The document discusses various techniques for making earthquake-resistant buildings, including:
1) Bearing wall systems that provide vertical support and lateral resistance through structural walls.
2) Frame systems that use diagonal braces or shear walls to provide lateral rigidity.
3) Moment-resisting frame systems that use rigid beam-column connections to resist lateral forces.
4) Dual systems that combine moment frames and walls/braces to resist both vertical and lateral loads.
5) Cantilever column systems. The document also discusses earthquake building codes in Japan and case studies like Shigeru Ban's paper tube schools.
Seminar on Bomb Blast Resistant Structure by Shantanu PatilShantanu Patil
The design of civilian or commercial buildings to withstand the effects of a terrorist blast is unlike the design of military installations or the design of embassy buildings. The objectives of the “Structural Engineering Guidelines” for the Design of New Embassy Buildings are to prevent heavy damage to components and structural collapse. Adherence to the provisions of the guidelines will minimize injuries and loss of life and facilitate the evacuation and rescue of survivors. The blast-protection objective of any commercial or public building must be similar to those of embassy structures, that is to prevent structural collapse, to save lives, and to evacuate victims.
Seminar on Bomb Blast Resistant Structure by Shantanu PatilShantanu Patil
The design of civilian or commercial buildings to withstand the effects of a terrorist blast is unlike the design of military installations or the design of embassy buildings. The objectives of the “Structural Engineering Guidelines” for the Design of New Embassy Buildings are to prevent heavy damage to components and structural collapse. Adherence to the provisions of the guidelines will minimize injuries and loss of life and facilitate the evacuation and rescue of survivors. The blast-protection objective of any commercial or public building must be similar to those of embassy structures, that is to prevent structural collapse, to save lives, and to evacuate victims.
The presentation was discussed during an expert talk held at SSASIT, Surat by Prof. Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt. The presentation was compiled of various sources by the UNDP India as a part of capacity building for the UEVRP in action during the year 2009.
Dhruvin Goyani
M.Tech Structural
This PPT is For All the Civil Engineering Students and Specially for M.tech Students Who Trying To Learn Something New on Earthquake and its Resisting Methods and also For Seismic Analysis
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
This document presents an example of analysis design of slab using ETABS. This example examines a simple single story building, which is regular in plan and elevation. It is examining and compares the calculated ultimate moment from CSI ETABS & SAFE with hand calculation. Moment coefficients were used to calculate the ultimate moment. However it is good practice that such hand analysis methods are used to verify the output of more sophisticated methods.
Also, this document contains simple procedure (step-by-step) of how to design solid slab according to Eurocode 2.The process of designing elements will not be revolutionised as a result of using Eurocode 2. Due to time constraints and knowledge, I may not be able to address the whole issues.
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
- Design considerations and different techniques employed to resist building from collapse during earthquake
Steel Compliance from the Consulting Engineer's PerspectiveMark Sheldon
This is a presentation I gave in Melbourne at the ACRS Seminar in October. It lists what the engineer does, and what they don't do regarding the checking the compliance of steel to Australian Standards.
The presentation was discussed during an expert talk held at SSASIT, Surat by Prof. Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt. The presentation was compiled of various sources by the UNDP India as a part of capacity building for the UEVRP in action during the year 2009.
Dhruvin Goyani
M.Tech Structural
This PPT is For All the Civil Engineering Students and Specially for M.tech Students Who Trying To Learn Something New on Earthquake and its Resisting Methods and also For Seismic Analysis
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
This document presents an example of analysis design of slab using ETABS. This example examines a simple single story building, which is regular in plan and elevation. It is examining and compares the calculated ultimate moment from CSI ETABS & SAFE with hand calculation. Moment coefficients were used to calculate the ultimate moment. However it is good practice that such hand analysis methods are used to verify the output of more sophisticated methods.
Also, this document contains simple procedure (step-by-step) of how to design solid slab according to Eurocode 2.The process of designing elements will not be revolutionised as a result of using Eurocode 2. Due to time constraints and knowledge, I may not be able to address the whole issues.
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
- Design considerations and different techniques employed to resist building from collapse during earthquake
Steel Compliance from the Consulting Engineer's PerspectiveMark Sheldon
This is a presentation I gave in Melbourne at the ACRS Seminar in October. It lists what the engineer does, and what they don't do regarding the checking the compliance of steel to Australian Standards.
Seismic retrofitting is a collection mitigation technique for earthquake engineering.
It is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquake.
It is of utmost important for historic monuments, areas prone to severe earthquakes and tall or
expensive structures.
The retrofitting techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes and severe winds from thunderstorms.
Retrofitting proves to be a better economic consideration and immediate shelter to problems
rather than replacement of building.
Earthquake Resistant Building ConstructionRohan Narvekar
This File comprises of a general information and guidelines for construction of Earthquake Resistant buildings, Its a basic study of the same and may help students and learners for overall information of this technology.
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
3. Goals of Earthquake Resistant Design
It is economically not feasible for ordinary buildings to be designed as absolute earthquake proof.
However, the goals for EQRD are shown below.
Serviceability level Earthquake
•Frequent and minor earthquakes
•Building should not be damaged and continue to remain in service
•Expected ten times during the life of building
Damageability level Earthquake
•Occasional moderate earthquakes
•No structural damage is expected
•Non structural damage should not lead to any loss of life
•Expected once or twice during the life of building
Safety level Earthquake
•Rare major earthquakes
•Building should not collapse
•Non structural & structural damage should not lead to any loss of life.
Earthquake types
4. Building Shape
In symmetrical building plan the distance between Centre
of Mass [CoM] & Stiffness Centre / Centre of Resistance
[CoR] is less compared to asymmetrical plans.
Irregular Building configuration results in twisting (torsion or
rocking) when subjected to seismic forces.
Direction of ground motion
Inertia Force due to
Earthquake act through
CoM
CoM
CoR
Equal &
opposite parallel
forces produce
couple
Internal resistive Force
due to Structural Element
configuration act through
CoR
Asymmetry
Geometrical
Asymmetry
Stiffness
Asymmetry
Mass
Asymmetry
Plan of building
Elevation of building
Building Joint
5. Geometrical Asymmetry - Plan
Asymmetrical Plans
Asymmetrical buildings undergo large amount of
torsion and hence extreme corners are subjected to
heavy force.
Avoid asymmetrical buildings like: I, L,U, and T shape
buildings.
Symmetrical Plans
As CoM & CoR coincide in plan twisting will not occur
due to earthquake. Building will need to resist the
horizontal inertia force only.
Symmetrical plans like Rectangular, Square,
Polygonal or Circular are favourable.
6. Geometrical Asymmetry - Elevation
In vertical directions, sudden change in stiffness or mass creates instability. It attracts more forces
and hence undergo large deflections. Excessive deflection induces large bending moment and shear force
in the structural members.
Stress concentration
zone
Gradual change in lateral stiffness and
building floor mass in vertical direction
can be provided
7. Geometrical Asymmetry – Building Joint
Typical problem occurs in the junction areas
as two neighbourhood block strikes each
other and try to separate out in a periodic
motion
During earthquake three blocks undergo
twist in three different orientations
Solution
Building blocks can be separated by seismic
Gaps. The individual building blocks now
vibrate in plan separately. The Stress
concentration in block joints can be avoided.
11. Differential Settlement
•The resisting inertia force in the super structure
causes uplift and compression in the flat foundation at
different ends.
•The tilting of foundation due to uplift force initiate the
failure of foundation of building
12. Liquefaction
Three main prerequisites for liquefaction :
1.A layer of relatively loose sand or silt.
2.A water table high enough to submerge a layer of
loose soil.
3.An intensity of ground shaking sufficient to increase
the water pressure between soil particles to cause the
soil-water mixture to liquefy.
13. Liquefaction
•The pressures generated during large earthquakes
with many cycles of shaking can cause the liquefied
sand and excess water to force its way to the ground
surface from several meters below the ground.
•The phenomenon may incorporate both flow of already
liquefied sand from a layer below ground and a
quicksand effect.
14. Solution
Isolated Foundation
•Individual footings should be
interconnected with tie-beams or a structural
slab to prevent any relative horizontal
movement occurring during earthquake
shaking.
Raft Foundation
•As the raft has a common base and it
equally and uniformly distribute the super
structure load to the sub soil.
•It spreads concentrated loads onto a larger
area and makes the structure tolerant of
minor ground subsidence.
•It mobilizes the entire weight of the building
to resist inertia-induced overturning
moments.
16. Techniques for making Earthquake-Resistant
Structures
Currently, there are several design philosophies in earthquake engineering, making use of
experimental results, computer simulations and observations from past earthquakes to
offer the required performance for the seismic threat at the site of interest. There are five
broad categories of structural systems which are taken into account when designing
earthquake resistant buildings.
Bearing wall systems,
Building frame systems,
Moment-resisting frame systems,
Dual systems,
Cantilever column systems
17. 1. Bearing Wall Systems
•Structural walls located throughout the structure provides primary vertical support for the
building’s weight and that of its contents as well as the building’s lateral resistance.
•Bearing wall buildings are commonly used for residential construction, warehouses, and
low-rise commercial buildings of concrete, masonry, and wood construction.
•Unlike standard masonry walls which are solid, the interlocking mortar-less masonry
blocks allow slight movement and lock tighter over time, aided by an innovative
application of steel reinforcement. This construction technique is also better at dissipating
the energy of a seismic wave than traditional masonry.
18. 2. Bearing Frame Systems
•For buildings constructed of structural steel and concrete Lateral resistance is provided
either by diagonal steel members (termed braces) that extend between the beams and
columns to provide horizontal rigidity or by concrete, masonry, or timber shear walls that
provide lateral resistance but do not carry the structure’s weight.
•In some building frame structures, the diagonal braces or walls form an inherent and
evident part of the building design. In most buildings, the braces or walls may be hidden
behind exterior cladding or interior partitions.
19. 3. Moment-Resisting Frame
•Used for both structural steel and reinforced concrete construction.
• The horizontal beams and vertical columns provide both support for the structure’s
weight and the strength and stiffness needed to resist lateral forces.
•Stiffness and strength are achieved through the use of rigid connections between the
beams and columns that prevent these elements from rotating relative to one other.
•Moment-resisting frame systems are popular because they do not require braced frames
or structural walls, therefore permitting large open spaces and facades with many
unobstructed window openings
20. 4. Dual Systems
•Dual systems is an economical alternative to moment-resisting frames, are commonly
used for tall buildings.
•Dual system structures feature a combination of moment-resisting frames and concrete,
masonry, or steel walls or steel braced frames.
•The moment-resisting frames provide vertical support for the structure’s weight and a
portion of the structure’s lateral resistance while most of the lateral resistance is provided
either by concrete, masonry, or steel walls or by steel braced frames..
21. Earthquake Building Codes in Japan
Japan is a seismically active country and has some of the most rigorous earthquake
building standards in the World.
1924: Earthquake resistant construction regulations were introduced.
Cause:1923 Kanto Earthquake
Effect: Regulations for wooden beams, reinforced concrete used in construction
in town areas
1950: The introduction of the Building Standards Act “kyu-taishin”
Cause: 1948 Fukui earthquake
Effect: Regualtions were no longer limited to town areas.
1971: Amendments to the Act
Shearing reinforcements and reinforced concrete foundations
1981: New Earthquake Resistant Building Standard Amendment“Shin-taishin”
Cause: 1978 Miyagi Earthquake
Effect: Buildings should not suffer during a mid-size
earthquake, and a buiding shold not collapse during l
arge earthquakes
22. Case Study: Shigeru Ban's Paper Tube School
Shigeru Ban along with a team of Chinese and Japanese students, built
temporary but resilient schools out of plywood and recycled cardboard
tubes.
23. a. Recycled paper tubes are molded into load-bearing columns,
bent into trusses and rapidly assembled.
b. Can be made waterproof and fire resistant.
c. Various thickness and diameters of paper can be added to a
structure to support more weight as necessary
d. Can build structures a few stories high.
Framework -made from paper tubes
Walls –cheap material, easy to produce
Roofs -made of plywood, and used polycarbonate as
insulation.
Feasibility: Uses materials that are available anywhere in the world and is also structurally
sound
