How to Improve Steam Turbine Head Rate and Increase OutputMargaret Harrison
As the steam path degrades in mature steam turbines performance loss often occurs. Reducing heat rate while increasing output can have a significant impact on earning potential within the current market and today’s regulatory conditions. Improvements of 3% or more have been seen by users who have installed the full package of steam turbine seals in their units. EthosEnergy has been developing advanced turbine sealing technologies that improve efficiency and performance of steam turbines for over 30 years.
Boiler recommissioning procedure after capital overhaul Manohar Tatwawadi
In a thermal power plant, boiler overhauling is generally done yearly. The presentation highlights the procedure for the re-commissioning of the boiler after capital overhaul.
How to Improve Steam Turbine Head Rate and Increase OutputMargaret Harrison
As the steam path degrades in mature steam turbines performance loss often occurs. Reducing heat rate while increasing output can have a significant impact on earning potential within the current market and today’s regulatory conditions. Improvements of 3% or more have been seen by users who have installed the full package of steam turbine seals in their units. EthosEnergy has been developing advanced turbine sealing technologies that improve efficiency and performance of steam turbines for over 30 years.
Boiler recommissioning procedure after capital overhaul Manohar Tatwawadi
In a thermal power plant, boiler overhauling is generally done yearly. The presentation highlights the procedure for the re-commissioning of the boiler after capital overhaul.
Steam Turbine Lube Oil System Protections Using SCADA & PLCNilesh Jha
Steam Turbine Protection System is designed with today technology to operate the thermal power plants in safe and reliable manner. The protection system operates only when any of the control system set point parameter is exceeded, and the steam turbine will damaged if it continues to operate. This paper presents overview of the steam turbine protection logics of lube of system and implementation for smooth automatic operation by using SIMATIC S7 PLC programming along with monitoring SCADA SYSTEM by using WinCC software.
Demand for high quality, greater efficiency and an automated machine has increased day by day in the industrial sector as well as power plants [1]. Power plants require continuous monitoring and inspection at frequent intervals. There are possibilities of errors at measuring and various stages involved with human workers and also the lack of few features of microcontrollers. Thus this paper takes a sincere attempt to explain the advantages that will be obtained by implementing automation system. The turbine lube oil system control which is the most important part of any power plant, and its automation is the precise effort of this paper. In order to automate a power plant and minimize human intervention, there is a need to develop PLC based system along with monitoring SCADA system that monitors the plant and helps reduce the errors caused by humans [2]. The internal storage of instruction of PLC is used for implementing function to control various types of machines and processes through digital or analog input/output modules. PLC systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as power plants, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation.
The presentation details about the Boiler Operation specifically while lightup of boiler and loading of boiler. the course participants discuss in details about the operations carried in their respective power stations
Furnaces in Refinery and Petrochemicals
Process furnaces
Crude distillation unit
Reaction Heaters
Reformer Heater
Heater Performance objectives
Reasons to save Energy
Heater Types
Radiant section
Convection section
Crossover section
Burners
This deals with Boiler feed pumps used in power plants .
contains details about the KHI and FK series pumps , technical parameters and maintenance prctices followed for these pumps
Questions and answers on turbines used in Power Plants. The discussion is definitely going to reduce your doubts and give you all answers on your questions. This is part 1 and the series will be continued till your doubts are cleared. you can mail me the questions and i will try to give you all answers as early as possible.
Steam Turbine Lube Oil System Protections Using SCADA & PLCNilesh Jha
Steam Turbine Protection System is designed with today technology to operate the thermal power plants in safe and reliable manner. The protection system operates only when any of the control system set point parameter is exceeded, and the steam turbine will damaged if it continues to operate. This paper presents overview of the steam turbine protection logics of lube of system and implementation for smooth automatic operation by using SIMATIC S7 PLC programming along with monitoring SCADA SYSTEM by using WinCC software.
Demand for high quality, greater efficiency and an automated machine has increased day by day in the industrial sector as well as power plants [1]. Power plants require continuous monitoring and inspection at frequent intervals. There are possibilities of errors at measuring and various stages involved with human workers and also the lack of few features of microcontrollers. Thus this paper takes a sincere attempt to explain the advantages that will be obtained by implementing automation system. The turbine lube oil system control which is the most important part of any power plant, and its automation is the precise effort of this paper. In order to automate a power plant and minimize human intervention, there is a need to develop PLC based system along with monitoring SCADA system that monitors the plant and helps reduce the errors caused by humans [2]. The internal storage of instruction of PLC is used for implementing function to control various types of machines and processes through digital or analog input/output modules. PLC systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as power plants, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation.
The presentation details about the Boiler Operation specifically while lightup of boiler and loading of boiler. the course participants discuss in details about the operations carried in their respective power stations
Furnaces in Refinery and Petrochemicals
Process furnaces
Crude distillation unit
Reaction Heaters
Reformer Heater
Heater Performance objectives
Reasons to save Energy
Heater Types
Radiant section
Convection section
Crossover section
Burners
This deals with Boiler feed pumps used in power plants .
contains details about the KHI and FK series pumps , technical parameters and maintenance prctices followed for these pumps
Questions and answers on turbines used in Power Plants. The discussion is definitely going to reduce your doubts and give you all answers on your questions. This is part 1 and the series will be continued till your doubts are cleared. you can mail me the questions and i will try to give you all answers as early as possible.
This a compilation of the overall process in conducting energy audit based on my personal experiences, training that I attended in Malaysia, India and Japan and information sharing between fellow EE practitioners.Not to forget references from books and internet.
I believe this would benefit to those who wants to understand what is energy audit all about for beginners to become an energy auditor and to facilities owners to assess the need to conduct energy audit and energy audit proposals submitted by consultants
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @...ARC Advisory Group
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @ ARC's 2011 Industry Forum by Craig Resnick.
Intelligent motor control & drives once provided a safe, flexible & centralized means to control & protect motors
•Today, these devices have evolved to ‘smart’ energy managers that bring advances ranging from complex drive systems to basic control of fan or pump motors
•In high demand where uptime & equipment reliability are critical, in applications where even a short period of downtime can prove extremely costly & damaging
•These devices perform critical protective & troubleshooting functions & detailed diagnostics to help improve productivity & minimize downtime
VTU Notes for Testing and commissioning of Electrical Equipment
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Faculty Name: Mrs Veena Bhat
Designation: Assistant Professor
Subject: Testing and Commissioning of Electrical equipment
Semester: VII
The technology and thermal efficiencies of the coal-fired
cycle have improved dramatically, and the basic idea
of converting the stored energy of coal into electricity
accounts for more than 40% of the world’s power.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Overview
• Comprehensive guidelines addressing
steam turbine-generator inspections and
maintenance overhauls
• Critical industry review of all content,
from written specifications to supporting
software
• Annual updates reflecting industry
operating experience, new technology
and R&D advances
• Guidelines applicable at nuclear and
fossil power plants worldwide
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Unique Elements
• Portable graphics
– All charts, graphics, tables can be
extracted for use in plant-specific
procedures, manuals, reports, etc.
• Templates
– Sample outage report
– 17 condition assessment data sheets
– 155 component-specific data sheets
– RFQs (requests for quote) for
equipment procurement
• Foreign material exclusion (FME) guidance
• Training support
– Reference material for in-plant training
and education of new personnel
– Modular approach
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Guideline Contents
• Seven volume, four CD set
• Volume 1 contains general
guidance on planning and
conducting turbine-generator
maintenance overhauls and
inspections
• Volumes 2-7 contain
underlying technical guidance
and tools supporting
maintenance and overhauls
Volume Content
1 General Practices
2 Repair Procedures
3 Balancing and Alignment
4 Component Procurement
Specifications
5 Engineering Database for
Large Steam Turbines
6/7 Blade/Disk Design Audit and
Inspection Procedures
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
What’s New?
2007 Updates
• Generator/exciter grinding procedure
(Vol. 2)
• Turbine blade tuning criteria (Vol. 4)
• Excitation system purchase
specification, with sample purchase
RFQ (Vol. 4)
• Turbine bolting purchase specification,
with sample purchase RFQ (Vol. 4)
Planned 2008 Updates
• Generator hydrogen seal best
practices (Vol. 2)
• Turbine grit blasting procedure (Vol.
2)
• Updated commutator/collector ring
procedure (Vol. 2)
• Turbine-generator alignment best
practices (Vol. 3)
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Where to Find It
Question Volume
How do I determine which vendor is best for my needs? 1
What should I do to assess my unit before an outage? 1
What should I do to assess my unit during an outage? 1
How do I establish an effective outage plan and schedule? 1
How do I repair a collector ring or turbine diaphragm? 2
What precautions should I take in selecting and monitoring a
vendor’s repair work?
2
What documentation should I request from a vendor for a specific
repair activity?
2
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Where to Find It (continued)
Question Volume
What are the advantages of high-speed vs. low-speed balancing? 3
How can misalignment affect unit operation? 3
What shim pad adjustments are needed to re-align my turbine rotor? 3
What could be causing vibration levels to exceed design
specifications?
3
What information should I require from vendors in bid documents? 4
What types of penalty clauses should I include when purchasing new
equipment?
4
What quality control checks should I require of vendors for new
equipment?
4
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Where to Find It (continued)
Question Volume
Are there power plants near me that might have spare parts for my
turbine-generator?
5
What plants have experience with the turbine modifications I’m
planning for my next outage?
5
How can I assess how much turbine blade run time I have left based
on differing blade failure mechanisms?
6/7
Which regions of the turbine blading are most susceptible to stress
corrosion cracking?
6/7
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Volume 1
General Practices Overview
• Technical guidance for both on-line and
off-line turbine-generator condition
assessments
• Pre-outage planning and bidding guidance
– Task-oriented information addressing
scaffolding, crane availability, lay-down
area, safety, machine disassembly,
special tools, etc.
• Unit shutdown best practices
– Identify methods to reduce time
required to bring unit from full speed to
turning gear operation
• Oil flushing best practices
– Techniques to reduce critical path time,
such as flushing with minimal external
piping and filtration
• Pre start-up checks and post-outage
activities
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 1
In-Service Condition Assessment
• Enables plant to monitor steam turbine-generator condition
since last overhaul
• Addresses 17 systems/components
• Identifies risk-related recommendations for future outage
work (color-coded)
– Green: No perceived problems. System or component is
expected to perform reliably until the next assessment.
– Blue: No specific immediate or intermediate action necessary,
but the issue is significant enough to be monitored.
– Yellow: Work required at next convenient outage to avoid
potential forced shutdown if not corrected.
– Red: A specific component or system needs immediate
attention. High risk of failure, causing loss of unit for an
extended time.
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 1
System/Component Data Sheets
Series System or Component Data Assembled and Reviewed
1 Maintenance History Summary Record of modifications and upgrades
2 Turbine-Generator Vibration Readings at minimum-maximum load, criticals
3 Bearing Metal and Oil Temperatures Readings at minimum-maximum load
4 Section Performance Parameters Readings at full load, valves wide open
5 Start-Up Operation Record of starts, trips, service hours
6 Steam Purity Frequency of tests, criteria, out-of-spec events
7 Lubricating Oil and EHC Analysis Particle counts, presence of contaminates
8 Pump Start Tests Frequency of tests, pressures, out-of-spec events
9 Valve Tightness Tests Frequency of tests, criteria, sticking events
10 Turbine Trips and Tests Record of trips, results, consequences
11 Turbine Monitoring Instrumentation Readings at minimum-maximum load, calibrations
12 Generator-Exciter Condition Readings, criteria, test results
13 Auxiliary System Operation Readings, criteria, test results
14 Visual Inspection Results HP, IP, LP inlets and exhausts
15 Checklist of Out-of-Limit Events Record of unit upsets, actions, and consequences
16 Current Maintenance Plan Record of inspections: last, next, frequency
17 Overall Condition Assessment Summary with recommended actions
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
CONDITION ASSESSMENT SUMMARY
Component or
System
Degradation
Good
Condition
Comments
Severe Significant Some
HP X Performance down 1% - monitor
IP X Performance down 1.5% - monitor
LP X
Generator X End windings may be loose. Vibration data has not been consistent.
Exciter X Exciter needs balancing. Insulation is very low on bearing.
Lube oil system X Particle count far exceeds specifications.
Seal oil system X Vacuum values trending toward higher end of acceptable criteria.
Controls X Overspeed trip too high. CV crack and intercept points need
adjustment.
EHC/MHC system X Chloride count trending toward higher end of acceptable ppm.
Valves X Control valves and main stop valves are sticky. Last inspected three
years ago.
TSI
Instrumentation
X
Recommendations: Both the lubricating oil and valves require attention. Refer to data sheet #5 and #7 for details. Based on their condition, the unit
needs a weekend shutdown as soon as possible. Work is also required on the exciter and turbine controls. Refer to data sheets #12 and #13 for
details. The urgency is not immediate, but this will require action before the currently scheduled intervals listed for these systems. Refer to sheet #16.
Sample Content, Vol. 1
Overall Condition Assessment Sheet
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 2
Repair Procedures
• Equally useful for on-site and off-site repairs
• Scope of Work
– Defines tasks to be performed by utility or vendor
• References/Test Requirements
– Defines prerequisites for the repair, such as materials needed,
testing techniques, instructions for repair vendor
• Procedures
– Provides numbered steps, supported by checklists and
graphics as necessary
• Administrative/Report Requirements
– Defines reports to be completed post-repair
– Includes data sheet templates to be completed by vendor
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 2
Example: Diaphragm Partition Repairs
Scope of Work (not comprehensive)
– Provide transportation to vendor repair facility.
– Remove all diaphragm hardware, place in a bag of sufficient
strength, and tag the bag with the plant name, unit number,
and diaphragm stage.
– Grit blast diaphragm using 220-grit aluminum oxide or
equivalent.
– Perform an incoming inspection as outlined in Table 2-2.
– Perform a 100% diaphragm partition repair using 410 weld
material, assuming a 5/8" cutback is required.
– Stress relieve the diaphragm as outlined in Table 2-4.
– Perform a final nondestructive evaluation/quality control, and
record the diaphragm pitch, throat, and radial height data in
Table 2-6.
– Perform a final outgoing inspection as outlined in Table 2-2.
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 2
Example: Diaphragm Partition Repairs
References/Test Requirements (not comprehensive)
– Air gap on contour convex side: <0.005" using a contour
gauge.
– Exhaust edge thickness:
• 0.040" ± 0.005" for the first stage high-pressure diaphragm.
• 0.035" ± 0.005" for the first intermediate-pressure
diaphragm.
• 0.025" ± 0.005" for all other diaphragms.
– Radial height: Within 0.005"/in. with 0.060" maximum
deviation from end to end.
– Edge straightness: Within 0.010"/in. with maximum 0.030" in
12" and 0.060" total as checked by a feeler gauge under a
straight edge.
– Pitch: (3.1416) x radius/number of partitions per half
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 2
Example: Diaphragm Partition Repairs
Procedure (not comprehensive)
1. Lay out diaphragm partition pitches on the inner and outer sidewall faces using a
trammel, centerhead, dividers, and center punch.
2. Make a copper backing strip to match the diaphragm partition contour, based on
drawing information or data from reverse engineering.
.
.
.
20. Take final area check measurements. Set the throats at the X, Y, and Z positions
+/-0.005" to satisfy area requirements. If throat requirements are not met, the
partition should be cut out and re-welded with 410 filler wire.
21. Perform final inspection of diaphragm partitions with an inspection light from the
admission side to reveal any minor grinding and blending corrections that may be
necessary where the repair weld joins the original sidewall and partition contours.
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 2
Example: Diaphragm Partition Repairs
Administrative and Report
Requirements
– Repair vendor to provide
data package, with all
completed tables, to the
driver
– Vendor instructs driver to
hand carry data package to
designated plant
representative.
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 2
Example: Generator Rewind
Scope of Work (not comprehensive)
– Technical guidance for the rewind of a General Electric-
manufactured, water-cooled generator stator with Micapal
insulation.
– Rewind procedures assume that all new bars will be installed.
– Includes checklists for pre-outage work, outage work scope
and demobilization.
References/Test Requirements (not comprehensive)
– IEEE, ANSI, NEMA, OSHA, UL standards
– Unit wiring diagrams and stator winding drawings
– Latest revision of GE technical information letter (TIL-1098),
Inspection of Generators with Water Cooled Stator Windings
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 2
Example: Generator Rewind
Disassembly Procedure (not comprehensive)
1. Maintain equipment clearances or have rewind personnel indicate any clearance
discrepancies as needed to support the work scope.
2. Prepare bushing box for rewind. Depending on the machine configuration, the
phase connections may need to be stripped in this area.
3. Release the stator for work. Implement suitable foreign material exclusion
controls.
4. Take measurements on the end winding/turn areas. Make a gauging template to
assist with fitting of the replacement bars.
5. Sample for asbestos-contaminated material (ACM), and then remove the
wedges, top ripple springs, filler, and any side ripple springs.
6. Remove the end nose rings.
7. Strip back and unsolder the phase connections.
8. Saw cut the series loops and ties. Keep loose material and dust from
accumulating in the machine.
9. Cut the Teflon hoses and unbraze the connections to the distribution headers.
10. Remove the top and bottom bars along with any filler or old conforming
material.
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 2
Example: Generator Rewind
Administrative and Report
Requirements (not
comprehensive)
• Reports
– Clearly address commercial
terms in vendor proposals.
• Materials and equipment
– List of required materials
– List of expendable items
– List of required tools and
equipment
• Safety-related information
– Lighting and ventilation
– Worker qualifications
– Personal protective equipment
Item No. Description
1 Adhesive, epoxy
2 Bars, bottom – phased
3 Bars, bottom – standard
4 Bars, top – phased
5 Bars, top – standard
6 Bar seal
7 Blocks “A”
8 Blocks “B”
9 Blocks, conforming space
10 Blocks, series loop
11 Bolts, T
12 Bond, Barco
Normally required rewind materials (partial list)
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 3
Balancing and Alignment
• Procedures, test requirements and report
requirements for slow-speed and high-speed
balancing of turbine, generator and exciter rotors
• Primers
– Vibration: fundamentals, causes, measurement
and instrumentation
– Alignment: disassembly data, tight wire alignment,
set points, clearance and alignment checks
• Includes TGAlign software for turbine-generator
alignment
– Installation instructions
– Users manual
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 3
TGAlign Software
• Determines optimum coupling
alignment for a turbine-generator
rotor system
• Input
– Number/diameter of couplings
– Rim/face alignment measurements
– Alignment and move limits
– Distance between bearings
– Shim pad location for each bearing
• Benefits
– Reduces potential for calculation errors
– Minimizes number of bearings to be moved
– Minimizes potential for turbine rubs and startup vibration
– Includes manual mode to permit bearing-by-bearing analysis
• Output
– Bearing position changes for
optimum alignment
– Specific shim pad
adjustments to achieve
bearing position
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 4
Component Procurement
Specifications
• Outlines information needed to assess
a vendor quote beyond price and schedule
• Enables fair comparison of competing
proposals
• Defines criteria to ensure final product is delivered
and installed to agreed design and performance
specifications
• Ensures the latest technological improvements are
incorporated into design
• Provides sufficient information to non-OEM vendors
to develop competitive bids
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 4
Low-Pressure Rotor Procurement RFQ
• Sample template for bid package or RFQ
• Form and checklists to be returned with bid
– Pricing information
– Warranties and penalties
– General acceptance criteria
– Technical criteria associated with the forging, rotating parts,
and stationary parts
– Transport of the parts
– Post-delivery activities of inspection, alignment, balancing,
and testing performance
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 4
Low-Pressure Rotor Procurement RFQ
• Warranties and Penalties (example content)
– In the event that the supplier does not provide the
documentation indicated in this specification, the supplier shall
pay $X,XXX for each document not supplied.
– In the event that the unit does not meet the supplier’s
guarantee of increased output in kW, the liquidated damage
penalty associated with the plant’s not achieving this load
increase at rated reactor conditions shall result in a payment
of $XXXXX per kW for each kW not attained.
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 4
Low-Pressure Rotor Procurement RFQ
• General Acceptance Criteria (example content)
– The rotors shall be warranted for a 30 calendar-year life
based on the unit’s being operated in accordance with the
supplier’s recommendations.
– The rotating and stationary blades shall be warranted for [five
years, 40,000 hours, or 1000 start-stop cycles] life (whichever
comes first), assuming that the unit is operated in accordance
with the recommended instructions.
– The replacement low-pressure rotors shall result in an
increase of net generation (improvement in generator output)
of [1% or 5,000 kWe].
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 4
Low-Pressure Rotor Procurement RFQ
• Technical Criteria (example
content)
– The L-0 and L-1 stages should
be designed so that the unit
can operate up to 10" Hg back
pressure without flutter
(vibration due to aero-elastic
instability of the blades).
– If free-standing blades are
used, the L-0 and L-1 should
be designed to operate under
the same back-pressure
criteria, but these blades
should also be mix-tuned to
reduce the potential for flutter
at speed and under load.
Part Acceptable Material
Blades AISI 630 (17-4PH), AISI 410,
AISI 403, Jethete M-152
Covers AISI 630 (17-4PH), AISI 410,
AISI 403
Pins AISI H11, ASTM A193GRB16
Tie wires AISI 630 (17-4PH), AISI 316
Cross-keys Type M252 Austenitic Steel Rod
Notch/bucket Ti-6Al-4V or Equivalent
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 5
Steam Turbine Database
• Global database of large steam turbines
– Location, operational data, nameplate rating,
manufacturer, status
• More than 3,000 global entries for units larger than 70 MW
• Units operating with last-stage blades greater than 23 inches
• Units mapped to turbine vendors: GE, Westinghouse, ABB,
Siemens, GEC, MAN, MHI
• User value
– Identifies plants with like steam turbine units
– Helps locate spare parts at plants with same turbine model
– Captures experience with turbine modifications at other plants
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 6/7
Blade Design Audit and
Inspection
• Helps engineers diagnose blade damage during shutdown
• Permits future run-time estimations based on current
condition and failure probability
– Failure mechanisms: low-cycle fatigue, high-cycle fatigue,
stress corrosion cracking, solid particle erosion
– Library of failure probability curves for each mechanism
• Supports maintenance process
– Planning and pre-bidding: provide input to generic blade
procurement specification
– Turbine inspection: indicate regions susceptible to fatigue,
creep, cracking
– Condition assessment: assess crack initiation from resonant
vibration; produce interference diagram to compare against
natural frequencies
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Copyright Electric Power Research Institute 2008
Sample Content, Vol. 6/7
Blade Designs Addressed
• HP/IP blade designs and unit configurations
– GE G3D Unit with a 33.5-inch last-stage blade
– GE D3 Unit with a 26-inch last-stage blade
– Westinghouse BB44 first-stage reheat blade
– GE G3 Unit with a 30-inch last-stage blade
– GE G2 Unit with a 33.5-inch last-stage blade
• LP blade designs
– Westinghouse 31-inch L-0 blade
– GE 33.5-inch L-0 blade
– GE 20.9-inch L-1 blade
– GE 43-inch L-0 blade
– Westinghouse 23-inch L-0 blade
– GE 26-inch L-0 blade
– GE 17.4-inch L-1 blade