This document discusses basic concepts in thermodynamics, including systems, properties, equilibrium, and state. The objectives are to define key vocabulary to form a foundation for thermodynamics principles and review concepts like temperature, pressure, density, and states. Systems can be open or closed, and properties are either intensive or extensive. The continuum model treats matter as continuous rather than atomic. Equilibrium involves thermal, mechanical, phase, and chemical balance. A system's state is defined by intensive properties according to the state postulate.
Forms of energy
Energy transfer by heat
Energy transfer by work
Mechanical forms of work
The first law of thermodynamics
Energy balance
Energy change of a system
Mechanisms of energy transfer (heat, work, mass flow)
Energy conversion efficiencies
Efficiencies of mechanical and electrical devices (turbines, pumps, etc...)
Engineering Thermodynamics -Basic Concepts 2 Mani Vannan M
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- Systems, boundaries, surroundings, and the types of thermodynamic systems such as closed, open, isolated, and rigid.
- Thermodynamic states, processes, paths, and cycles along with examples of different processes.
- The basic definitions of heat, work, internal energy, and enthalpy along with the sign conventions.
- The zeroth law of thermodynamics regarding thermal equilibrium and temperature.
- The first law of thermodynamics regarding the relationship between heat, work, and changes in internal energy for closed and open systems.
Basic concepts and laws of thermodynamicsAstutiRani2
The document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- Thermodynamics deals with heat, work, temperature and their relation to energy and matter.
- Key terms like system, surroundings, state functions, extensive/intensive properties, and processes are defined.
- The three laws of thermodynamics are summarized: 1) energy is conserved, 2) entropy always increases, and 3) entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.
- Equations for several thermodynamic properties and processes like enthalpy, entropy, and adiabatic, isochoric and isothermal processes are also presented.
This document provides an introduction to engineering thermodynamics for mechanical engineering students. It defines key concepts like system, state, path, process, equilibrium and introduces the three laws of thermodynamics. The first law is the conservation of energy, the second law is the conservation of entropy, and the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium. It explains the differences between open, closed and isolated systems and discusses properties of state, intensive and extensive properties. Reversible and irreversible processes are also defined. The goal is to provide students the foundation to analyze thermodynamic processes and devices.
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of defining key vocabulary, reviewing unit systems, and explaining basic concepts like system, state, equilibrium, process and cycle. It then discusses energy and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document also defines properties of systems, intensive vs extensive properties, and concepts like continuum, density, and the state postulate. Finally, it covers processes, cycles, temperature scales, and pressure. The overall aim is to establish foundational thermodynamics concepts.
The properties of a gas mixture depend on the properties of its individual components and their relative amounts. There are two ways to describe the composition of a mixture: molar analysis specifies the moles of each component, and gravimetric analysis specifies the mass of each component. For ideal gas mixtures, Dalton's law and Amagat's law can be used to determine pressure and volume behavior. For real gas mixtures, these laws are approximate and equations of state must be used. The properties of gas mixtures can be determined by weighted averages of the component properties.
- Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body as a result of its temperature and is restricted to a limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Blackbody radiation obeys certain simple laws like Stefan-Boltzmann's law and Planck distribution law that describe how radiation is emitted at different wavelengths and temperatures.
- Real surfaces emit and absorb less radiation than blackbodies and their emissivity is usually less than 1.
Forms of energy
Energy transfer by heat
Energy transfer by work
Mechanical forms of work
The first law of thermodynamics
Energy balance
Energy change of a system
Mechanisms of energy transfer (heat, work, mass flow)
Energy conversion efficiencies
Efficiencies of mechanical and electrical devices (turbines, pumps, etc...)
Engineering Thermodynamics -Basic Concepts 2 Mani Vannan M
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- Systems, boundaries, surroundings, and the types of thermodynamic systems such as closed, open, isolated, and rigid.
- Thermodynamic states, processes, paths, and cycles along with examples of different processes.
- The basic definitions of heat, work, internal energy, and enthalpy along with the sign conventions.
- The zeroth law of thermodynamics regarding thermal equilibrium and temperature.
- The first law of thermodynamics regarding the relationship between heat, work, and changes in internal energy for closed and open systems.
Basic concepts and laws of thermodynamicsAstutiRani2
The document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- Thermodynamics deals with heat, work, temperature and their relation to energy and matter.
- Key terms like system, surroundings, state functions, extensive/intensive properties, and processes are defined.
- The three laws of thermodynamics are summarized: 1) energy is conserved, 2) entropy always increases, and 3) entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.
- Equations for several thermodynamic properties and processes like enthalpy, entropy, and adiabatic, isochoric and isothermal processes are also presented.
This document provides an introduction to engineering thermodynamics for mechanical engineering students. It defines key concepts like system, state, path, process, equilibrium and introduces the three laws of thermodynamics. The first law is the conservation of energy, the second law is the conservation of entropy, and the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium. It explains the differences between open, closed and isolated systems and discusses properties of state, intensive and extensive properties. Reversible and irreversible processes are also defined. The goal is to provide students the foundation to analyze thermodynamic processes and devices.
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of defining key vocabulary, reviewing unit systems, and explaining basic concepts like system, state, equilibrium, process and cycle. It then discusses energy and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document also defines properties of systems, intensive vs extensive properties, and concepts like continuum, density, and the state postulate. Finally, it covers processes, cycles, temperature scales, and pressure. The overall aim is to establish foundational thermodynamics concepts.
The properties of a gas mixture depend on the properties of its individual components and their relative amounts. There are two ways to describe the composition of a mixture: molar analysis specifies the moles of each component, and gravimetric analysis specifies the mass of each component. For ideal gas mixtures, Dalton's law and Amagat's law can be used to determine pressure and volume behavior. For real gas mixtures, these laws are approximate and equations of state must be used. The properties of gas mixtures can be determined by weighted averages of the component properties.
- Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body as a result of its temperature and is restricted to a limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Blackbody radiation obeys certain simple laws like Stefan-Boltzmann's law and Planck distribution law that describe how radiation is emitted at different wavelengths and temperatures.
- Real surfaces emit and absorb less radiation than blackbodies and their emissivity is usually less than 1.
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the branch of physics dealing with the conversion of heat into useful work. The document outlines important thermodynamic concepts like system, surroundings, heat, work, state variables, processes (reversible, irreversible, cyclic), and laws (zeroth law, first law). It provides equations to describe processes like isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric. The first law of thermodynamics relates the changes in internal energy, heat, and work in a system.
This document provides information on fired heaters, including methods of heat transfer, combustion, types of fired heaters, furnace parts, problems that can occur, and introduces several heaters at a refinery. It discusses the three main methods of heat transfer as conduction, convection, and radiation. Fired heaters use combustion of fuel to generate heat that is transferred to process fluids through tubes. Box and cylindrical designs are described. Key furnace parts and issues like overfiring, vibration, and inefficiency are outlined. Example heaters at the refinery include crude, vacuum, visbreaker, and hydrotreating unit heaters.
Lectures on Heat Transfer - Introduction - Applications - Fundamentals - Gove...tmuliya
This file contains Introduction to Heat Transfer and Fundamental laws governing heat transfer.
The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
This document provides an overview of refrigeration systems and their main components. It discusses how refrigeration works by removing heat from spaces or objects using a mechanical process. The key parts of a refrigeration system are described as the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant vapor. The condenser cools and condenses the refrigerant into a liquid. The expansion valve controls the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. In the evaporator, the refrigerant absorbs heat from its surroundings as it vaporizes, thus cooling the environment.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
1. Many factors must be considered when estimating heating and cooling loads for a building, including size, materials, windows, occupancy, equipment, and air infiltration.
2. Sensible heat is direct heat that raises air temperature, while latent heat involves moisture changing phase. Total heat load is the sum of sensible and latent loads.
3. Effective room loads account for bypass air and determine supply air conditions and equipment capacity needs.
Thermodynamics is the branch of science dealing with heat, work, temperature, and energy. It can be studied from both a macroscopic and microscopic perspective. A system is defined along with its surroundings and boundary. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on what crosses the boundary. Thermodynamic properties are either extensive or intensive, and describe the state of a system. A process is a change in a system's state, and can be reversible or irreversible. Thermodynamic equilibrium requires thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium.
The document discusses the basic mechanisms of heat transfer, which are conduction, convection, and radiation. It describes conduction as the transfer of energy between particles through interactions and collisions. Conduction in solids is explained to occur through molecular vibrations and electron transport. Fourier's law of heat conduction establishes that the rate of heat conduction through a material is proportional to the thermal conductivity, temperature gradient, and area, while being inversely proportional to thickness. Thermal conductivity is introduced as a measure of a material's ability to conduct heat.
The document provides information on assessing the energy performance of boilers through testing. It discusses how boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio can decrease over time due to various factors like poor combustion, fouling, and deteriorating fuel/water quality. The purpose of performance testing is to determine the actual efficiency and compare it to design values in order to identify areas for improvement. Both direct and indirect testing methods are described as well as the necessary measurements, instruments, standards, and considerations involved in conducting the tests. Formulas are also provided for calculating efficiency using the indirect method by establishing heat losses from the boiler.
A heat pipe heat exchanger is a simple device which is made use of to transfer heat from one location to another, using an evaporation-condensation cycle.
This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and combustion, describes types of fuels like solid, liquid and gaseous. It explains complete and incomplete combustion, oxidation of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur in combustion reactions. It discusses air composition, theoretical air requirements, combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It also covers properties of fuels like heating value, viscosity and methods of determining heating value through bomb calorimeter and gas calorimeter.
This document describes boilers and the two main types. A boiler is a vessel that heats water under pressure, transferring heat from a fuel source like gas or coal into steam. The steam then circulates out for use. Boilers can have closed or open systems. Fire tube boilers have combustion gases passing inside tubes to heat water in the shell. Water tube boilers have water passing through tubes while exhaust gases remain in the shell, passing over tube surfaces. Boilers are classified as fire tube or water tube depending on whether the heat source is inside or outside the tubes, with the goal of maximizing heat transfer between water and hot gases.
This document provides an overview of calculating heating loads for buildings. It discusses determining heat loss through building envelope components like walls, windows, floors, and infiltration. The heat loss equation and assumptions are explained. Methods for calculating U-factors and R-values of walls, floors, windows, and doors are given. Corrections for factors like framing, metal studs, and cavity depth are also covered. Sample heating load calculations are worked through as examples.
notes on thermodynamics system and properties ,which is the on of the basics of thermodynamics useful for mechanical ,chemical engineering,physics students also can read this. for practice objective questions on thermodynamic visit www.testindia24x7.com free online web portal
thermodynamics, basic definitions with explanations, heat transfer, mode of heat transfer, Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer?What is entropy?
Lecture covering the basic concepts required for the module:
Systems and control volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific gravity
State and equilibrium
The state postulate
Processes and cycles
The state-flow process
Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
Temperature scales
Pressure
Variation of pressure with depths
Thermodynamics is defined as the science of energy. It studies the transformation of heat into mechanical work and vice versa. Thermodynamics has applications in systems like the human body, refrigerators, engines, turbines, heaters, and solar collectors. A system is defined as the quantity of matter under study, surrounded by its surroundings. A boundary separates the system and surroundings. Closed systems do not allow mass transfer while open systems do. Equilibrium exists when properties do not vary within a system. State refers to the condition defined by properties like temperature, pressure and volume. Quasi-static processes are reversible while non-quasi-static processes are irreversible. Cycles occur when a system returns to its original state.
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the branch of physics dealing with the conversion of heat into useful work. The document outlines important thermodynamic concepts like system, surroundings, heat, work, state variables, processes (reversible, irreversible, cyclic), and laws (zeroth law, first law). It provides equations to describe processes like isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric. The first law of thermodynamics relates the changes in internal energy, heat, and work in a system.
This document provides information on fired heaters, including methods of heat transfer, combustion, types of fired heaters, furnace parts, problems that can occur, and introduces several heaters at a refinery. It discusses the three main methods of heat transfer as conduction, convection, and radiation. Fired heaters use combustion of fuel to generate heat that is transferred to process fluids through tubes. Box and cylindrical designs are described. Key furnace parts and issues like overfiring, vibration, and inefficiency are outlined. Example heaters at the refinery include crude, vacuum, visbreaker, and hydrotreating unit heaters.
Lectures on Heat Transfer - Introduction - Applications - Fundamentals - Gove...tmuliya
This file contains Introduction to Heat Transfer and Fundamental laws governing heat transfer.
The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
This document provides an overview of refrigeration systems and their main components. It discusses how refrigeration works by removing heat from spaces or objects using a mechanical process. The key parts of a refrigeration system are described as the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant vapor. The condenser cools and condenses the refrigerant into a liquid. The expansion valve controls the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. In the evaporator, the refrigerant absorbs heat from its surroundings as it vaporizes, thus cooling the environment.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
1. Many factors must be considered when estimating heating and cooling loads for a building, including size, materials, windows, occupancy, equipment, and air infiltration.
2. Sensible heat is direct heat that raises air temperature, while latent heat involves moisture changing phase. Total heat load is the sum of sensible and latent loads.
3. Effective room loads account for bypass air and determine supply air conditions and equipment capacity needs.
Thermodynamics is the branch of science dealing with heat, work, temperature, and energy. It can be studied from both a macroscopic and microscopic perspective. A system is defined along with its surroundings and boundary. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on what crosses the boundary. Thermodynamic properties are either extensive or intensive, and describe the state of a system. A process is a change in a system's state, and can be reversible or irreversible. Thermodynamic equilibrium requires thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium.
The document discusses the basic mechanisms of heat transfer, which are conduction, convection, and radiation. It describes conduction as the transfer of energy between particles through interactions and collisions. Conduction in solids is explained to occur through molecular vibrations and electron transport. Fourier's law of heat conduction establishes that the rate of heat conduction through a material is proportional to the thermal conductivity, temperature gradient, and area, while being inversely proportional to thickness. Thermal conductivity is introduced as a measure of a material's ability to conduct heat.
The document provides information on assessing the energy performance of boilers through testing. It discusses how boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio can decrease over time due to various factors like poor combustion, fouling, and deteriorating fuel/water quality. The purpose of performance testing is to determine the actual efficiency and compare it to design values in order to identify areas for improvement. Both direct and indirect testing methods are described as well as the necessary measurements, instruments, standards, and considerations involved in conducting the tests. Formulas are also provided for calculating efficiency using the indirect method by establishing heat losses from the boiler.
A heat pipe heat exchanger is a simple device which is made use of to transfer heat from one location to another, using an evaporation-condensation cycle.
This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and combustion, describes types of fuels like solid, liquid and gaseous. It explains complete and incomplete combustion, oxidation of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur in combustion reactions. It discusses air composition, theoretical air requirements, combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It also covers properties of fuels like heating value, viscosity and methods of determining heating value through bomb calorimeter and gas calorimeter.
This document describes boilers and the two main types. A boiler is a vessel that heats water under pressure, transferring heat from a fuel source like gas or coal into steam. The steam then circulates out for use. Boilers can have closed or open systems. Fire tube boilers have combustion gases passing inside tubes to heat water in the shell. Water tube boilers have water passing through tubes while exhaust gases remain in the shell, passing over tube surfaces. Boilers are classified as fire tube or water tube depending on whether the heat source is inside or outside the tubes, with the goal of maximizing heat transfer between water and hot gases.
This document provides an overview of calculating heating loads for buildings. It discusses determining heat loss through building envelope components like walls, windows, floors, and infiltration. The heat loss equation and assumptions are explained. Methods for calculating U-factors and R-values of walls, floors, windows, and doors are given. Corrections for factors like framing, metal studs, and cavity depth are also covered. Sample heating load calculations are worked through as examples.
notes on thermodynamics system and properties ,which is the on of the basics of thermodynamics useful for mechanical ,chemical engineering,physics students also can read this. for practice objective questions on thermodynamic visit www.testindia24x7.com free online web portal
thermodynamics, basic definitions with explanations, heat transfer, mode of heat transfer, Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer?What is entropy?
Lecture covering the basic concepts required for the module:
Systems and control volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific gravity
State and equilibrium
The state postulate
Processes and cycles
The state-flow process
Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
Temperature scales
Pressure
Variation of pressure with depths
Thermodynamics is defined as the science of energy. It studies the transformation of heat into mechanical work and vice versa. Thermodynamics has applications in systems like the human body, refrigerators, engines, turbines, heaters, and solar collectors. A system is defined as the quantity of matter under study, surrounded by its surroundings. A boundary separates the system and surroundings. Closed systems do not allow mass transfer while open systems do. Equilibrium exists when properties do not vary within a system. State refers to the condition defined by properties like temperature, pressure and volume. Quasi-static processes are reversible while non-quasi-static processes are irreversible. Cycles occur when a system returns to its original state.
This document defines basic thermodynamic terms and properties of systems:
- Properties can be intensive, meaning they are independent of system size, like temperature and pressure, or extensive, meaning their values depend on system size, like total mass and volume.
- Density is the ratio of mass to volume of a material and has units of kg/m3. Examples of densities for common materials are provided.
- Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow, with the SI unit being Pa s.
1) Thermodynamics is the science of energy and deals with energy transfer and its effects on substances. Some common types of energy transfer include heat to mechanical, mechanical to electrical, and electrical to mechanical.
2) The basic laws of thermodynamics include the zeroth law regarding temperature scales and equilibrium, the first law regarding energy conservation, and the second law regarding energy quality and processes.
3) Important thermodynamic concepts include systems, properties of systems, state, processes, cycles, and the different types of processes like isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric processes.
(1) Thermodynamics is the science of energy, energy transfer, and its relation to changes in temperature, volume, pressure and other properties in a system. (2) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed during a process. (3) The second law introduces the concept of entropy and states that processes occur spontaneously in the direction of increasing entropy or decreasing quality of energy. (4) Entropy is a measure of molecular disorder or randomness that always increases for isolated systems undergoing a process.
This document introduces fundamental concepts in engineering thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the science of energy and discusses how it deals with heat, work, and their effects on temperature and pressure. Systems can be closed, open, or isolated depending on how mass and energy cross their boundaries. The state and properties of a system are described, as well as processes, equilibrium, and steady-flow processes. Common units and dimensions in thermodynamics are outlined. Specific volume, pressure, and temperature are also defined.
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS(Basics concept of thermodynamics)Parthivpal17
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts. It introduces thermodynamics as the study of heat, temperature, energy, and work. It describes the microscopic and macroscopic viewpoints and defines a thermodynamic system and control volume. The document outlines different types of systems - closed, open, and isolated. It defines thermodynamic properties as measurable characteristics of a substance in equilibrium, distinguishing between intensive and extensive properties. Finally, it defines homogeneous systems consisting of a single phase and heterogeneous systems containing two or more phases.
thermodynamics introduction & first lawAshish Mishra
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics and the first law. It discusses key concepts like state, path, cycle, boundary work, heat transfer, internal energy, and enthalpy. Several thermodynamic processes are defined including isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic. Joule's experiment is described which proved that energy is a property of the system. The first law of thermodynamics is introduced as the quantitative expression of the law of conservation of energy as it applies to thermodynamic processes.
Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformation. It originated from the Greek words "therme" meaning heat and "dynamis" meaning power. Thermodynamics has applications in household appliances, industrial equipment like engines, and power plants. There are microscopic and macroscopic approaches to studying thermodynamics. The macroscopic approach does not require knowledge of molecular behavior while the microscopic approach considers average behavior of molecules. A system and its surroundings are separated by a boundary which can be fixed or movable. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on how mass and energy cross the boundary.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical engineering topics including thermodynamics, heat transfer, refrigeration, air conditioning, internal combustion engines, and renewable and non-renewable energy. It then discusses key thermodynamics concepts such as systems, properties, states, and processes. Specifically, it defines closed, open and isolated systems, extensive and intensive properties, the factors that define a system's state, and how a thermodynamic process represents a change in state from one equilibrium condition to another.
Basis review of thermodynamics_Aircraft PropulsionSuthan Rajendran
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in thermodynamics. It discusses why thermodynamics is important for understanding energy usage in society. It defines key thermodynamic concepts like system, surroundings, boundary, state, property, process, cycle, and equilibrium. It also covers the zeroth law of thermodynamics and defines temperature. The document aims to introduce foundational thermodynamic terms and concepts.
This document discusses key concepts in engineering thermodynamics including property, state, continuum, and equilibrium. It defines property as a macroscopic characteristic of a system like mass, volume, and temperature. Properties are either intensive, meaning they are independent of system size, or extensive, meaning they depend on system size. A continuum is assumed when the characteristic length of a system is much larger than the mean free path of molecules. The state of a system is defined by specifying values of measurable properties that determine all other properties. Thermodynamic equilibrium exists when there are no unbalanced potentials within a system, meaning its properties remain unchanged if external conditions are unchanged.
The document provides an overview of thermodynamics concepts including:
- Defining thermodynamics as the science of energy and introducing key concepts like internal energy, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and applications of thermodynamics.
- Discussing systems, properties, processes, and the importance of units and dimensions.
- Explaining concepts like temperature, pressure, density, state, equilibrium, and different types of systems and processes.
- Introducing problem-solving techniques in thermodynamics including defining the problem, developing a schematic, making assumptions, applying physical laws, and performing calculations.
- Providing an introduction to properties of pure substances and phase change processes
Lecture No.2 [Repaired].pdf A very importantshahzad5098115
Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with heat, work, and various forms of energy. It describes the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy. Thermodynamics applies conservation of energy principles to thermal engines and heat pumps and governs processes involving phase transitions, such as boiling and condensation. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether and how much mass and energy are allowed to cross the system boundary. A system's state is defined by properties like temperature, pressure, and volume, and equilibrium refers to a state of balance without temperature, pressure, or chemical gradients.
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts in thermodynamics from chapter 1 of the textbook. It defines fundamental thermodynamic concepts like systems, properties, states, processes, equilibrium, extensive and intensive properties. It also discusses units of measurement for quantities like mass, length, time, force, pressure, temperature and defines related concepts like density, specific volume, absolute and gauge pressure. The chapter aims to explain these introductory concepts needed for thermodynamic analysis.
Thermodynamic sysytem and control volume and propertiessaahil kshatriya
A thermodynamics system is defined as a definite space or area where the study of energy transfer and conversions is made. The system is separated from its surroundings by a boundary, which may be fixed, movable, or imaginary. Anything outside the system that affects its behavior is part of the surroundings.
There are three types of thermodynamic systems - open systems, where mass and energy can transfer between the system and surroundings; closed systems, where only energy can transfer; and isolated systems, where neither mass nor energy can transfer. Examples of open systems include internal combustion engines and boilers, while pressure cookers and thermos flasks are examples of closed and isolated systems respectively.
Thermodynamic properties are any measurable characteristics of
Bab 1 Thermodynamic of Engineering ApproachIbnu Hasan
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the science of energy and discusses the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law states that energy is conserved and can change forms, while the second law says that the quality of energy decreases in actual processes. The document introduces systems, properties, processes, cycles and other foundational topics, providing objectives and definitions for understanding thermodynamics.
Renewable Energy Thermodynamics Lecture SlidesKeith Vaugh
This module provides a practical and theoretical study of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics applied to renewable energy technologies. Students will develop their understanding of these topics through lectures, tutorials, and hands-on practical experiments. They will learn the relevant vocabulary, how to formulate and solve defined problems, and how to conduct experimental studies collaboratively. Assessment includes a final exam, projects and laboratory reports, and continuous assignments. The course aims to provide skills applicable to thermal and fluid systems in renewable energy domains.
T3c - MASTER - Pump test flow system and data shown Problem 2023.pptxKeith Vaugh
The document summarizes a test of a centrifugal pump. Key details include:
- The pump was tested at 1750 rpm with water at 27°C flowing through 150 mm pipes.
- Test data on flow rate, suction/discharge pressures, and motor current were provided.
- Calculations were shown to determine the pump head and efficiency at 227 m3/h flow.
- Additional calculations fitted the performance data to a curve and compared to measurements.
T3b - MASTER - Pump flow system - operating point 2023.pptxKeith Vaugh
This document provides information about analyzing a centrifugal pump system, including:
1) The system includes a pump that transfers water from a sump through pipes to a tank, with the goal of developing expressions for pressure at the pump and head required.
2) Governing equations are presented for steady, incompressible flow including the energy equation and equations for head loss.
3) Steps are shown to develop the expressions for total pressure at the pump eye and required head at the pump based on the system dimensions and flow properties.
4) Additional information is provided on cavitation and losses that should be considered in the analysis.
T3a - Finding the operating point of a pumping system 2023.pptxKeith Vaugh
The document provides information about a pumping system that transfers water between two reservoirs through pipes of different diameters. It includes the pump curve equation and details about the piping system. The summary develops:
1) A general equation for the total head loss in the system as a function of flow based on friction and minor losses.
2) A table with calculated values for flow rate, velocities, Reynolds numbers, friction factors, head losses, and pump head.
3) The operating point will be determined graphically by finding where the total head loss curve intersects the pump curve.
T2c - Centrifugal Pumps, turbines and Impeller calculations 2023.pptxKeith Vaugh
A centrifugal pump works by converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy in the form of pressure energy using centrifugal force. It has main parts including an impeller, volute or casing, suction section, and delivery section. The rise in pressure head is directly proportional to the tangential velocity according to Bernoulli's equation - as tangential velocity increases, pressure energy increases.
The document discusses fluid flow through rotodynamic machines using the moment of momentum equation. It uses a two-arm sprinkler system as an example to derive the governing equations. The fluid flowing through the sprinkler exerts a torque that causes it to rotate. Velocity diagrams and the moment of momentum equation are used to determine the resisting torque required to hold the sprinkler stationary or for different rotational speeds. Sample calculations are provided and a graph is presented showing the relationship between torque and rotational speed.
The document discusses key concepts related to fluid flow discharge including flow through orifices and mouthpieces, Torricelli's theorem, theories of small and large orifice discharge, notches and weirs, and the power of a fluid stream. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating discharge from an orifice, theoretical discharge through a sluice gate, and estimating electric power output from a hydroelectric plant based on water flow rate and losses.
This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts including:
- Identifying vocabulary related to fluid mechanics and energy conservation.
- Explaining physical properties of fluids like density, pressure, and viscosity.
- Recognizing types of fluid flows like laminar, turbulent, compressible, incompressible.
- Understanding concepts like no-slip condition, boundary layers, and streamlines.
- Deriving conservation laws for mass and energy in ideal fluids using Bernoulli's equation.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It introduces key concepts like thermal energy reservoirs, heat engines, refrigerators, the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law. It describes reversible and irreversible processes, and the ideal Carnot cycle. The Carnot cycle establishes that no heat engine can convert all heat into work, and no refrigerator can operate without an external work input.
Mass flow and energy analysis of control systems is the focus of this lecture
Conservation of mass
Mass and volume flow rates
Mass balance for a steady flow process
Mass balance for incompressible flow
Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid
his lecture examines both work and energy in closed systems and categorises the different types of closed systems that will be encountered.
Moving boundary work
Boundary work for an isothermal process
Boundary work for a constant-pressure process
Boundary work for a polytropic process
Energy balance for closed systems
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Specific heats
Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
Constant-volume specific heat, cv
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of incompressible substances (Solids and liquids)
Identifying the correct properties of a substance is of vital importance. Many of these properties are distilled from property tables. This lecture addresses how to identify these properties.
Pure substance
Phases of a pure substance
Phase change processes of pure substances
Compressed liquid, Saturated liquid, Saturated vapor, Superheated vapor Saturated temperature and Satuated pressure
Property diagrams for phase change processes
The T-v diagram, The P-v diagram, The P-T diagram, The P-v-T diagram
Property tables
Enthalpy
Saturated liquid, Saturated vapor, Saturated liquid vapor mixture, Superheated vapor, compressed liquid
Reference state and Reference values
The ideal gas equation of state
Is water vapor an ideal gas?
L1 - ES & Thermofluids 2023 Master SS.pptxKeith Vaugh
This module explores the theoretical and practical aspects of thermodynamic laws with an emphasis on processes, the environment, and society. Students will develop their understanding of these laws through an integrated and applied approach, and learn to analyze thermodynamic and thermofluid systems. The module will provide theoretical, practical, and empirical material. It aims to teach students to identify, interpret, apply vocabulary; formulate and solve problems; analyze system components; and understand the engineer's role and systems' environmental and social impacts. Assessment includes exams, experiments and reports, and a project.
L1 - Energy Systems and Thermofluids 2021-22Keith Vaugh
This document outlines the learning objectives, assessment, and timeline for an energy systems and thermofluids course. The course explores the theoretical and practical aspects of thermodynamic laws and processes with an emphasis on their environmental and societal impacts. Students will develop an understanding of thermodynamics through an integrated and applied approach. They will be assessed through exams, projects, experiments and reports. The course covers topics like the laws of thermodynamics, heat transfer, properties of pure substances, and entropy over 12 weekly lectures between September and November.
This document provides an overview of a computer aided design engineering course. The course aims to align analytical and computational techniques to streamline the engineering design and manufacturing process. Key learning outcomes include using software like Mathcad and Creo for modeling, simulation and documentation. Design methodologies, CAD, rapid prototyping and team projects are covered. The course is graded based on assignments using the various software packages and a final team project.
The document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbine technology. It outlines the objectives to understand wind measurement and analysis, the workings of wind turbines and their components. The key sources and characteristics of wind are described, including types of wind patterns and how wind speed varies with location, time and height. Methods for measuring and analyzing wind resources at potential wind farm sites are also summarized.
This document discusses hydroelectric power generation and the components involved. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the vocabulary, workings, configurations, and components of hydroelectric power plants. It then discusses various methods for measuring water flow rates, including basic, refined, and sophisticated methods. The document goes on to explain the principles of hydroelectric power generation using Bernoulli's equation. It describes intake structures, penstocks, turbines, tailraces, and categorizes different types of power plants. Finally, it discusses the components involved in hydroelectric systems and different types of turbines, including impulse and reaction turbines.
1) The document discusses fluid flow through orifices and mouthpieces. It describes the theory of small orifices discharging fluid using Bernoulli's equation and defines relevant terms like coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge.
2) Torricelli's theorem states the velocity of a discharging jet is proportional to the square root of the head producing flow. The theoretical discharge can be calculated using the orifice area and velocity.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating coefficients of velocity, discharge, and contraction for given orifice dimensions and fluid flow values.
This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to energy conversion. It covers bulk fluid properties like density and pressure. It introduces concepts like streamlines and stream tubes and uses the continuity equation. It derives Bernoulli's equation for steady, inviscid flow by applying conservation of energy. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, elevation, and velocity along a streamline. Examples are provided to illustrate applying concepts like Bernoulli's equation and the Venturi effect. The objectives are to understand fluid properties, derive conservation equations, analyze viscous effects, and determine forces on immersed bodies.
This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to energy conversion. It provides 3 key points:
1) It defines physical properties of fluids like density, pressure, and viscosity. Density is mass per unit volume, pressure is force per unit area, and viscosity is internal fluid friction.
2) It describes the concept of mass continuity - the principle that mass flow is constant within a fluid streamtube. Density times velocity times cross-sectional area is constant.
3) It derives Bernoulli's equation, which states that for steady, inviscid flow, the total specific energy (pressure head + elevation head + velocity head) is constant at all points in the fluid stream. Bernoulli's equation is important for understanding fluid
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
1. BASIC CONCEPTS
Lecture 2
Keith Vaugh BEng (AERO) MEng
Reference text: Chapter 2 - Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 3rd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner, John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill, 2008
KEITH VAUGH
3. OBJECTIVES
Identify the unique vocabulary associated with
thermodynamics through the precise definition of
basic concepts to form a sound foundation for the
development of the principles of thermodynamics.
}
KEITH VAUGH
4. OBJECTIVES
Identify the unique vocabulary associated with
thermodynamics through the precise definition of
basic concepts to form a sound foundation for the
development of the principles of thermodynamics.
}
Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics
such as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium,
process, and cycle.
KEITH VAUGH
5. OBJECTIVES
Identify the unique vocabulary associated with
thermodynamics through the precise definition of
basic concepts to form a sound foundation for the
development of the principles of thermodynamics.
}
Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics
such as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium,
process, and cycle.
Review concepts of temperature, temperature
scales, pressure, and absolute and gage pressure.
KEITH VAUGH
7. SYSTEMS AND CONTROL
VOLUMES
System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study. }
KEITH VAUGH
8. SYSTEMS AND CONTROL
VOLUMES
System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region outside
}
the system
KEITH VAUGH
9. SYSTEMS AND CONTROL
VOLUMES
System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region outside
}
the system
Boundary: The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its
surroundings.
KEITH VAUGH
10. SYSTEMS AND CONTROL
VOLUMES
System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region outside
}
the system
Boundary: The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its
surroundings.
The boundary of a system can be fixed or
movable.
KEITH VAUGH
11. SYSTEMS AND CONTROL
VOLUMES
System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region outside
}
the system
Boundary: The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its
surroundings.
The boundary of a system can be fixed or
movable.
Systems may be considered to be closed or
open.
KEITH VAUGH
14. Closed system (Control mass)
A fixed amount of mass, and no
mass can cross its boundary
If energy is not allowed to cross
the boundary, then that system is
called an isolated system
KEITH VAUGH
16. An open system (a control volume)
with one inlet and one exit.
KEITH VAUGH
17. Open system (control volume)
A properly selected region in space.
It usually encloses a device that
involves mass flow such as a
compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
Both mass and energy can cross the
boundary of a control volume.
Control surface
The boundaries of a control volume.
It can be real or imaginary.
An open system (a control volume)
with one inlet and one exit.
KEITH VAUGH
23. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Property
Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties
are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
}
KEITH VAUGH
24. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Property
Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties
are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
}
Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.
KEITH VAUGH
25. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Property
Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties
are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
}
Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.
Intensive properties:
KEITH VAUGH
26. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Property
Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties
are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
}
Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.
Intensive properties:
Those that are independent of the mass of a system, such
as temperature, pressure, and density.
KEITH VAUGH
27. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Property
Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties
are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
}
Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.
Intensive properties:
Those that are independent of the mass of a system, such
as temperature, pressure, and density.
Extensive properties
KEITH VAUGH
28. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Property
Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties
are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
}
Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.
Intensive properties:
Those that are independent of the mass of a system, such
as temperature, pressure, and density.
Extensive properties
Those whose values depend on the size—or extent—of
the system.
KEITH VAUGH
29. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Property
Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties
are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
}
Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.
Intensive properties:
Those that are independent of the mass of a system, such
as temperature, pressure, and density.
Extensive properties
Those whose values depend on the size—or extent—of
the system.
Specific properties:
KEITH VAUGH
30. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Property
Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties
are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
}
Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.
Intensive properties:
Those that are independent of the mass of a system, such
as temperature, pressure, and density.
Extensive properties
Those whose values depend on the size—or extent—of
the system.
Specific properties:
Extensive properties per unit mass. KEITH VAUGH
32. m Intensive or Extensive?
To identify whether a property is
V either, divided the system into two
T equal parts. Each part will have the
P same value of intensive property but
half the value of the extensive
ρ property
KEITH VAUGH
33. m Intensive or Extensive?
To identify whether a property is
V either, divided the system into two
T equal parts. Each part will have the
P same value of intensive property but
half the value of the extensive
ρ property
½m
½V
½m
½V } Extensive
properties
T T
P
ρ
P
ρ
} Intensive
properties
KEITH VAUGH
35. CONTINUUM
Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase.
Yet it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance
and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that
is, a continuum.
}
KEITH VAUGH
36. CONTINUUM
Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase.
Yet it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance
and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that
is, a continuum.
}
The continuum idealisation allows us to treat properties as point
functions and to assume the properties vary continually in space with
no jump discontinuities.
KEITH VAUGH
37. CONTINUUM
Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase.
Yet it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance
and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that
is, a continuum.
}
The continuum idealisation allows us to treat properties as point
functions and to assume the properties vary continually in space with
no jump discontinuities.
This idealisation is valid as long as the size of the system we deal with
is large relative to the space between the molecules.
KEITH VAUGH
38. CONTINUUM
Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase.
Yet it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance
and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that
is, a continuum.
}
The continuum idealisation allows us to treat properties as point
functions and to assume the properties vary continually in space with
no jump discontinuities.
This idealisation is valid as long as the size of the system we deal with
is large relative to the space between the molecules.
This is the case in practically all problems.
KEITH VAUGH
39. CONTINUUM
Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase.
Yet it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance
and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that
is, a continuum.
}
The continuum idealisation allows us to treat properties as point
functions and to assume the properties vary continually in space with
no jump discontinuities.
This idealisation is valid as long as the size of the system we deal with
is large relative to the space between the molecules.
This is the case in practically all problems.
In this text we will limit our consideration to substances that can be
modelled as a continuum.
KEITH VAUGH
40. Despite the large gaps between molecules,
a substance can be treated as a continuum
because of the very large number of
molecules even in an extremely small
volume
KEITH VAUGH
43. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
Density
ρ=
m
V ( m)
kg
3
Specific volume
V 1
v= =
m ρ
}
KEITH VAUGH
44. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
Density
ρ=
m
V ( m)
kg
3
Specific volume
V 1
v= =
m ρ
}
Specific gravity
The ratio of density of a substance to the density of
some standard substance at a specific temperature
ρ
SG =
ρ H 2O
KEITH VAUGH
45. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
Density
ρ=
m
V ( m)
kg
3
Specific volume
V 1
v= =
m ρ
}
Specific gravity
The ratio of density of a substance to the density of
some standard substance at a specific temperature
ρ
SG =
ρ H 2O
Specific weight
The weight of a unit volume of a substance
γ s = ρg ( m)
N 3
KEITH VAUGH
48. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
}
KEITH VAUGH
49. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
}
Thermal equilibrium
KEITH VAUGH
50. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
}
Thermal equilibrium
If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
KEITH VAUGH
51. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
}
Thermal equilibrium
If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium
KEITH VAUGH
52. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
}
Thermal equilibrium
If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium
If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time.
KEITH VAUGH
53. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
}
Thermal equilibrium
If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium
If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time.
Phase equilibrium
KEITH VAUGH
54. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
}
Thermal equilibrium
If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium
If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time.
Phase equilibrium
If a system involves two phases and when the mass of each phase
reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
KEITH VAUGH
55. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
}
Thermal equilibrium
If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium
If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time.
Phase equilibrium
If a system involves two phases and when the mass of each phase
reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
Chemical equilibrium
KEITH VAUGH
56. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
}
Thermal equilibrium
If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium
If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time.
Phase equilibrium
If a system involves two phases and when the mass of each phase
reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
Chemical equilibrium
If the chemical composition of a system does not change with time,
that is, no chemical reactions occur.
KEITH VAUGH
61. The state of nitrogen is fixed by two
independent, intensive properties
KEITH VAUGH
62. The State Postulate
The number of properties required to
fix the state of a system is given by the
state postulate:
The state of a simple compressible
system is completely specified by two
independent, intensive properties.
Simple compressible system
If a system involves no electrical,
magnetic, gravitational, motion, and The state of nitrogen is fixed by two
surface tension effects. independent, intensive properties
KEITH VAUGH
65. PROCESSES AND CYCLES
Process
Any change that a system undergoes from
one equilibrium state to another.
}
KEITH VAUGH
66. PROCESSES AND CYCLES
Process
Any change that a system undergoes from
one equilibrium state to another.
}
Path
KEITH VAUGH
67. PROCESSES AND CYCLES
Process
Any change that a system undergoes from
one equilibrium state to another.
}
Path
The series of states through which a
system passes during a process.
KEITH VAUGH
68. PROCESSES AND CYCLES
Process
Any change that a system undergoes from
one equilibrium state to another.
}
Path
The series of states through which a
system passes during a process.
To describe a process completely,
one should specify the initial and
final states, as well as the path it
follows and the interactions with the
surroundings.
KEITH VAUGH
69. Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium
process
When a process proceeds in such
a manner that the system remains
infinitesimally close to an
equilibrium state at all times, i.e.
properties in one part of the
system do not change are faster
than those in another part.
Nonquasi-equilibrium process
When a process proceeds in such
a manner that the system rapidly
changes and cannot maintain an
equilibrium state.
KEITH VAUGH
70. Process diagrams plotted by employing
thermodynamic properties as coordinates are very
useful in visualising the processes.
Some common properties that are used as
coordinates are temperature T, pressure P, and
volume V (or specific volume v).
The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process
for which a particular property remains constant.
Isothermal process
A process during which the temperature T remains constant.
Isobaric process
A process during which the pressure P remains constant.
Isochoric (or isometric) process
A process during which the specific volume v remains constant.
Cycle
A process during which the initial and final states are identical. KEITH VAUGH
72. THE STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
The term steady implies no change with time. The
opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
}
KEITH VAUGH
73. THE STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
The term steady implies no change with time. The
opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
}
A large number of engineering devices operate for
long periods of time under the same conditions,
and they are classified as steady-flow devices.
KEITH VAUGH
74. THE STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
The term steady implies no change with time. The
opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
}
A large number of engineering devices operate for
long periods of time under the same conditions,
and they are classified as steady-flow devices.
Steady-flow process
KEITH VAUGH
75. THE STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
The term steady implies no change with time. The
opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
}
A large number of engineering devices operate for
long periods of time under the same conditions,
and they are classified as steady-flow devices.
Steady-flow process
A process during which a fluid flows through a
control volume steadily.
KEITH VAUGH
76. THE STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
The term steady implies no change with time. The
opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
}
A large number of engineering devices operate for
long periods of time under the same conditions,
and they are classified as steady-flow devices.
Steady-flow process
A process during which a fluid flows through a
control volume steadily.
Steady-flow conditions can be closely
approximated by devices that are intended for
continuous operation such as turbines, pumps,
boilers, condensers, and heat exchangers or power
plants or refrigeration systems
KEITH VAUGH
77. During a steady-flow process, fluid
properties within the control
volume may change with position
but not with time
Under steady-flow conditions,
the mass and energy contents of
a control volume remain constant
KEITH VAUGH
78. TEMPERATURE & THE ZEROTH
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth
}
law can be restated as two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading
even if they are not in contact.
Two bodies reaching thermal
equilibrium after being brought into
contact in an isolated enclosure
KEITH VAUGH
80. TEMPERATURE SCALES
All temperature scales are based on some easily
reproducible states such as the freezing and
boiling points of water: the ice point and the
steam point.
}
KEITH VAUGH
81. TEMPERATURE SCALES
All temperature scales are based on some easily
reproducible states such as the freezing and
boiling points of water: the ice point and the
steam point.
}
Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in
equilibrium with air saturated with vapour at 1
atm pressure (0°C or 32°F).
KEITH VAUGH
82. TEMPERATURE SCALES
All temperature scales are based on some easily
reproducible states such as the freezing and
boiling points of water: the ice point and the
steam point.
}
Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in
equilibrium with air saturated with vapour at 1
atm pressure (0°C or 32°F).
Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water
vapour (with no air) in equilibrium at 1 atm
pressure (100°C or 212°F).
KEITH VAUGH
83. Celsius scale: in SI unit system
Fahrenheit scale: in English unit
system
Thermodynamic temperature scale:
A temperature scale that is
independent of the properties of any
substance.
Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)
A temperature scale nearly identical
to the Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas
temperature scale. The temperatures
on this scale are measured using a
constant-volume gas thermometer.
KEITH VAUGH
85. P versus T plots of the
experimental data obtained
from a constant-volume gas
thermometer using four
different gases at different (but
low pressures)
KEITH VAUGH
86. T(K) = T(̊C) + 273.15
T(R) = T(̊F) + 459.67
T(R) = 1.8T(K)
T(̊F) = 1.8T(̊C) + 32
The reference temperature in the original
Kelvin scale was the ice point, 273.15 K,
which is the temperature at which water
freezes (or ice melts)
The reference point was changed to a much
more precisely reproducible point, the triple
point of water (the state at which all three Comparison of temperature
scales
phases of water coexist in equilibrium),
which is assigned the value 273.16 K.
KEITH VAUGH
89. PRESSURE
A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area }
1Pa = 1 N
m2
1 bar = 10 5 Pa = 0.1MPa = 100kPa
1 atm = 101, 325Pa = 101.325kPa = 1.01325 bars
1 kgf = 9.807 N 2 = 9.807 × 10 4 N 2 = 9.807 × 10 4 Pa
cm 2 cm m
= 0.9807 bar
= 0.9679 atm
KEITH VAUGH
90. Absolute pressure
The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured relative to absolute vacuum
(i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure
The difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure.
Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and
so they indicate gage pressure.
Vacuum pressures
Pressures below
atmospheric pressure. Pgage = Pabs − Patm
Pvac = Patm − Pabs
KEITH VAUGH
91. Variation of Pressure with Depth
ΔP = P2 − P1 = ρ gΔz = γ s Δz When the variation of density with
elevation is known
2
P = Patm + ρ gh or Pgage = ρ gh ΔP = P2 − P1 = − ∫ ρ g dz
1
The pressure of a fluid at rest increases Free-body diagram of a rectangular fluid
with depth (as a result of added weight). in equilibrium.
KEITH VAUGH
92. In a room filled with a gas, the variation
of pressure with height is negligible
Pressure in a liquid at rest increases
linearly with distance from the free
surface
KEITH VAUGH
93. The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal
plane in a given fluid regardless of geometry, provided
that the points are interconnected by the same fluid
KEITH VAUGH
94. Pascal’s Law
The pressure applied to a confined
fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount
F1 F2 F2 A2
P1 = P2 → = → =
A1 A2 F1 A1
The area ratio is called the Ideal
mechanical advantage of the
hydraulic lift
Lifting of a large weight by a small force
by the application of Pascal’s law
KEITH VAUGH
95. The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus,
the atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is
defined as the pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in
height at 0°C (ρHg = 13,595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational
acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).
The basic manometer
The length or the cross-
sectional area of the
tube has no effect on
the height of the fluid
column of a barometer
KEITH VAUGH
96. The Manometer
It is commonly used to measure small and
moderate pressure differences. A manometer
contains one or more fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol, or oil
P2 = Patm + ρ gh
The basic manometer
Patm + ρ1gh1 + ρ2 gh2 + ρ 3 gh3 = P1
In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure
change across a fluid layer of density ρ
and height h is ρgh
KEITH VAUGH
97. Measuring the pressure drop across a
flow section or a flow device by a
differential manometer
P1 + ρ1g ( a + h ) − ρ2 gh − ρ1ga = P2
P1 − P2 = ( ρ2 − ρ1 ) gh Other pressure measurement devices
KEITH VAUGH
98. Systems and control volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific gravity
State and equilibrium
The state postulate
Processes and cycles
The state-flow process
Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
Temperature scales
Pressure
Variation of pressure with depths
KEITH VAUGH
Editor's Notes
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
Other pressure measurement devices\nBourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube bent like a hook whose end is closed and connected to a dial indicator needle.\nPressure transducers: Use various techniques to convert the pressure effect to an electrical effect such as a change in voltage, resistance, or capacitance. \nPressure transducers are smaller and faster, and they can be more sensitive, reliable, and precise than their mechanical counterparts.\nStrain-gage pressure transducers: Work by having a diaphragm deflect between two chambers open to the pressure inputs.\nPiezoelectric transducers: Also called solid-state pressure transducers, work on the principle that an electric potential is generated in a crystalline substance when it is subjected to mechanical pressure.\n