spinal injury
Goal of spine trauma care
Pre-hospital management
Clinical and neurologic assessment
Acute spinal cord injury
Term, type and clinical characteristic
Common cervical spine fracture and dislocation
Presentation outlining the fundamentals of spinal injury exclusively focusing on vertebral column injury. Principles of diagnosis and definitive treatment protocol described in a precise manner in algorithm format for easy and better understanding at undergraduate level.
Presentation outlining the fundamentals of spinal injury exclusively focusing on vertebral column injury. Principles of diagnosis and definitive treatment protocol described in a precise manner in algorithm format for easy and better understanding at undergraduate level.
Spine care program at Wockhardt Hospitals makes it a centre for excellence in neurology care with highly skilled clinical expertise
Our Hospitals provide cutting-edge diagnostic and operating facilities such as computerized navigation, imaging and treatment in orthopedics.
Dr.MD.Monsur Rahman,PT
MPT-Musculoskeletal Disorders
Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute Of Physiotherapy And Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana - Ambala,133-207 (Haryana)
Spine and extremity injuries are common among people of all ages and can have a significant impact on mobility and quality of life. This PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of spine and extremity injuries, including the causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Through powerful images and personal stories, we showcase the impact of spine and extremity injuries on individuals, families, and communities. We highlight the challenges of accessing healthcare and rehabilitation services, particularly in low-resource settings, and the importance of early intervention and treatment.
The presentation provides detailed information about the various types of spine and extremity injuries, including fractures, dislocations, and soft tissue injuries. We also discuss the diagnostic procedures, including imaging tests and physical exams, and the treatment options, such as surgery, physical therapy, and pain management.
In addition, we explore the efforts being made to prevent and manage spine and extremity injuries. We highlight the importance of safety precautions, such as proper equipment use and ergonomic work practices, and the role of rehabilitation services in promoting recovery and restoring function.
Through this PowerPoint presentation, we aim to raise awareness about spine and extremity injuries and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. We showcase the latest research and innovations in injury prevention and treatment, and the importance of collaboration and partnership to address the disease.
We urge the audience to take action in the fight against spine and extremity injuries, whether it be through spreading awareness, supporting organizations working on the ground, or advocating for policy change. Let us come together to create a world where everyone has access to the care and support they need to recover from spine and extremity injuries and live healthy, fulfilling lives.
These slides contains information regarding fractures and dislocations of spine, various classifications of fracture spine, approach to fractures of spine, criteria for surgical or conservative management of patient, various named fractures involving cervical spine and brief description of spine fracture dislocation.
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3. Outline
• Goal of spine trauma care
• Pre-hospital management
• Clinical and neurologic assessment
• Acute spinal cord injury
– Term, type and clinical characteristic
• Common cervical spine fracture and
dislocation
4. Goal of spine trauma care
• Protect further injury during evaluation and
management
• Identify spine injury or document absence of
spine injury
• Optimize conditions for maximal neurologic
recovery
5. Goal of spine trauma care
• Maintain or restore spinal alignment
• Minimize loss of spinal mobility
• Obtain healed & stable spine
• Facilitate rehabilitation
7. Pre-hospital management
• Protect spine at all times during the
management of patients with multiple
injuries
• Up to 15% of spinal injuries have a second
(possibly non adjacent) fracture elsewhere in
the spine
• Ideally, whole spine should be immobilized
in neutral position on a firm surface
12. Transportation of spinal cord-injured
patients
• Emergency Medical Systems (EMS)
• Paramedical staff
• Primary trauma center
• Spinal injury center
13. Clinical assessment
• Advance Trauma Life Support (ATLS)
guidelines
• Primary and secondary surveys
• Adequate airway and ventilation are the most
important factors
• Supplemental oxygenation
• Early intubation is critical to limit secondary
injury from hypoxia
15. Is the patient awake or
“unexaminable”?
• What’s the difference ?
– Awake
• ask/answer question
• pain/tenderness
• motor/sensory exam
– Not awake
• you can ask (but they won’t answer)
• can’t assess tenderness
• no motor/sensory exam
16. Physical examination
• Inspection and palpation
– Occiput to Coccyx
– Soft tissue swelling and bruising
– Point of spinal tenderness
– Gap or Step-off
– Spasm of associated muscles
• Neurological assessment
– Motor, sensation and reflexes
– PR
• Do not forget the cranial nerve (C0-C1 injury)
17. Neurogenic Shock
• Temporary loss of autonomic function of the
cord at the level of injury
– results from cervical or high thoracic injury
• Presentation
– Flaccid paralysis distal to injury site
– Loss of autonomic function
• hypotension
• vasodilatation
• loss of bladder and bowel control
• loss of thermoregulation
• warm, pink, dry below injury site
• bradycardia
18. 18
Neurogenic Hypovolemic
Etiology Loss of sympathetic
outflow
Loss of blood volume
Blood
pressure
Hypotension Hypotension
Heart rate Bradycardia Tachycardia
Skin
temperature
Warm Cold
Urine
output
Normal Low
Comparison of neurogenic and hypovolemic shock
19. Definitions of terms
• Neurologic level
– Most caudal segment with normal sensory and motor
function both sides
• Skeletal level
– Radiographic level of greatest vertebral damage
• Complete injury
– Absence of sensory and motor function in the lowest
sacral segment
• Incomplete injury
– Partial preservation of sensory and/or motor function
below the neurologic level
28. The Canadian C-spine Rule for alert and stable trauma patients where cervical spine injury is a
concern.
• Any high-risk factor that mandates radiography?
• Age>65yrs or
• Dangerous mechanism or
• Paresthesia in extremities
Any low-risk factor that allows safe
assessment of range of motion?
• Simple rear-end MVC, or
• Sitting position in ER, or
• Ambulatory at any time, or
• Delayed onset of neck pain, or
• Absence of midline C-spine tenderness
Able to actively rotate neck?
• 45 degrees left and right
No Radiography
Radiography
NO
YES
ABLE
YES
NO
UNABLE
29. Cervical Spine Imaging Options
– Plain films
• AP, lateral and open mouth view
– Optional: Oblique and Swimmer’s
– CT
• Better for occult fractures
– MRI
• Very good for spinal cord, soft tissue and ligamentous
injuries
– Flexion-Extension Plain Films
• to determine stability
31. Adequacy
• Must visualize entire C-spine
• A film that does not show
the upper border of T1 is
inadequate
• Caudal traction on the arms
may help
• If can not, get swimmer’s
view or CT
32. Alignment
• The anterior vertebral line,
posterior vertebral line, and
spinolaminar line should
have a smooth curve with
no steps or discontinuities
• Malalignment of the
posterior vertebral bodies is
more significant than that
anteriorly, which may be
due to rotation
• A step-off of >3.5mm is
significant anywhere
33. Lateral Cervical Spine X-Ray
• Anterior subluxation of one
vertebra on another indicates
facet dislocation
– < 50% of the width of a
vertebral body unilateral
facet dislocation
– > 50% bilateral facet
dislocation
35. Disc
• Disc Spaces
– Should be uniform
• Assess spaces
between the
spinous processes
36. Soft tissue
• Nasopharyngeal space (C1)
– 10 mm (adult)
• Retropharyngeal space (C2-
C4)
– 5-7 mm
• Retrotracheal space (C5-C7)
– 14 mm (children)
– 22 mm (adults)
37. AP C-spine Films
• Spinous processes
should line up
• Disc space should be
uniform
• Vertebral body height
should be uniform.
Check for oblique
fractures.
38. Open mouth view
• Adequacy: all of the: all of the
dens and lateraldens and lateral
borders of C1 & C2borders of C1 & C2
• Alignment: lateral: lateral
masses of C1 andmasses of C1 and
C2C2
• Bone: Inspect dens
for lucent fracture
lines
39. CT Scan
• Thin cut CT scan should
be used to evaluate
abnormal, suspicious or
poorly visualized areas
on plain film
• The combination of
plain film and directed
CT scan provides a false
negative rate of less
than 0.1%
40. MRI
• Ideally all patients
with abnormal
neurological
examination should
be evaluated with
MRI scan
41. Management of SCI
• Primary Goal
– Prevent secondary injury
• Immobilization of the spine begins in the
initial assessment
– Treat the spine as a long bone
• Secure joint above and below
– Caution with “partial” spine splinting
42. Management of SCI
• Spinal motion restriction: immobilization devices
• ABCs
– Increase FiO2
– Assist ventilations as needed with c-spine control
– Indications for intubation :
• Acute respiratory failure
• GCS <9
• Increased RR with hypoxia
• PCO2 > 50
• VC < 10 mL/kg
– IV Access & fluids titrated to BP ~ 90-100 mmHg
43. Management of SCI
• Look for other injuries: “Life over Limb”
• Transport to appropriate SCI center once
stabilized
• Consider high dose methylprednisolone
– Controversial as recent evidence questions benefit
– Must be started < 8 hours of injury
– Do not use for penetrating trauma
– 30 mg/kg bolus over 15 minute
– After bolus: infusion 5.4mg/kg IV for 23 hours