Lecture covering the basic concepts required for the module:
Systems and control volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific gravity
State and equilibrium
The state postulate
Processes and cycles
The state-flow process
Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
Temperature scales
Pressure
Variation of pressure with depths
Basic Mechanical Engineering Unit 4 Thermodynamics@by V.P.SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Basic Mechanical Engineering Unit 4 Thermodynamics for B.Tech. First-year students
Unit IV:
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic system, properties, state, process, Zeroth, First and second law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes at constant pressure, volume, enthalpy & entropy.
Steam Engineering: Classification and working of boilers, mountings, and accessories of boilers, steam properties, use of steam tables, P-V, T-S diagram
Basic Mechanical Engineering Unit 4 Thermodynamics@by V.P.SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Basic Mechanical Engineering Unit 4 Thermodynamics for B.Tech. First-year students
Unit IV:
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic system, properties, state, process, Zeroth, First and second law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes at constant pressure, volume, enthalpy & entropy.
Steam Engineering: Classification and working of boilers, mountings, and accessories of boilers, steam properties, use of steam tables, P-V, T-S diagram
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
The second law of thermodynamics is explored in this lecture. Topics covered include:
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
Mass flow and energy analysis of control systems is the focus of this lecture
Conservation of mass
Mass and volume flow rates
Mass balance for a steady flow process
Mass balance for incompressible flow
Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid
his lecture examines both work and energy in closed systems and categorises the different types of closed systems that will be encountered.
Moving boundary work
Boundary work for an isothermal process
Boundary work for a constant-pressure process
Boundary work for a polytropic process
Energy balance for closed systems
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Specific heats
Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
Constant-volume specific heat, cv
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of incompressible substances (Solids and liquids)
Identifying the correct properties of a substance is of vital importance. Many of these properties are distilled from property tables. This lecture addresses how to identify these properties.
Pure substance
Phases of a pure substance
Phase change processes of pure substances
Compressed liquid, Saturated liquid, Saturated vapor, Superheated vapor Saturated temperature and Satuated pressure
Property diagrams for phase change processes
The T-v diagram, The P-v diagram, The P-T diagram, The P-v-T diagram
Property tables
Enthalpy
Saturated liquid, Saturated vapor, Saturated liquid vapor mixture, Superheated vapor, compressed liquid
Reference state and Reference values
The ideal gas equation of state
Is water vapor an ideal gas?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Energy Systems + Thermofluids 3
Lectures | Tutorials | Practicals
KEITH VAUGH - Lecture 2
2. KEITH VAUGH
BASIC CONCEPTS
Lecture 2
Keith Vaugh BEng (AERO) MEng
Reference text: Chapter 2 - Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 3rd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner, John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill, 2008
3. KEITH VAUGH
Identify the unique vocabulary associated with
thermodynamics through the precise definition of basic
concepts to form a sound foundation for the development
of the principles of thermodynamics.
Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as
system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process, and
cycle.
Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales,
pressure and, absolute and gauge pressure.
OBJECTIVE
S
4. KEITH VAUGH
SYSTEMS &
CONTROL
VOLUMES
System: A quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system.
Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates
the system from its surroundings.
The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
Systems may be considered to be closed or open.
6. KEITH VAUGH
Closed system (Control mass)
A fixed amount of mass, and no
mass can cross its boundary
If energy is not allowed to cross
the boundary, then that system
is called an isolated system
7. KEITH VAUGH
Open system (control volume)
A properly selected region in space.
It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow
such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a
control volume.
Control surface
The boundaries of a control volume. It can be real or
imaginary.
An open system (a control volume)
with one inlet and one exit.
8. KEITH VAUGH
A control volume with real and
imaginary boundaries
A control volume with fixed and
moving boundaries
9. KEITH VAUGH
Property: Any characteristic of a system. Some familiar
properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and
mass m. Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.
Intensive properties: Those that are independent of the
mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and
density.
Extensive properties: Those whose values depend on the
size or extent of the system.
Specific properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
PROPERTIES
OF A SYSTEM
10. KEITH VAUGH
Intensive or Extensive?
To identify whether a property is either, divid
the system into two equal parts. Each part will
have the same value of intensive property but
half the value of the extensive property
m
V
T
P
ρ
½m
½V
T
P
ρ
½m
½V
T
P
ρ
{
{
Extensive
properties
Intensive
properties
11. KEITH VAUGH
CONTINUUM
Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase. Yet it is
very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance and view it as
a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that is, a continuum.
The continuum idealisation allows us to treat properties as point functions
and to assume the properties vary continually in space with no jump
discontinuities.
This idealisation is valid as long as the size of the system we deal with is
large relative to the space between the molecules.
This is the case in practically all problems we will encounter in this module.
In this lecture series we will limit our consideration to substances that can be
modelled as a continuum.
12. KEITH VAUGH
Despite the large gaps between molecules, a
substance can be treated as a continuum
because of the very large number of
molecules even in an extremely small volume
13. KEITH VAUGH
DENSITY &
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
Density
Specific weight: The weight of a unit volume of a
substance
Specific gravity: The ratio of density of a substance to the
density of some standard substance at a specific
temperature
Specific volume
14. KEITH VAUGH
Equilibrium - A state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no
unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
Thermal equilibrium - If the temperature is the same throughout the
entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium - If there is no change in pressure at any point of
the system with time.
Phase equilibrium - If a system involves two phases and when the mass
of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
Chemical equilibrium - If the chemical composition of a system does not
change with time, that is, no chemical reactions occur.
STATE &
EQUILIBRIUM
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
15. KEITH VAUGH
A system at two different states
A closed system reaching thermal
equilibrium
16. KEITH VAUGH
The state of nitrogen is fixed by two
independent, intensive properties
The State Postulate
The number of properties required to fix the
state of a system is given by the state postulate:
The state of a simple compressible system is
completely specified by two independent,
intensive properties.
Simple compressible system is a system that
involves no electrical, magnetic, gravitational,
motion, and surface tension effects.
17. KEITH VAUGH
Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes
during a process.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the
initial and final states, as well as the path it follows and the
interactions with the surroundings.
PROCESSES &
CYCLES
18. KEITH VAUGH
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process
When a process proceeds in such a manner
that the system remains infinitesimally close
to an equilibrium state at all times, i.e.
properties in one part of the system do not
change faster than those in another part.
Nonquasi-equilibrium process
When a process proceeds in such a
manner that the system rapidly changes and
cannot maintain an equilibrium state.
19. KEITH VAUGH
Process diagrams plotted by using thermodynamic properties as
coordinates are very useful in visualising the processes.
Some common properties that are used as coordinates are
temperature T, pressure P, and volume V (or specific volume 𝝂).
The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a
particular property remains constant.
Isothermal process
A process during which the temperature T remains constant.
Isobaric process
A process during which the pressure P remains constant.
Isochoric (or isometric) process
A process during which the specific volume 𝝂 remains constant.
Cycle
A process during which the initial and final states are identical.
20. KEITH VAUGH
BASIC CONCEPTS
Lecture 2 - part 2
Keith Vaugh BEng (AERO) MEng
Reference text: Chapter 2 - Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 3rd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner, John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill, 2008
21. KEITH VAUGH
The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of
steady is unsteady, or transient.
A large number of engineering devices operate for long periods
of time under the same conditions, and these are classified as
steady-flow devices.
Steady-flow process
A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume
steadily.
Steady-flow conditions can be closely approximated by devices
that are intended for continuous operation such as turbines,
pumps, boilers, condensers, and heat exchangers or power
plants or refrigeration systems
THE STEADY-
FLOW PROCESS
22. KEITH VAUGH
During a steady-flow process, fluid
properties within the control volume
may change with position but not
with time
Under steady-flow conditions, the
mass and energy contents of a
control volume remain constant
23. KEITH VAUGH
TEMPERATURE &
THE ZEROTH
LAW
If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth
law can be restated as two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading
even if they are not in contact.
Two bodies reaching thermal
equilibrium after being brought into
contact in an isolated enclosure
24. KEITH VAUGH
All temperature scales are based on some easily
reproducible states such as the freezing and boiling
points of water: the ice point and the steam point.
Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in
equilibrium with air saturated with vapour at 1 atm
pressure (0°C or 32°F).
Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water
vapour (with no air) in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure
(100°C or 212°F).
TEMPERATURE
SCALES
25. KEITH VAUGH
Celsius scale: in SI unit system
Fahrenheit scale: in Imperial unit system
Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature
scale that is independent of the properties of any
substance.
Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E): A temperature
scale nearly identical to the Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas
temperature scale. The temperatures on this scale are
measured using a constant-volume gas thermometer.
26. KEITH VAUGH
P versus T plots of the experimental
data obtained from a constant-volume
gas thermometer using four different
gases at different (but low pressures)
27. KEITH VAUGH
Comparison of temperature scales
T(K) = T(C) + 273.15
T(R) = T(F) + 459.67
T(R) = 1.8T(K)
T(F) = 1.8T(C) + 32
The reference temperature in the original
Kelvin scale was the ice point, 273.15 K,
which is the temperature at which water
freezes (or ice melts)
The reference point was changed to a
much more precisely reproducible point,
the triple point of water (the state at
which all three phases of water coexist in
equilibrium), which is assigned the value
273.16 K.
29. KEITH VAUGH
Absolute pressure
The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e.,
absolute zero pressure).
Gauge pressure
The difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Most
pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they
indicate gage pressure.
Vacuum pressures
Pressures below atmospheric
pressure.
30. KEITH VAUGH
Variation of Pressure with Depth
The pressure of a fluid at rest increases
with depth (as a result of added weight).
Free-body diagram of a rectangular
fluid in equilibrium.
31. KEITH VAUGH
In a room filled with a gas, the variation
of pressure with height is negligible
Pressure in a liquid at rest increases
linearly with distance from the free
surface
When the variation of density
with elevation is known
32. KEITH VAUGH
The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given
fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the points are
interconnected by the same fluid
33. KEITH VAUGH
Pascal’s Law
The pressure applied to a
confined fluid increases the
pressure throughout by the same
amount
Lifting of a large weight by a small
force by the application of Pascal’s law
The area ratio is called the Ideal
mechanical advantage of the
hydraulic lift
34. KEITH VAUGH
The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the
atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is defined as the
pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0°C (ρHg = 13,595
kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).
The basic manometer
The length or the
cross-sectional area
of the tube has no
effect on the height of
the fluid column of a
barometer
35. KEITH VAUGH
The Manometer
It is commonly used to measure small and
moderate pressure differences. A manometer
contains one or more fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol, or oil
The basic manometer
In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure
change across a fluid layer of density ρ
and height h is ρgh
36. KEITH VAUGH
Measuring the pressure drop across a
flow section or a flow device by a
differential manometer
Other pressure measurement devices
37. KEITH VAUGH
Systems and control volumes
Properties of a system
Density and specific gravity
State and equilibrium
The state postulate
Processes and cycles
The state-flow process
Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
Temperature scales
Pressure
Variation of pressure with depths
Editor's Notes
Other pressure measurement devices
Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube bent like a hook whose end is closed and connected to a dial indicator needle.
Pressure transducers: Use various techniques to convert the pressure effect to an electrical effect such as a change in voltage, resistance, or capacitance.
Pressure transducers are smaller and faster, and they can be more sensitive, reliable, and precise than their mechanical counterparts.
Strain-gage pressure transducers: Work by having a diaphragm deflect between two chambers open to the pressure inputs.
Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solid-state pressure transducers, work on the principle that an electric potential is generated in a crystalline substance when it is subjected to mechanical pressure.