Retrofitting

1. Earthquake Retrofitting of
Buildings
Expanded Presentation

2. Introduction to Retrofitting
• • Earthquake retrofitting is the process of
upgrading buildings to resist seismic forces.
• • The need for retrofitting arises from
buildings' inability to withstand earthquakes.
• • Retrofitting addresses structural deficiencies,
making buildings more resilient.

3. Seismic Evaluation Overview
• • Evaluation determines a building's
vulnerability to earthquakes.
• • Key factors include building configuration,
material strength, and foundation condition.
• • Vulnerability is assessed using visual
inspection, structural analysis, and
performance-based assessments.

4. Importance of Seismic Retrofitting
• • Seismic retrofitting is essential to protect
lives and property in earthquake-prone areas.
• • Retrofits help buildings resist ground shaking
and prevent structural failures.
• • Retrofitting increases the safety of older and
non-engineered buildings.

5. Methods of Seismic Evaluation
• • Visual Inspection: Identifying visible
structural issues.
• • Non-destructive testing: Assessing material
strength and foundation integrity.
• • Performance-based assessments: Modeling
building behavior under seismic loads.

6. Common Deficiencies in Buildings
• • Insufficient lateral resistance (e.g., lack of
shear walls or bracing).
• • Weak joints and connections.
• • Poor foundation design or soil conditions.
• • Lack of flexibility or ductility in building
components.

7. Retrofitting Techniques - Part 1
• • RC Jacketing: Reinforcing columns and
beams with additional concrete and steel.
• • Shear Walls: Adding vertical walls to resist
lateral forces.
• • Steel Bracing: Installing braces to improve
lateral stability.

8. Retrofitting Techniques - Part 2
• • Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP):
Strengthening members with composite
materials.
• • Buttresses: Adding structural supports to
resist lateral movement.
• • Cross Walls: Creating new walls to distribute
seismic forces.

9. Advanced Retrofitting Solutions
• • Base Isolation: Separating the building from
ground motion.
• • Energy Dissipation: Using dampers and
braces to absorb seismic energy.
• • Smart Materials: Self-healing materials that
enhance structural resilience.

10. Materials Used in Retrofitting
• • High-strength concrete and ferro-cement.
• • Resins, glues, and FRP sheets for reinforcing
structures.
• • Composite materials for lightweight, high-
strength strengthening.

11. Conclusion and Future Outlook
• • Retrofitting is crucial for ensuring the safety
of buildings in seismic areas.
• • Modern techniques and materials offer
effective solutions for strengthening buildings.
• • Continued innovation and investment are
necessary to address the large number of
vulnerable buildings.