This document provides information about stem cell banking and transplantation. It discusses what stem cell banking entails, including the collection, processing, cryopreservation, and storage of stem cells from umbilical cord blood and other sources. Specifically, it describes cord blood banking, how the blood is collected and stored long-term in cord blood banks. It also discusses other stem cell sources that can be banked, such as amniotic fluid, menstrual blood, and umbilical cord tissue. The benefits and limitations of private versus public banking are outlined.

2. CNE ON
STEM CELL BANKING
AND
TRANSPLANTATION
PRESENTED BY
MRS. K . USHA RANI,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL
SURGICAL NURSING
NARAYANA COLLEGE OF
NURSING

3. BANKING

4. INTRODUCTION
•Stem cells are analogous to a seed which when
sowed in the ground and watered properly gives
rise to roots, stem, branches, leaves, flowers and
fruits.
•They pave a way for the most advanced
scientific therapy known as the –
“Regenerative Therapy”.

5. STEM CELL BANKING
The process of storage of stem cells.

6. WHAT IS CORD BLOOD BANKING?
• Cord Blood Banking is preservation of umbilical
cord blood,
• so that it can be used in future for an individual
or her family.

7. Cord blood banking involves
• Recruitment
• Consent
• Testing of maternal donors
• Collection
• Processing
• Cryopreservation
• Testing
• Releasing cord blood unit to transplant centre.

8. STORING
After collection, the cord blood is taken to the cord-
blood bank.
The sample is given an identifying number.
The stem cells are separated from the rest of the
blood and are stored cryogenically (frozen in liquid
nitrogen).

9. • CRYOPRESERVATION
• Cryopreservation or cryoconservation is a process where cells,
whole tissues, or any other substances susceptible to damage
caused by chemical reactivity or time are preserved by cooling
to sub-zero temperatures.

10. How long can blood-forming stemcells last when properly stored?
should last forever, but cord-blood research only
began in the 1970s,
Blood-forming stem cells that have been stored
for more than a decade have been used successfully in
transplants.

11. Con---------
There is no cost involved when donating cord blood to a
public bank, though some doctors or midwives may
charge a small fee to collect the blood.
You also might pay an additional fee for the cord blood
collection kit, courier service to the cord-blood bank,
and initial processing.

12. How Banking Works
COLLECTION
• Collection of the cord blood takes place shortly after
birth in both
vaginal and
cesarean (C-section) deliveries.
• It's done using a specific kit that parents usually
order ahead of time from their chosen cord-blood
bank.

13. CON-----------
Blood is collected immediately after delivery by an
Obstetrician, Nurse, or Technician.
After birth, the umbilical cord is cut and clamped on one
side.
To collect blood, a small needle is passed into the
umbilical vein and a syringe is used to draw blood.

14. Con-------
Blood also can be collected by hanging a bag below the
mother and letting gravity draw the blood from the cord
down through a tube and into the bag.
Blood collection can happen either before or after the
placenta is delivered.

15. There are two types of banks that store cord blood
PUBLIC BANKS collect donated cord blood for research or
for use by anyone who may need it.
There is usually no charge associated with this
service.
After birth, blood is collected, anonymously
marked, and sent to a public bank to potentially
save the life of another child one day.

16. con-----------
If we choose this option and your child or a family
member later develops a disease that requires a stem
cell transplant for treatment,
we won't be able to obtain the donation we made to the
bank.

17. Con-------
• Less commonly, people choose to privately bank their
newborn's cord blood on the off chance that someday
their child or a sick family member could be treated
with it.
• This practice isn't recommended, however, since the
costs associated with it are high and the chances of a
family member ever using the cord blood are slim.

18. BNKING CHOICES
• PRIVATEBANKS
• Cost – 1,500 to 2,000 a year
• Owners – Parents (until child’s 18th birthday in some
cases)
• Users – Your child, or a close relative
• Parents provide the income for private banks.

19. PUBLIC BANKS
Cost – Free
Owners – Public bank
Users – Researchers and patients in need of a cord
blood transplant
Public banks require around 30,000 per cord blood
transplant, or profit from research.

20. Con-----
• Public research institutions
• Cost – Free
• Owners – Researchers
• Users – Scientists and patients undergoing clinical trials
• Researchers gain profit through cell therapy drugs and
devices
• In certain cases, charity programs are available through
private banks.

21. Private or public banking?
• The choice between storing cord blood at a
private bank or donating to a public center
depends you and your family’s specific needs.

22. One on hand, donating cord blood to a public
bank makes it available to anyone who needs stem
cells.
 However, storing cord blood in a private bank
ensures the stem cells are there when you and
your family need them.

23. Private Banking Not Widely Recommended ??
• Most medical organizations, including the American
Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), recommend public donation
of cord blood when ever possible.
• Currently, they do not recommend privately banking your
newborn's cord blood unless you have a child or family
member with a current or potential need for a stem cell
transplant.

24. Con--------
• The reason?
• The likelihood of a healthy person ever needing stem
cells is rare, and research has never confirmed that
self-donated cells (rather than cells from a relative or
stranger) make transplantations safer or more effective.

25. MENSTRUAL BLOOD STEM CELL BANKING
The menstrual blood can be collected by a simple, non-
invasive and a painless procedure which can be performed
in the privacy of client home.
The best time to collect menstrual blood stem cells is
now, as age has an effect on the quality of stem cells
produced.

26. Con------------
The right partner to bank your menstrual blood stem cells
is Femme as it is the first and the only menstrual blood
stem cell banking service in India, brought to you by the
leader in the field, LifeCell.
With over 200 customer service centers and dual storage
facilities in Chennai and Gurgaon, LifeCell has technology,
state of the art infrastructure and experience in stem cell
banking service.

27. MENSTRUAL BLOODBANKING PROCESSAND STORAGE
The menstrual blood collection is shipped to Cryo-Cell via medical
courier and processed in our state-of-the-art ISO Class 7 clean
room.
The stem cells are stored in two cryovials, which are over wrapped
to safeguard the stem cells during storage and a technique called
‘’ontrolled-rate freezing” is used to prepare the cells for long-term
storage.

28. The menstrual blood is collected in your physician’s or
healthcare provider’s office with a proprietary kit
developed by Cryo-Cell.
Prior to collection, it is recommended that the patient
shower and empty the bladder.
For best results, menstrual blood collection should be
collected on the day of the patient’s heaviest menstrual
flow.

29. Samples are collected during a woman’s menstrual period by
using a medical-grade silicone menstrual cup in place of a tampon
or sanitary napkin, which is inserted by the physician.
Depending on the patient’s menstrual flow, the menstrual cup
should be in place 1-4 hours, but no longer than 4 hours.

30. The overwrapped storage vials are housed in the vapor
phase of liquid nitrogen for cryogenic preservation.
storage facilities are monitored 24 hrs/day, 365
days/year for security and temperature, keeping your
specimen safe and ready for future use.

31. The collected menstrual fluid is placed into the
menstrual collection container with media, tightly closed
and secured, then gently inverted to mix the media
solution with the menstrual fluid.
The container will then be prepared for shipment.

32. AMNIOTIC STEM CELL BANK
An amniotic stem cell bank is a facility that stores
stem cells derived from amniotic fluid for future use.

33. • Stem cell samples in private (or family) banks are
stored specifically for use by the individual
person from whom such cells have been collected
and the banking costs are paid by such person.

34. The sample can later be retrieved only by
that individual and for the use by such
individual or, in many cases, by her or his
first-degree blood relatives.

35. In case of amniotic fluid stem cell
banking, the mother providing the donation
initially has ownership of the stem cells
and financial responsibility for its storage.

36. When the child from that pregnancy reaches legal age,
the ownership and responsibility for the sample may be
transferred.
The first private amniotic stem cell bank in the US was
opened by Biocell Center in October 2009 in Medford,
Massachusetts.

37. The collection process
Amniotic stem cells are collected from amniotic fluid
extracted during a genetic amniocentesis, a prenatal
diagnosis procedure typically performed during the 2nd
trimesterof pregnancy.
For the purpose of stem cell preservation, a small
amount of the fluid withdrawn for genetic analysis is
saved in a collection container for transport to a
processing and storage facility.

38. Collection of the sample causes no change to the standard
amniocentesis procedure and therefore adds no additional
risk to the mother.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration
regulates amniotic stem cells under the category of
“Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue Based-
Products.”

39. After the collection, the amniotic fluid sample
containing the stem cells is shipped to a lab for
processing, cryopreservation and storage.
The processed sample is exposed to a gradual
freezing process which is important because it
keeps the cells alive .

40. cryopreservation process.
After freezing, the sample is transferred to a
liquid nitrogen storage tank.
The protocols used for the cryopreservation
process have largely been adapted from those
originally designed for bone marrow haematopoietic
stem cells.

41. CORD TISSUE BANKING
Umbilical cord blood and cord tissue are rich in two
distinct types of stem cells.
Both types of stem cells play key roles in maintaining
our health and each works in its unique way.

42. The CORD TISSUE or Wharton’s jelly is the tissue
surrounding the umbilical vein and vessels in the cord.
When the vessels are removed you have tissue
remaining which contains stem cells termed mesenchymal
stem cells or MSCs.
MSCs are unique and powerful stem cells that help
repair and heal the body in different ways than cord
blood.

43. The surrounding tissue is also a rich source of other cell types,
which have different potential uses.
Mesenchymal stem cells have many unique functions including
The ability to inhibit inflammation following tissue damage,
Secrete growth factors that aid in tissue repair,
and differentiate into many cell types including neural cells, bone
cells, fat cells and cartilage.

44. TESTING AND PROCESSING
Usually with in 36 to 48 hours of collection, the cord blood
and tissue are tested, processed, and cryogenically stored.
Maternal blood is tested for infectious diseases.
Each cord blood/cord tissue specimen is tested for
microbiological contamination.

45. Cryopreservation
Both the cord blood and cord tissue are over-wrapped for extra
protection against cross contamination during storage.
All specimens are stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen
for cryogenic preservation, at the constant temperature
~ -196o Celsius.
Cryobags with multiple removable segments are used to facilitate
cryopreservation and potential future blood type matching and
testing.