- Recombinant DNA Technology & Nanotechnology
presentedto :- Head of dept:-
Dr.N. B. HIRULKAR
(2019 – 2020)

2. Content
 Introduction
 Features of stem cells
 Properties
 Uses
 Embryonic stem cells
 Characteristics ES cells
 Features ES cells
 Isolating ES cells
 Limitations
 Advantages & disadvantages
 Cell potency
 Multipotent stem cells
 Benefits Of Multipotent stem cells

3. Introduction :-
 “The cell that retain their proliferative capacity throughout the life are regarded as stem cells.”
 When the stem cells divide, they can generate differentiate cells &/ or some more stem cells. These stem
cells are capable of regenerating tissues after injury.
 They are found in multicellular organisms.
 In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells :-
1. Embryonic stem cells :- Which are isolated from inner cell mass of blastocysts.
2. Adult stem cells :- Which are found in n various tissues.
 In a developing embryo stem cells can differentiate into all the specialised cells like ectoderm, endoderm &
mesoderm.
 There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in human :-
1. Bone marrow :- Which requires extraction by harvesting i.e. Drilling into bone.
2. Adipose tissue :- (lipid cells) Which requires extraction by liposuction.
3. Blood :- When requires extraction through apheresis.
stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth.

4. Features of stem cells :-
 Stem cells are very unique cells.
 Stem cells have the amazing ability to develop into several distinct cell
types in the body.
 Theoretically divided without limits in a living organisms in order to
replenish various types of cells.
 When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either
remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more
specialised function ( i.e. A muscle cell, a red blood cell, a brain cell, etc.
)

5. Three unique properties of stem cells :-
1. Stem cells are capable of dividing & renewing themselves for long periods.
2. They are “ unspecialized ” & they can give rise to specialised cell types.
3. A stem cell is “ uncommitted ” until it receives a signal to develop into a specialised cell.
Uses :-
 Because of their plasticity & potentiality unlimited capacity of self renewal i.e. Embryonic stem
cell therapy.
 Regenerative medicine & tissue replacement after injury or disease.
 Treated number of blood & immune system related genetic diseases.
 Treated cancer’s & disorders like Juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, blindness & spinal cord
injuries.

6. Embryonic stem cells :-
 ES cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early
stage pre-implantation embryo.
 Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4 – 5 days old are a hollow microscopic ball of cells
called Blastocyst.
 Post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50 – 150 cells.
 Isolating the inner cell mass results in destruction of the blastocyst, embryos at the pre –
implantation stage considered legal status as more developed human beings.
 Human ES cells measure approximately 14 micrometre while mouse ES cells are closer to 8
micrometre.

8. Superior features of ES cells :-
 Embryonic stem cells are easier to identify, isolate & harvest.
 There are more of them.
 They grow more quickly & easily in the lab than adult stem cells.
 They can be more easily manipulated ( they are more plastic ).

10. Advantages of eS cells :-
• Flexible : Appear to have the potential to
make any cell.
• Immortal : One embryonic stem cell line
can potentially provide an
endless supply of cells with
Defined characteristics.
• Availability : Embryos from in vitro
Fertilization clinics.
• Difficult to differentiate uniformly &
homogeneously into a target tissue.
• Immunogenic : Embryonic stem cells
from a random embryo
donor are likely to be rejected after
transplantation.
• Tumorigenic : Capable of forming tumors
or promoting tumor
formation.
• Destruction of developing human life.
Disadvantages of es cell :-

11. Limitations of Embryonic stem cells :-
 In some cases, Embryonic stem cells will be different from the adult cells & thus
there is no guarantee that they will mature to adult type cell. It is necessary to
characterize the cell by appropriate method.

12. Cell potency
It is a cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the
greater its potency is also described as the gene activation potential
1. Totipotent :- Stem cells have the capability to produce all cell types of the developing organism, including
both embryonic
& extraembryonic tissues
2. Pluripotent :- Stem cells are the descendants to totipotent cell & can differentiate into nearly all cells i.e.
Cells derived from
any of the three germ layers ( ectoderm, endoderm & mesoderm )
3. Multipotent :- Stem Cell only make cells within a given germ layers. ( Closely related family of cells )
4. Unipotent :- cells can produce only one cell type, their own, but have the property of self – renewal, which
distinguishes
them from non – stem cells. ( Progenitor cells )

13. Multipotent stem cells
 Multipotent stem cells have the same basic features of all stem cells.
 As with all stem cells multipotent stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to self renew
for long periods of time & differentiate into specialised cells with specific functions.
 A multipotent stem cell can give rise to other types of cells but it is limited in its ability to
differentiate.
 These other types of cells are also limited in number.
 Examples :- 1. Brain that give rise to different Neutral cell & hematopoietic cells.
2. Bone marrow that give rise to all blood cell types but not other cells.
 Multipotent stem cells are found in the tissues of adult mammals.
 It is thought that they are in most body organs, where they replace diseased or aged cells.
 Thus, they function to replenish the body’s cells throughout an individual’s life.

15. Benefits of multipotent stem cells :-
 There are numerous benefits & uses.
 Multipotent stem cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells, these stem cells have
already partially differentiated & they continue specialising as they develop.
 Useful in transplant.
 The extracting foetal stem cells are avoided, because neither foetal tissues nor ab aborted
embryo are necessary for treatment.
 A key type of MS cell that research is currently focused on a neural cell.
 Isolated from adult brain & foetal brain tissues.
 These cells may be then triggered to divide or differentiate into new nerve cells.
 Useful in treating brain injuries.

16. Reference
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
 https://www.eurostemcell.org
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org