This document outlines the key stages of the research process and provides guidance on developing a research proposal. It discusses the three main stages as 1) planning stage (research proposal), 2) implementation stage (field work), and 3) communication of findings (writing research report). For the planning stage, it provides details on the components and sections that should be included in a research proposal such as the title, introduction, objectives, methodology, timelines and budget. It emphasizes that the proposal should have a clear purpose and methodology to answer the research question. The implementation stage involves collecting and analyzing data. The final stage is communicating findings through a written research report.
Writing the NIH K Award (SF 424): K08-K23 Applications & Individual CDAsUCLA CTSI
Presented by:
Isidro B. Salusky, MD
Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics at UCLA
Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Director, Clinical Translational Research Center
Associate Dean of Clinical Research
Presentation from: February 09, 2017
Writing the NIH K Award (SF 424): K08-K23 Applications & Individual CDAsUCLA CTSI
Presented by:
Isidro B. Salusky, MD
Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics at UCLA
Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Director, Clinical Translational Research Center
Associate Dean of Clinical Research
Presentation from: February 09, 2017
Writing the NIH K Award
Isidro B. Salusky, MD
Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics at UCLA
Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Director, Clinical Translational Research Center
Associate Dean of Clinical Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the workshop, the participants will be able to:
-Define and Classify the Types of Research
-Write the Research Proposal
NIH Grant Proposals (SF 424): K08 - K23 Applications and Individual Career De...UCLA CTSI
Learn about NIH Grant Proposals (SF 424). Dr. Salusky discusses K08 - K23 applications and Individual Career Development Awards. Provided by the UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute. More information on K /CDA awards can be found at https://ctsi.ucla.edu/education/pages/edtools.
Presenter:
Isidro B. Salusky, MD
Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics at UCLA
Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Director, Clinical Translational Research Center
Associate Dean of Clinical Research
Writing the NIH K Award
Isidro B. Salusky, MD
Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics at UCLA
Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Director, Clinical Translational Research Center
Associate Dean of Clinical Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the workshop, the participants will be able to:
-Define and Classify the Types of Research
-Write the Research Proposal
NIH Grant Proposals (SF 424): K08 - K23 Applications and Individual Career De...UCLA CTSI
Learn about NIH Grant Proposals (SF 424). Dr. Salusky discusses K08 - K23 applications and Individual Career Development Awards. Provided by the UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute. More information on K /CDA awards can be found at https://ctsi.ucla.edu/education/pages/edtools.
Presenter:
Isidro B. Salusky, MD
Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics at UCLA
Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Director, Clinical Translational Research Center
Associate Dean of Clinical Research
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Stage of research process
2
1.Planning stage (research proposal)
2. The implementation stage(Field work)
3. Communication of research findings (Writing research report)
3. 1.Planning stage (research proposal)
3
• A Research Proposal
• Describe the details of the planning phase of a research process ,a complete
written document which fully have details of all activities and steps to be
followed through out the research process .
• It is mandatory to have completely written research proposal before conducting
any components of a research activity because it used a blue print for research
project.
• N.B when we write a proposal of a research we must use future tense.
4. Planning stage (research proposal)
cond
4
• This is the initial stage of research process.
• It begins with identification of the research problem.
• Plan of analysis and statement of the problem ,review and
evaluation of relevant literature
• Formulation of purposes and detail description of about the
methods to be used, study population and the tools to be used to
collect information.
6. Function of research proposal
6
Help to consider various aspects of the study which may be
Provide chance of setting comment from others (knowledgeable on
the issue).
Serve as step by steps guide during conducting research activities.
Help to reduce mistake and save time
Away to find and secure fund
7. Elements/components of research proposal
7
• Title /topic of a research
• Acknowledgement
• Abstract
• Table of content
• Introduction /background
• Statement of the problem
• Significance of the study
• Conceptual frame work
• Research hypothesis
• Literature review
• Objective
• Methods
• Work plan
• Budget section
• Reference
• Annexes –1. dummy table
• 2. questioner
• Lacks result, discussion, conclusion, recommendations
•
8. Sections of Research proposal
8
1. Title of the research
The Title page should contain
- a title that indicates the focus of the work/The issue to be
researched
- Include your name, and other persons on the project
as well as the name of your university.
• The geographical coverage and research year
• Title page: Name of advisers date and summit ion date
9. Example
9
• ADAMA UNIVERSITY
• SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCINCES
• Assessment of Factors Influencing Utilization of Modern Contraceptive
Methods among Women in the Reproductive Age Group in Arsi Zone,
Oromia Region, 2013.
By
Firew Tafesse (BSc)
Advisor: Alemayehu Worku (PhD)
• A proposal submitted to the School of health science, Adama University as
partial fulfillment for the requirements of BSC Degree of Pharmacy
Assela
Ethiopia
2013
10. 10
• Criteria to chose a title
• Originality
• Can be completed within the study period
• Consider budgetary issues
12. Abstract
12
• Your abstract may be up to one page in length. It includes:
• The background & significance, a clear statement of the general question and
• The objective
• The methods that will be used, explanation of how the methods will provide the
data necessary to answer the question and
• Analysis that you are going to used
The budget that you need to accomplish the whole survey.
13. Introduction
13
2.1 Brief background information
• Introduction should be short about one or two pages
_State why you chose your particular project;
_ tell why it is of interest or worthy of the attempt
• Population composition in reference to the study objectives (Refer to www.csa.gov.et )
• Context: Socio-cultural factors, policy environment, health service coverage, number of
health care facilities at different levels (Refer to www.moh.gov.et . District report, etc.)
• What is unique about the study area to undertake the particular research
14. Statement of the problem
14
Statement of the problem
• The problems could be identified by making an extensive reading on
literatures
• The magnitude of the problem refers to the magnitude of the health
condition at global, SSA, Ethiopian and study district level (only one
figure at each level) – Refer UN agency web-sites and national reports
• Highlight main factors associated with the outcome of interest
• Please consider appropriate study designs to document magnitudes and
determinants
• Cross-sectional for magnitude and analytical designs for determinants
15. 2.2 Rationale of the study
15
• Why do you want to study this issue at this time
• What will be the significance of the envisaged study
• In terms of improving service delivery
• In ways of enhancing research methods
• In diversifying program areas, etc.
• What will be the relevance of your study in influencing existing
policies/programs/strategies
• Relate it to international commitments (MDGs)
• Link it to national/regional government priority areas
Researchers’ and funding organizations’ interests should not be
overemphasized
16. Conceptual /study frame work
16
• A schematic presentation showing the association between factors
and outcomes
• We use arrows to show relations
• You should mind how arrows are drawn and try to interpret it
• Mind also how you will be analyzing the data
• It is advisable to use a standard framework
17. Example of Conceptual /study frame work
17
FP utilization
acces
sibilit
y
religion
cultur
e
Edu
level
18. Research Questions
18
• Formulate study question (s) from identified gaps
• You may have more than one research question in a thesis
• However, you are advised to address few research questions
Eg. 1. What is the level of contraception
• in the study area?
• by urban/rural residence type?
• Muslims and Christians?
19. HYPOTHESIS
19
Hypotheses emanate from research questions in a structured way
• Convert your research question into statistical hypotheses
• Null vs. alternative hypothesis
Example
1. H0: There is no difference in contraception between rural and urban residents
HA: There is difference in contraception among urbanites and rural residents
2. H0: There is no difference in contraception between Muslims and Christians
HA: There is difference in contraception among Muslims and Christians
20. . Literature review
20
• Review what is known about the research issue
• Start from global level (in similar socio-cultural context), Sub-Saharan
African Level, National and Study area level
• It is advisable that your references should be from reputable sources
• Scientific journals (impact factor/Publication year)
• Government policy documents
• Gray literatures employing sound methodologies
21. 3. Literature review (cont’d)
21
• You can apply systematic literature review in which case you need
• At least two persons (in most cases)
• Criteria to select literature
• Study design (RCT, experimental, Observation)
• Population covered and size
• Year of Publication
• Type of source (Published/Gray)
• Abstraction form: Retrieve available info on sample size and OR (CIs)
22. 3. Literature review (cont’d)
22
• State who is affected (population group), how it affects (transmission, social
stratification, culture) and why are they affected (policy, culture, intervention)
• Population (young /RH group/ Old)
• Culture (norms/ attitudes)
• New programs (HEP, etc)
23. 23
• Understand how other researchers did the work
• Refer to the study population
• Socio-cultural context
• Methods employed (give emphasis)
Summarize what you reviewed in just one or two paragraphs
Conclude the section by the gap you identified to fill
25. Objectives of the research
25
• This is a very important and pivotal section and everything else in the
study is centered around it
• The objective of the proposed study should be stated very clearly
• The objective stated should be specific, achievable and measurable
(SMART)
• Too many objectives to be avoided
• Even just one clearly stated relevant objective for a study would be
good enough
• If there is more than one objective the objectives can be presented in
the appropriate order of importance
26. Methods and Materials/Subjects
26
.Methodology should be short about three to five pages
Research methodology is a way to
systematically solve the research problem.
It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically
27. 27
• It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the
research methods/techniques but also the methodology.
Researchers not only need to know how to develop certain
indices or tests and how to calculate the mean, the mode, the
median or the standard deviation or chi-square etc.,
. It is essential to discuss procedures clearly and completely
with considerable amount of details
28. 28
• Study design
• Study population / Sampling specifications
• Sample size needed
• Instrumentation
• Specific procedures
29. Study design
29
Definition: A study design is a specific plan or protocol for conducting
the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual
hypothesis into an operational one.
30. 30
• The study design should be clearly
stated
• The study design to be used should be appropriate for achieving the
objective of the study
31. 31
Study population / Sample specifications
• It is important to describe which would be
the study population
• How study subjects would be selected,
randomization process and other details
should be given
32. 32
Sample size
It is important to mention in the protocol what
would be the minimum sample required and how
it is arrived
33. 33
Determination of sample size is a
bargain between precision and the
price (Resources & expenses involved
34. 34
Description of process
• Proposal should include the details of all process
to be adopted in the study
• How exposures, outcome variables and other
variables are going to be measured should be described in detail
• A brief description of how the data will be processed
and use of statistical package if any should be given
• What statistical tests of significance would be used?
35. Research ethics
35
• Research ethics: involves the application of
• fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving scientific
research.
• These include the design and implementation of research involving
human experimentation, animal experimentation, various aspects of
academic scandal, including scientific misconduct (such as fraud,
fabrication of data and plagiarism)
36. Principles
36
• The basic ethical principles: are those genera judgments that serve as
a basic justification for ethical evaluations of human actions.
• They are considered universal regardless of geographic, economic,
legal and political boundaries.
• Researchers are obliged to assure that these principles are followed
while conducting research involving human participants.
37. 37
• Objectives ethical principles
• 1. Safeguard the study participants from any harm related to
research ,
• 2. Assure that individual benefit and civil rights are being respected.
38. Ethical Principles
38
• Autonomy : Respect for persons autonomy the right to govern oneself
/Informed consent:
• Beneficence: the act of doing good
• Non- malfeasance: not doing harm
• Justice: fairness or moral rightness
. confidentiality
(Based on Belmont Report, 1979)
39. 39
• Research Ethics Committee
• Evaluates Research Proposals Based on Criteria
• Approves or disapproves the research
Finally after you wrote your proposal you must have to get permission
letter from Research Ethics Committee of the university to conduct
the practical part of you research.
40. Time Frame & Work Schedule
40
The proposal should include the sequence of tasks to be performed,
the anticipated length of time required for its completion and
the personnel required
41. Time Frame & Work Schedule contd
41
• It can be presented in tabular or graphic form (Gantt chart)
• Flow charts and other diagrams are often
useful for highlighting the sequencing and
interrelationship of different activities in the
study
42. 42
Major activities 2012 2013
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May
Topic selection and literature
review
Writing of the first draft
proposal
Submit final proposal
and secure ethical
clearance
Identify research
assistance and training
data collectors
Conduct pilot study
data Collection
Data Processing &
Analyzing
Submission of the first
draft thesis
Submission of the final
thesis
Defence presentation
Publishing and discuss
with managers for
action plan
43. Budget
43
• The budget translates project activities
into monetary terms
• It is a statement of how much money will
be required to accomplish the various tasks
44. 44
Major items
• Salary for staff
• Travel
• Purchase of equipment
• Printing / Xeroxing
• Consultancy charges
• Institutional overheads
45. 45
Budget Category Unit cost Multiplying factor Total cost (Birr)
1. Personnel (qualification) NoXdaysXCost/day
Principal Investigator 70.00(BSC) 1X30 X 70.00 2100.00
Supervisors 70.00(BSC) 1X20X70.00 1400.00
Nurse counselors who are working in
ART unit in the Hospital
58.00 3X20X58.00 3480.00
One Health officer for in depth interview 58.00 1 X5 X58 290
Training(Nurses) 58.00 3X2X58.00 348.00
Training(Supervisors) 70.00 2X2X70.00 280.00
Sub Total 7898.00
2. Supplies and Equipment Cost per item Item X Cost/item
Questionnaire duplication 1.00 birr/page 785 X1.00 X10 7850.00
Printing paper (pack) 100.00 20X100.00 2000.00
Printing 3.00birr/page 800X3.00 2400.00
Binding 20.00birr 10X20.00 200.00
Pencil 1.00 15X1.00 15.00
Eraser 5.00 15X5.00 75.00
Pen 3.00 15X3.00 45.00
Sharper 7.00 15X7.00 105.00
Note book 15.00 15X15.00 225.00
Bag 450.00 1X450.00 450.00
CD-R 30.00 4X30.00 120.00
Tape recorder 300.00 1X300.00 300.00
Cassette 15.00 15.00X4 60.00
Sub Total 13845.00
3.
4.
Transport cost
Accommodations
60.00birr/ trip
80.00birr/day
60X2 X20
80X20
2400.00
1600.00
Grand Total 25,743.00ETB
46. Reference
46
• Put all references that you used in writing your proposal at the end
accordingly
• In biomedical research most of the time Vancouver style of writing a
reference is used
47. Dummy Tables
47
• This are empty tables that will be included in your report but
figures/values are not yet computed.
• Variables and their categories are portrayed.
• Numbers and figures will be filled after the data is analyzed
• They will inform us on how we wanted to present our data (tabulation
plan)
48. Example: Frequency distribution
48
• Variable Number (#) Percent(%)
• Age
• 15-24
• 25-34
• 35-44
• 45 and over
• Sex
• Male
• Female
• Marital status
• Single
• Married
• Divorced
• Widowed
• Separated
49. 2. The implementation stage
49
• The second phase is field work phase
• Resources are organized and managed (time, personnel, money and
others).
• Collect raw data
• Create template in to software and inter raw data
• Epi info/ ipedat/ spss
• Recode your questioner
• Only in 8-10 characteristics
• Example marital status= marstat
Educational level =educ
50. 50
• Analysis
simple frequency, cross tab, chi-square ,linear and logistic regression
• and analyzed by using SSPSS version 16,17,20 or 21 statistical packages.
Both the descriptive and Bivariate /multivariate logistic regression analysis
will be performed.
• Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value<0.05 is taken as
statistically significant.
Start report writing
52. 52
• Assignment
• Select any topic you like and develop proposal which contain 12-15
pages
• NB copping from any source is strictly forbidden !!!!!