The document discusses earthquake-resistant building design and rehabilitation methods, focusing on factors that influence structural damage and ideal qualities of resilient buildings. It outlines techniques for strengthening existing structures, such as crack treatment, external surface treatments, and confinement techniques. Recommendations for housing construction in Kurdistan emphasize the importance of robust foundations, symmetrical planning, and the use of reinforced masonry.

1. Darbandyxan Earthquake
Dr Mohamed Raouf Abdulkadir
Consultant Structural Engineer
Professor at Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering- University of Sulaimani
‫دەربەندیخان‬ ‫لەرزەی‬ ‫زەمین‬
–
‫چارەسەرەکان‬ ‫و‬ ‫زیانەکانی‬
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2. *Content:
Introduction
Factors affecting structural damage.
Building behavior under lateral loading.
Ideal earthquake resistant building.
Rehabilitation and strengthening.
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4. In Buildings Horizontal Loads can be
generally resisted by:
• Moment-resisting frames
• Braced frames
• Shear walls
• Frames in-filled with masonry.
 Masonry walls in one or two story
buildings.
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6. FACTORS AFFECTING STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
SITE CONDITION
DUCTILITY
REGULARITY AND BUILDING CONFIGURATION
DIMENSIONS OF OPENINGS
RIGIDITY DISTRIBUTION
BUILDING COMPONENTS CONNECTION
FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY
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7. Building behavior under lateral loading
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LOAD
PATH

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Ideal EQ resisting building:
1. Small mass.
2. Low height to base ratio.
3. Low center of mass.
4. Balanced lateral resistance.
5. Direct load path.
6. Symmetrical plan.
7. Uniform section and elevation.
8. Uniform floor height.
9. Maximum rotational resistance.
10. Short span.

17. 11. Must have resisting elements in two directions.
12. Columns must be stronger than beams.
13. R.C. columns must have adequate number of ties.
14. All Building Elements must be Tied together.
15. Roofs should preferably be of light weight.
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25. 1. Crack treatment
 Repointing with mortar.
 Injecting the cracks and covering
with mortar.
 Structural repointing with steel
bar in joints.
 Using steel pins: Stitching –sewing.
2. External surface treatments:
* The shot-crete technique.
* The ferro-cement technique.
Rehabilitation and strengthening
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26. 3. External reinforcement:
 Strengthening with steel plate reinforcement.
 Strengthening with strips of Fiber reinforced polymer .
 Walls reinforcing overlays: jacketing with R. concrete.
 Seismic bands technique: applying a continuous band
 External reinforcement using post-tensioning steel tie-
rods.
4. Confinement Technique:
Masonry reinforcement using reinforced concrete tie
columns.
5. Wall replacement:
 Rebuilding Wall with similar material.
 External Wall buttresses.
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36. 1.Foundation must be reinforced unless on rock layer.
2.Tie beams must be provided at ground level, openings level, and
slabs level.
3.Vertical tie must be provided at corners and other proper places
and tied to the tie beams.
4.Walls should be provided in both directions.
5.Plan to be kept symmetrical as much as possible.
6.Openings should be as small as possible and at center of walls.
7.Reinforced masonry to be used if possible.
8.All floors should be of similar structural system.
Recommendation for housing construction with masonry in Kurdistan
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37. How good is your house against Earthquake?
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53. Any Questions Please
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