This document describes a spectrofluorometric method for determining two cephalosporin drugs, cefadroxile and cefuroxime sodium, in pharmaceutical formulations. The method involves reacting the drugs with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate under alkaline conditions to form fluorescent derivatives, extracting them with chloroform, and measuring fluorescence intensity. The method was optimized and validated, demonstrating good linearity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity for quantifying the drugs within certain concentration ranges in samples. The effects of various parameters on the analysis were also examined.
Fluorimetry involves measuring fluorescence intensity at a particular wavelength using a fluorimeter or spectrofluorimeter. Fluorescence occurs when molecules absorb radiation and electrons are excited to a higher energy state. As electrons return to the ground state, they emit radiation. Factors like concentration, pH, and temperature can affect fluorescence intensity. Instrumentation includes a light source, filters/monochromators, sample cells, and detectors. Applications include determining inorganic/organic substances and compounds in pharmaceutical analysis.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It begins with introductions to spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The basic principles of mass spectrometry are that molecules are ionized, the ions are accelerated and passed through electric and magnetic fields based on their mass-to-charge ratio, and detected. Common ionization techniques include electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption techniques like fast atom bombardment. The document describes different types of ions detected, such as molecular, fragment, and rearrangement ions. It also covers various mass analyzers used to separate ions such as magnetic sector, double focusing, and quadrupole analyzers.
Mass spectroscopy, Ionization techniques and types of mass analyzers Muhammad Asif Shaheeen
Mass spectroscopy is a technique used to determine the molecular mass and elemental composition of a compound. It works by ionizing molecules using electron bombardment or chemical ionization and then separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio using electric and magnetic fields. The instrument consists of an ion source, a mass analyzer, and an ion detector. Common ion sources include electron impact, chemical ionization, and electrospray ionization, with each having advantages for different types of samples. The document provides detailed explanations of the basic principles and components of mass spectroscopy.
This presentation provides an overview of electrophoresis. It begins by defining electrophoresis as the differential migration of ionized molecules in an electric field based on their charge-to-mass ratio. It then discusses the basic principles, factors affecting mobility, supporting media like paper and gels, common techniques including low voltage and capillary electrophoresis, and applications for analyzing proteins, DNA, antibiotics and more. The presentation concludes that electrophoresis is a useful method for separating charged substances, from small ions to large molecules, and is widely used despite some limitations.
This document discusses flame emission spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction stating that flame emission spectroscopy uses a flame to provide energy and excite atoms introduced into the flame. It then covers the history, principle, instrumentation, applications and potential interferences of flame emission spectroscopy. The principle involves desolvation, vaporization, atomization, excitation and emission of light at characteristic wavelengths. Common instrumentation components include burners, atomizers, monochromators, detectors and readouts. Applications include analysis of chemicals, soils, plants, waters and more. Potential issues include matrix, chemical, ionization and spectral interferences.
NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and study the physical and chemical properties of molecules. It provides detailed information about molecular structure by detecting hydrogen and other nuclei. The document discusses the basic principles of NMR, instrumentation, factors affecting chemical shifts, and applications in medicine such as anatomical imaging and tumor detection.
Spectrofluorimetry involves the absorption of UV or visible radiation by a molecule, exciting it to a higher energy state. The molecule then relaxes and emits light of a longer wavelength. It is a sensitive technique that can detect low concentrations of organic and inorganic substances. Factors like conjugation, substituents, temperature, and oxygen presence affect fluorescence intensity. Instrumentation includes a light source, filters, sample cell, and detector. Applications include analysis of foods, pharmaceuticals, clinical samples, and natural products.
Fluorimetry involves measuring fluorescence intensity at a particular wavelength using a fluorimeter or spectrofluorimeter. Fluorescence occurs when molecules absorb radiation and electrons are excited to a higher energy state. As electrons return to the ground state, they emit radiation. Factors like concentration, pH, and temperature can affect fluorescence intensity. Instrumentation includes a light source, filters/monochromators, sample cells, and detectors. Applications include determining inorganic/organic substances and compounds in pharmaceutical analysis.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It begins with introductions to spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The basic principles of mass spectrometry are that molecules are ionized, the ions are accelerated and passed through electric and magnetic fields based on their mass-to-charge ratio, and detected. Common ionization techniques include electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption techniques like fast atom bombardment. The document describes different types of ions detected, such as molecular, fragment, and rearrangement ions. It also covers various mass analyzers used to separate ions such as magnetic sector, double focusing, and quadrupole analyzers.
Mass spectroscopy, Ionization techniques and types of mass analyzers Muhammad Asif Shaheeen
Mass spectroscopy is a technique used to determine the molecular mass and elemental composition of a compound. It works by ionizing molecules using electron bombardment or chemical ionization and then separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio using electric and magnetic fields. The instrument consists of an ion source, a mass analyzer, and an ion detector. Common ion sources include electron impact, chemical ionization, and electrospray ionization, with each having advantages for different types of samples. The document provides detailed explanations of the basic principles and components of mass spectroscopy.
This presentation provides an overview of electrophoresis. It begins by defining electrophoresis as the differential migration of ionized molecules in an electric field based on their charge-to-mass ratio. It then discusses the basic principles, factors affecting mobility, supporting media like paper and gels, common techniques including low voltage and capillary electrophoresis, and applications for analyzing proteins, DNA, antibiotics and more. The presentation concludes that electrophoresis is a useful method for separating charged substances, from small ions to large molecules, and is widely used despite some limitations.
This document discusses flame emission spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction stating that flame emission spectroscopy uses a flame to provide energy and excite atoms introduced into the flame. It then covers the history, principle, instrumentation, applications and potential interferences of flame emission spectroscopy. The principle involves desolvation, vaporization, atomization, excitation and emission of light at characteristic wavelengths. Common instrumentation components include burners, atomizers, monochromators, detectors and readouts. Applications include analysis of chemicals, soils, plants, waters and more. Potential issues include matrix, chemical, ionization and spectral interferences.
NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and study the physical and chemical properties of molecules. It provides detailed information about molecular structure by detecting hydrogen and other nuclei. The document discusses the basic principles of NMR, instrumentation, factors affecting chemical shifts, and applications in medicine such as anatomical imaging and tumor detection.
Spectrofluorimetry involves the absorption of UV or visible radiation by a molecule, exciting it to a higher energy state. The molecule then relaxes and emits light of a longer wavelength. It is a sensitive technique that can detect low concentrations of organic and inorganic substances. Factors like conjugation, substituents, temperature, and oxygen presence affect fluorescence intensity. Instrumentation includes a light source, filters, sample cell, and detector. Applications include analysis of foods, pharmaceuticals, clinical samples, and natural products.
Flourescence spectroscopy- instrumentation and applicationssinghsnehi01
This document discusses fluorescence and phosphorescence. It defines fluorescence as the emission of light that starts immediately upon absorption of light and stops when the light is removed. Phosphorescence is defined as delayed fluorescence where light continues to be emitted even after the absorbed light is removed. It discusses factors that affect fluorescence like concentration, quantum yield, incident light intensity, oxygen, pH, temperature, viscosity, photodecomposition, and quenchers. Instrumentation for fluorescence includes light sources, filters, sample cells, monochromators, and detectors like photomultiplier tubes. Applications include determination of metals in alloys and fluorescence-based assays.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses the theory behind FTIR, which uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously rather than individually. The key components of an FTIR spectrometer are described, including the radiation source, interferometer, and various detector types. Advantages of FTIR over dispersive instruments include its simpler design, elimination of stray light issues, and ability to rapidly collect an entire infrared spectrum. Applications of FTIR spectroscopy are also mentioned.
This document discusses key chromatography parameters including retention time, retention volume, baseline width, void time, efficiency, retention factor, selectivity, resolution, tailing factor, asymmetry factor, and pressure. Retention time is the time elapsed between sample introduction and maximum signal detection. Retention volume is the mobile phase volume needed to elute a solute. Efficiency describes the theoretical plate number of a column. Selectivity measures the separation of peaks and resolution describes the ability to separate peaks.
Fluorescence spectroscopy involves using ultraviolet light to excite electrons in molecules, causing them to emit visible light. The emitted light has a longer wavelength than the absorbed light. Fluorimeters are used to measure fluorescence, exciting samples at an absorption wavelength and measuring emission at a longer fluorescence wavelength. Fluorescence spectroscopy is useful for applications like determining fluorescent drugs in formulations, carrying out limit tests for fluorescent impurities, and studying drug-protein binding in bioanalysis.
This document compares and contrasts the properties of dispersive infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses seven key differences between the two techniques: 1) components and movement, 2) calibration, 3) stray light effects, 4) number of frequencies detected simultaneously, 5) scan speed, 6) effects of IR radiation from the sample, and 7) advantages of single beam versus double beam optics.
This document discusses the principle and technique of spectrofluorimetry. It begins by explaining that fluorescence involves the emission of radiation from a molecule that has been excited to a higher energy state. It describes the Stokes shift and factors that influence fluorescence. It then covers instrumentation used in spectrofluorimetry, which involves dual monochromators to select excitation and emission wavelengths. Applications include enzyme assays, protein structure analysis, and fluorescence immunoassays.
Flame photometry is a technique that uses the intensity of light emitted from a flame to determine the concentration of certain metal ions in a sample. When a sample is introduced into the flame, the metal ions are atomized and excited. As they return to the ground state, they emit light of characteristic wavelengths. The intensity of light emitted can then be measured to determine the concentration of the metal ions. Flame photometry is used to analyze samples for concentrations of ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and lithium. It has applications in analyzing body fluids and determining metal concentrations in materials like cement.
Zone electrophoresis is an electrophoretic technique used to separate charged particles like proteins, nucleic acids, and biopolymers. It works by migrating the charged particles through a stabilizing medium like paper, agarose gel, or polyacrylamide gel under the influence of an electric field. The separated components form discrete zones on the supporting medium. Common types of zone electrophoresis include paper electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis using agarose or polyacrylamide, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and thin layer electrophoresis. Each technique has advantages and applications for separating different types of biological molecules.
Spectrofluorimetry is a technique that measures fluorescence emitted from molecules. It involves exciting molecules with UV or visible light which causes electrons to transition to an excited state. The molecule then relaxes and emits light of a longer wavelength. Factors like concentration, quantum yield, path length, pH, temperature and presence of quenchers affect the intensity of fluorescence. Spectrofluorimeters are used to collect excitation and emission spectra of molecules to identify them.
The document discusses fluorescence spectroscopy. It defines fluorescence as emission of light that occurs when a substance absorbs light and returns to its ground state, emitting photons. Factors that affect fluorescence include the molecular structure, substituents, concentration, pH, temperature, and viscosity. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy includes a light source, filters, sample cells, and detectors such as photomultiplier tubes. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy include determination of inorganic substances, use as fluorescent indicators, pharmaceutical analysis, and liquid chromatography.
Capillary electrophoresis is a technique that uses narrow bore capillaries to separate charged molecules via electrophoretic mobility. When a voltage is applied, molecules migrate through the capillary at different rates depending on their charge and size. This allows analytes like proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules to be separated. Key advantages are high efficiency, short analysis times, and low sample volume requirements. Common modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Applications include analysis in pharmaceuticals and detection of microbial contamination.
Fluorescence is the phenomenon whereby a molecule, after absorption radiation, emits radiation of a longer wavelength.
A compound absorbs radiation in the UV-rgion and emits visible light.
Absorption of uv/visible radiation causes transition of electrons from ground state (low energy) to excited state (high energy).
This increase in wavelength is known as the Stokes shift.
This document discusses affinity chromatography, a technique used to separate biological molecules based on specific reversible interactions between a ligand attached to a matrix and the target molecule. It provides a brief history of affinity chromatography, outlines the basic principles and components including the matrix, spacer arm, and ligand. Examples of ligand-target pairs are given such as antigen-antibody and substrate-enzyme. Applications include purification of nucleic acids, antibodies, enzymes from mixtures. Advantages are high specificity and purity while disadvantages include cost and limited lifetime of the solid support.
1) IR spectroscopy uses infrared radiation to identify chemical substances by their absorption patterns.
2) The main components of an IR spectrometer are a radiation source, monochromator, sample cells, detectors, and recorder.
3) Common radiation sources are Nernst glowers, globar sources, and incandescent wires, which emit IR radiation that is focused through the sample.
This document provides an overview of flame emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It discusses the theory, principles, instrumentation, interferences and applications of both techniques. Flame emission spectroscopy measures the light emitted from excited atoms in a flame, while atomic absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of light by ground state atoms. Both can be used to analyze metals but atomic absorption spectroscopy provides better precision and is applicable to more elements.
- The document is a presentation on ultraviolet spectroscopy submitted by Moriyom Akhter and Md Shah Alam from the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh.
- It defines ultraviolet spectroscopy and discusses key concepts like absorption spectra, types of electronic transitions that can occur, Beer's and Lambert's absorption laws, instrumentation components, and applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
- The presentation also examines effects of chromophores and auxochromes on absorption spectra and maximum wavelengths, and how solvents can shift absorption peaks.
Mass spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze molecules. It involves ionizing molecules using electrons, accelerating the ions, and separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio using electric or magnetic fields. The ions are then detected, producing a mass spectrum that is unique to each molecule and can be used to determine molecular structure. Mass spectroscopy requires only a small amount of sample and provides accurate molecular mass and elemental composition information. It is a destructive technique as the sample is consumed during ionization and fragmentation processes.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of elements by detecting the amount of light absorbed by atoms in the gaseous state at specific wavelengths. It works by vaporizing and atomizing samples using a flame or graphite furnace, then measuring the absorption of light from a hollow cathode lamp at characteristic wavelengths. The instrument consists of a light source, atomizer, monochromator, detector, and readout system. Calibration curves of concentration versus absorption are used to determine unknown concentrations in samples. Potential interferences can affect the analysis and must be minimized. Atomic absorption spectroscopy has various applications in fields like metallurgy, pharmaceutical analysis, and biochemical analysis.
Principles and application of fluorescence spectroscopyruthannfrimpong1
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that measures the fluorescence from samples to determine their composition. It involves exciting a sample with light and measuring the wavelengths of the light emitted. The document discusses the principles of fluorescence, the components of fluorescence spectrometers, factors that influence fluorescence measurements, and applications to food analysis like detecting heat treatments of milk and quantifying nutrients. Case studies demonstrate how fluorescence spectra can distinguish between raw and processed milk.
Spectrofluorimetry uses fluorescence to analyze samples. Fluorescence occurs when molecules absorb ultraviolet or visible light then emit light at a higher wavelength. A spectrofluorimeter contains a light source, monochromators to isolate wavelengths, and a detector. It can quantify substances like vitamins, drugs, proteins, and more down to attogram levels. Though specific, fluorescence can be impacted by environmental factors and some compounds may not fluoresce. Areas of application include chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, and more.
Flourescence spectroscopy- instrumentation and applicationssinghsnehi01
This document discusses fluorescence and phosphorescence. It defines fluorescence as the emission of light that starts immediately upon absorption of light and stops when the light is removed. Phosphorescence is defined as delayed fluorescence where light continues to be emitted even after the absorbed light is removed. It discusses factors that affect fluorescence like concentration, quantum yield, incident light intensity, oxygen, pH, temperature, viscosity, photodecomposition, and quenchers. Instrumentation for fluorescence includes light sources, filters, sample cells, monochromators, and detectors like photomultiplier tubes. Applications include determination of metals in alloys and fluorescence-based assays.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses the theory behind FTIR, which uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously rather than individually. The key components of an FTIR spectrometer are described, including the radiation source, interferometer, and various detector types. Advantages of FTIR over dispersive instruments include its simpler design, elimination of stray light issues, and ability to rapidly collect an entire infrared spectrum. Applications of FTIR spectroscopy are also mentioned.
This document discusses key chromatography parameters including retention time, retention volume, baseline width, void time, efficiency, retention factor, selectivity, resolution, tailing factor, asymmetry factor, and pressure. Retention time is the time elapsed between sample introduction and maximum signal detection. Retention volume is the mobile phase volume needed to elute a solute. Efficiency describes the theoretical plate number of a column. Selectivity measures the separation of peaks and resolution describes the ability to separate peaks.
Fluorescence spectroscopy involves using ultraviolet light to excite electrons in molecules, causing them to emit visible light. The emitted light has a longer wavelength than the absorbed light. Fluorimeters are used to measure fluorescence, exciting samples at an absorption wavelength and measuring emission at a longer fluorescence wavelength. Fluorescence spectroscopy is useful for applications like determining fluorescent drugs in formulations, carrying out limit tests for fluorescent impurities, and studying drug-protein binding in bioanalysis.
This document compares and contrasts the properties of dispersive infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses seven key differences between the two techniques: 1) components and movement, 2) calibration, 3) stray light effects, 4) number of frequencies detected simultaneously, 5) scan speed, 6) effects of IR radiation from the sample, and 7) advantages of single beam versus double beam optics.
This document discusses the principle and technique of spectrofluorimetry. It begins by explaining that fluorescence involves the emission of radiation from a molecule that has been excited to a higher energy state. It describes the Stokes shift and factors that influence fluorescence. It then covers instrumentation used in spectrofluorimetry, which involves dual monochromators to select excitation and emission wavelengths. Applications include enzyme assays, protein structure analysis, and fluorescence immunoassays.
Flame photometry is a technique that uses the intensity of light emitted from a flame to determine the concentration of certain metal ions in a sample. When a sample is introduced into the flame, the metal ions are atomized and excited. As they return to the ground state, they emit light of characteristic wavelengths. The intensity of light emitted can then be measured to determine the concentration of the metal ions. Flame photometry is used to analyze samples for concentrations of ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and lithium. It has applications in analyzing body fluids and determining metal concentrations in materials like cement.
Zone electrophoresis is an electrophoretic technique used to separate charged particles like proteins, nucleic acids, and biopolymers. It works by migrating the charged particles through a stabilizing medium like paper, agarose gel, or polyacrylamide gel under the influence of an electric field. The separated components form discrete zones on the supporting medium. Common types of zone electrophoresis include paper electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis using agarose or polyacrylamide, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and thin layer electrophoresis. Each technique has advantages and applications for separating different types of biological molecules.
Spectrofluorimetry is a technique that measures fluorescence emitted from molecules. It involves exciting molecules with UV or visible light which causes electrons to transition to an excited state. The molecule then relaxes and emits light of a longer wavelength. Factors like concentration, quantum yield, path length, pH, temperature and presence of quenchers affect the intensity of fluorescence. Spectrofluorimeters are used to collect excitation and emission spectra of molecules to identify them.
The document discusses fluorescence spectroscopy. It defines fluorescence as emission of light that occurs when a substance absorbs light and returns to its ground state, emitting photons. Factors that affect fluorescence include the molecular structure, substituents, concentration, pH, temperature, and viscosity. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy includes a light source, filters, sample cells, and detectors such as photomultiplier tubes. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy include determination of inorganic substances, use as fluorescent indicators, pharmaceutical analysis, and liquid chromatography.
Capillary electrophoresis is a technique that uses narrow bore capillaries to separate charged molecules via electrophoretic mobility. When a voltage is applied, molecules migrate through the capillary at different rates depending on their charge and size. This allows analytes like proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules to be separated. Key advantages are high efficiency, short analysis times, and low sample volume requirements. Common modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Applications include analysis in pharmaceuticals and detection of microbial contamination.
Fluorescence is the phenomenon whereby a molecule, after absorption radiation, emits radiation of a longer wavelength.
A compound absorbs radiation in the UV-rgion and emits visible light.
Absorption of uv/visible radiation causes transition of electrons from ground state (low energy) to excited state (high energy).
This increase in wavelength is known as the Stokes shift.
This document discusses affinity chromatography, a technique used to separate biological molecules based on specific reversible interactions between a ligand attached to a matrix and the target molecule. It provides a brief history of affinity chromatography, outlines the basic principles and components including the matrix, spacer arm, and ligand. Examples of ligand-target pairs are given such as antigen-antibody and substrate-enzyme. Applications include purification of nucleic acids, antibodies, enzymes from mixtures. Advantages are high specificity and purity while disadvantages include cost and limited lifetime of the solid support.
1) IR spectroscopy uses infrared radiation to identify chemical substances by their absorption patterns.
2) The main components of an IR spectrometer are a radiation source, monochromator, sample cells, detectors, and recorder.
3) Common radiation sources are Nernst glowers, globar sources, and incandescent wires, which emit IR radiation that is focused through the sample.
This document provides an overview of flame emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It discusses the theory, principles, instrumentation, interferences and applications of both techniques. Flame emission spectroscopy measures the light emitted from excited atoms in a flame, while atomic absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of light by ground state atoms. Both can be used to analyze metals but atomic absorption spectroscopy provides better precision and is applicable to more elements.
- The document is a presentation on ultraviolet spectroscopy submitted by Moriyom Akhter and Md Shah Alam from the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh.
- It defines ultraviolet spectroscopy and discusses key concepts like absorption spectra, types of electronic transitions that can occur, Beer's and Lambert's absorption laws, instrumentation components, and applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
- The presentation also examines effects of chromophores and auxochromes on absorption spectra and maximum wavelengths, and how solvents can shift absorption peaks.
Mass spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze molecules. It involves ionizing molecules using electrons, accelerating the ions, and separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio using electric or magnetic fields. The ions are then detected, producing a mass spectrum that is unique to each molecule and can be used to determine molecular structure. Mass spectroscopy requires only a small amount of sample and provides accurate molecular mass and elemental composition information. It is a destructive technique as the sample is consumed during ionization and fragmentation processes.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of elements by detecting the amount of light absorbed by atoms in the gaseous state at specific wavelengths. It works by vaporizing and atomizing samples using a flame or graphite furnace, then measuring the absorption of light from a hollow cathode lamp at characteristic wavelengths. The instrument consists of a light source, atomizer, monochromator, detector, and readout system. Calibration curves of concentration versus absorption are used to determine unknown concentrations in samples. Potential interferences can affect the analysis and must be minimized. Atomic absorption spectroscopy has various applications in fields like metallurgy, pharmaceutical analysis, and biochemical analysis.
Principles and application of fluorescence spectroscopyruthannfrimpong1
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that measures the fluorescence from samples to determine their composition. It involves exciting a sample with light and measuring the wavelengths of the light emitted. The document discusses the principles of fluorescence, the components of fluorescence spectrometers, factors that influence fluorescence measurements, and applications to food analysis like detecting heat treatments of milk and quantifying nutrients. Case studies demonstrate how fluorescence spectra can distinguish between raw and processed milk.
Spectrofluorimetry uses fluorescence to analyze samples. Fluorescence occurs when molecules absorb ultraviolet or visible light then emit light at a higher wavelength. A spectrofluorimeter contains a light source, monochromators to isolate wavelengths, and a detector. It can quantify substances like vitamins, drugs, proteins, and more down to attogram levels. Though specific, fluorescence can be impacted by environmental factors and some compounds may not fluoresce. Areas of application include chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, and more.
This document provides an overview of spectrofluorimetry. It begins with an introduction that defines fluorescence and phosphorescence as types of photoluminescence that occur when electrons return to the ground state from an excited state. It then discusses the principle, theory, instrumentation, factors affecting fluorescence, and applications of spectrofluorimetry. The instrumentation section describes the main components, including a light source, excitation and emission monochromators, sample holder, detector, and readout device. Common factors that can affect fluorescence intensity are concentration, incident light intensity, quantum yield, absorption, pH, oxygen, temperature, viscosity, and scatter. Applications include chemical modification of compounds, identification of compounds based on excitation and emission spectra, and assays of vitamins
A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. These parameters are used to identify the presence and the number of specific molecules in a medium.
This document discusses fluorometry and its application in analyzing cephalosporin antibiotics. It begins with defining types of luminescence including fluorescence and providing an overview of the principles of fluorometry. It then discusses structural factors that affect fluorescence and advantages of fluorometry such as high sensitivity. The document provides examples of using fluorometry to analyze specific cephalosporins like cefoxitin and cefuroxime. It also briefly discusses other methods for analyzing cephalosporins and concludes by stating fluorometry is well suited for trace analysis of pharmaceutical compounds.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy involves absorbing photons which causes photoexcitation, followed by re-emission of photons of longer wavelength. It provides information on material properties like composition, stress, and quality by analyzing peak frequencies, widths, intensities and polarization in the captured spectra. Applications include determining semiconductor band gaps and studying nanomaterials. The document discusses the basic physics, instrumentation, examples and conclusions of photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Fluorescence spectroscopy involves exciting a chemical substance with UV or visible light, causing it to emit light at a longer wavelength. This phenomenon is called luminescence. Depending on the lifetime of the excited state, luminescence is categorized into fluorescence (10-8 to 10-4 seconds) or phosphorescence (10-4 to 10 seconds). Fluorometry is a sensitive analytical technique used in various fields like biochemistry and environmental science to study molecular interactions and assay fluorescent compounds like drugs. It provides high selectivity for trace analysis of substances in biological samples.
fluorimetry and phosphorimetry m pharmacy notes scop sataranikhil salunkhe
This document provides an introduction to fluorimetry and phosphorimetry. It defines fluorescence as the emission of visible light when certain substances are exposed to light, while phosphorescence is the continued emission of light even after the light source is removed. The principle involves excitation of electrons from the highest occupied to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Factors that affect fluorescence and phosphorescence include concentration, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, substituents, scatter, and adsorption. Applications include determination of various compounds in samples like urine, serum, food, and more.
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that uses fluorescence from molecules to analyze samples. Certain molecules emit light at longer wavelengths after absorbing ultraviolet or visible light (fluorescence). This technique is highly sensitive and can detect fluorescent compounds even when present at low concentrations. It has various applications like determining drugs in formulations, studying drug-protein binding, and bioanalysis. Factors like temperature, pH, concentration, and molecular structure can influence fluorescence intensity. Fluorometers contain a light source, wavelength selection devices, and photodetectors to measure fluorescence from samples.
This document discusses fluorescence spectroscopy and its applications in pharmacy. It begins with definitions of fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence. It describes how fluorescent substances emit light when exposed to radiation and discusses factors that affect fluorescence like molecular structure, substituents, concentration, oxygen, pH, and temperature. The principles of fluorescence are explained using Jablonski diagrams. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy including light sources, filters, sample cells, and detectors are outlined. Finally, applications of fluorescence spectroscopy in inorganic analysis, organic analysis, liquid chromatography, and determination of vitamins and drugs are described.
1. Spectrofluorimetry is a technique where samples are excited by UV/visible light which causes electrons to move to an excited state. As electrons return to the ground state, they emit fluorescence that is detected.
2. A spectrofluorometer contains a light source, excitation monochromator, sample holder, emission monochromator, and detector. It quantitatively analyzes fluorescence intensity to determine concentration.
3. Spectrofluorometry has various applications including determining organic and inorganic compounds, proteins, vitamins, and more. It is useful for pharmaceutical, food, and environmental analysis.
Spectroscopic methods in inorganic Chemistry: Fluorescence spectroscopy Chris Sonntag
Fluorescence spectroscopy involves absorption of UV or visible light by a molecule, promoting electrons to an excited state. The molecule then relaxes and emits light of a longer wavelength. It has many applications, including determination of organic and some inorganic substances at low concentrations in areas like food analysis, pharmaceuticals, and clinical samples. Factors like conjugation, substituents, temperature, and oxygen presence can influence fluorescence intensity. It is a sensitive and specific technique compared to absorption spectroscopy.
Fluorescence spectroscopy involves three main processes: excitation, where a molecule absorbs a photon and reaches an excited state; internal conversion and vibrational relaxation in the excited state; and fluorescence emission, where the molecule returns to the ground state and emits a photon. It has many applications including structural elucidation of molecules, monitoring molecular interactions and conformational changes, and tracking ions and biomolecules in cells. Specifically, intrinsic protein fluorescence relies on tryptophan residues, while extrinsic labels are often used for non-fluorescent compounds. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) also allows measuring distances between fluorophores to study biomolecular interactions and conformational dynamics.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a technique that measures the emission of light from a material that has absorbed photons. The document outlines the basic principles of photoluminescence, how the technique is performed using instrumentation like luminescence spectrometers, and the types of information that can be obtained from photoluminescence spectra like material composition, quality, and defects. Examples of photoluminescence spectra are provided for materials like semiconductors and applications of the technique discussed, such as for studying semiconductors and nanomaterials.
Spectrofluorimetry uses fluorescence to analyze samples. It involves exciting a sample with light and measuring the wavelength and intensity of any light emitted. Key aspects covered in the document include:
- The history of fluorescence and different types of luminescence
- How spectrofluorometers work using light sources, filters/monochromators, sample cells, and detectors
- Factors that influence fluorescence intensity
- Applications of spectrofluorometry in environmental and chemical analysis
This document provides an overview of spectrofluorimetry and fluorescence. It begins by explaining the principles behind fluorescence - how absorption of UV or visible light causes electrons to transition to an excited state and then emit light as they fall back down. It then discusses fluorescence and fluorimetry in more detail. The rest of the document covers the Jablonski diagram, factors that affect fluorescence, types of quenching, instrumentation used including light sources, filters, sample cells and detectors, and applications of fluorescence including pharmaceutical analysis.
spectrofluorometer is the instrument for recording fluorescence emission and absorption spectra When a beam of light is incident on certain substances they emit visible light or radiations. This is known as fluorescence. Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off. The substances showing this phenomenon are known as flourescent substances.
Spectrofluorimetry or fluorimetry (www.Redicals.com)Goa App
The term fluorescence comes from the mineral fluorspar (calcium fluoride) when Sir George G. Stokes observed in 1852 that fluorspar would give off visible light (fluoresce) when exposed to electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet wavelength.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
2. CONTENTS:
Introduction
the principle of spectrofluorometer
What can specrofluorometer do?
The components of specrofluorometer
Fluorescence Spectra
Fluorescence and chemical structure
Applications of Spectrofluorometer
New pharmaceutical studies conducted by
spectrofluorometer
References
4. HISTORY:
The term fluorescence comes from the mineral
fluorspar (calcium fluoride) when Sir George G.
Stokes observed in 1852 that fluorspar would give
off visible light (fluoresce) when exposed to
electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet
wavelength.
5. THE PRINCIPLE OF SPECTROFLUOROMETER:
It is an analytical device depends on the fluorescence
phenomenon which is a short-lived type of
photoluminescence created by electromagnetic excitation.
That is, fluorescence is generated when a molecule
transmits from its ground state So to one of several
vibrational energy levels in the first excited electronic
state, S1, or the second electronic excited state, S2, both
of which are singlet states.
Relaxation to the ground state from these excited states
occurs by emission of energy through heat and/or
photons.
6. The difference between the excitation and emission
wavelengths is called the Stokes shift.
Stokes’ studies of fluorescent substances led to the
formulation of Stokes’ Law, which states that the
wavelength of fluorescent light is always greater
than that of the exciting radiation. Thus, for any
fluorescent molecule, the wavelength of emission is
always longer than the wavelength of absorption.
7.
8. WHAT IS THE FLUORESCENCE QUANTUM YIELD (ΦF)?
It is the quantitative expression of the fluorescence
efficiency, which is the fraction of excited molecules
returning to the ground state by fluorescence.
Quantum yields range from 1, when every molecule in
an excited state undergoes fluorescence, to 0 when
fluorescence does not occur.
9. A molecule’s fluorescence quantum yield is
influenced by external Variables such as:
• temperature
• viscosity of solvent
• pH
Increasing temperature generally decreases Φf
because more frequent collisions between the molecule
and the solvent increases external conversion.
Decreasing the solvent’s viscosity decreases Φf for
similar reasons.
For an analyte with acidic or basic functional groups, a
change in pH may change the analyte’s structure
and, therefore, its fluorescent properties.
10. Emission of a photon
when the analyte
returns from a higher-
energy state to a lower-
energy state with the
opposite spin (triplet
excited state: An
excited state in which
unpaired electron spins
occur.).
Average lifetime from
10-3 to 10+2 sec
Emission of a photon
when the analyte
returns from a higher-
energy state to a lower-
energy state with the
same spin (singlet
excited state: An
excited state in which
all electron spins are
paired).
Average lifetime from
10-9 to 10-7 sec
Phosphorescence Fluorescence
11.
12.
13. WHAT CAN SPECROFLUOROMETER DO?
It has been used for the direct or indirect quantitative and
qualitative analysis by measuring the fluorescent
intensity F.
It is relatively inexpensive and sensitive (the sensitivity
of fluorescence is approximately 1,000 times greater
than absorption spectrophotometric methods).
14. fluorescent intensity F is dependent on both intrinsic
properties of the compound (fluorescence quantum yield
Φf), and on readily controlled experimental parameters
including:
• intensity of the absorbed light I0
• molar absorption coefficient Ɛ
• path length of the cell b
• concentration of the fluorophor in solution c
15. At low concentrations of fluorophore, the fluorescence
intensity of a sample is essentially linearly proportional
to concentration.
However, as the concentration increases, a point is
reached at which the intensity increase is progressively
less linear, and the intensity eventually decreases as
concentration increases further.
17. The most common reason for this is Inner filter effect
that, as the absorbance of the sample increases, the
light intensity experienced by some of the fluorescent
molecules is lower than that experienced by others.
When excitation intensity decreases, so does
fluorescence emission intensity.
It is generally necessary to use concentrations that
result in absorbance values of 0.1 or lower to observe
concentration dependent emission.
18. As the concentration of molecules in a solution
increases, probability increases that excited molecules
will interact with each other and lose energy through
processes other than fluorescent emission. Any process
that reduces the probability of fluorescent emission is
known as quenching.
Other parameters that can cause quenching include:
• presence of impurities
• increased temperature
• reduced viscosity of the solution media
19. THE COMPONENTS OF SPECROFLUOROMETER:
1. light source (75 to 450-W high-pressure xenon arc
lamp or Lasers)
2. excitation monochromator
3. sample holder (Quartz/Optical Glass/Plastic Cells)
4. emission monochromator
5. Detector (photomultiplier)
6. Most spectrofluorometers also have a reference
sample. The reference is generally a solution of a
strongly fluorescent molecule with a broad
absorbance spectrum such as rhodamine. The
reference is necessary to correct for lamp
output, especially when varying the excitation
wavelength, and to correct for differences in
detector sensitivity.
20.
21.
22. FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA:
Photoluminescence spectra are recorded by measuring
the intensity of emitted radiation as a function of either
the excitation wavelength or the emission wavelength.
The excitation spectra is determined by measuring the
emission intensity at a fixed wavelength , while varying
the excitation wavelength. It is useful for selecting the
best excitation wavelength for a quantitative or
qualitative analysis.
The emission spectra is determined by measuring the
variation in emission intensity wavelength for a fixed
excitation wavelength.
23.
24. FLUORESCENCE AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE:
Fluorescence is generally observed with molecules
where the lowest energy absorption is →*
transition, although some n→* transitions show weak
fluorescence.
Most unsubstituted, nonheterocyclic aromatic
compounds show favorable fluorescence quantum
yields wich usually increases with the number of rings
and their degree of condensation. In
addition, substitution to the aromatic ring can have a
significant effect on Φf. For example, the presence of an
electron-withdrawing group, such as (NO2), decreases
Φf, whereas adding an electron-donating group, such as
(OH), increases Φf.
25. Fluorescence also increases for aromatic ring
systems and for aromatic molecules with rigid planar
structures.
The simple heterocyclics, such as
pyridine, furan, thiophene, and pyrrole do not exhibit
fluorescence; on the other hand, fused ring structures
ordinarily do.
26. SPECTROFLUOROMETER:APPLICATIONS OF
Environmental Significance:
To detect environmental pollutants such as polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons:
• pyrene
• benzopyrene
• organothiophosphorous pesticides
• carbamate insecticides
Geology:
Many types of calcite and amber will fluoresce under
shortwave UV. Rubies, emeralds, and the Hope
Diamond exhibit red fluorescence under short-wave UV
light; diamonds also emit light under X ray radiation.
27. SPECTROFLUOROMETER:APPLICATIONS OF
Analytical chemistry
to detect compounds from HPLC flow
TLC plates can be visualized if the compounds or a
coloring reagent is fluorescent
Biochemistry:
used generally as a non-destructive way of tracking or
analysis of biological molecules (proteins)
Possible direct or indirect analysis aromatic amino acids
(phenylalanine- tyrosine-tryptophan)
Fingerprints can be visualized with fluorescent
compounds such as ninhydrin.
28. SPECTROFLUOROMETER:APPLICATIONS OF
Medicine
Blood and other substances are sometimes detected by
fluorescent reagents, particularly where their location was not
previously known.
There has also been a report of its use in differentiating
malignant, bashful skin tumors from benign.
Pharmacy:
Possible direct or indirect analysis drugs such as:
• vitamins (vitamin A -vitamin B2 -vitamin B6 -vitamin B12 -
vitamin E -folic acid)
• catecholamines (dopamine-norepinephrine)
• Other drugs (quinine-salicylic acid–morphine-barbiturates –
LSD)
32. A HIGHLY SENSITIVE FLUORIMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION
VIACAPSULESANDFORMBULKITSINLENALIDOMIDEOF
DERIVATIZATION WITH FLUORESCAMINE
.NZLZOMANA,AHAKHEITB,NYHALILK,IAARWISHD
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY, COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, KING SAUD UNIVERSITY,, P,O, BOX 2457, RIYADH, 11451, SAUDI
ARABIA. IDARWISH@KSU.EDU.SA.
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND: Lenalidomide (LND) is a potent novel thalidomide analog which demonstrated remarkable
clinical activity in treatment of multiple myeloma disease via a multiple-pathways mechanism. The strong
evidences-based clinical success of LND in patients has led to its recent approval by US-FDA under the trade
name of Revlimid® capsules by Celgene Corporation. Fluorimetry is a convenient technique for
pharmaceutical quality control, however there was a fluorimetric method for determination of LND in its bulk
and capsules.
RESULTS: A novel highly sensitive and simple fluorimetric method has been developed and validated for the
determination of lenalidmide (LND) in its bulk and dosage forms (capsules). The method was based on
nucleophilic substitution reaction of LND with fluorescamine (FLC) in aqueous medium to form a highly
fluorescent derivative that was measured at 494 nm after excitation at 381 nm. The factors affecting the
reaction were carefully studied and optimized. The kinetics of the reaction was investigated, and the reaction
mechanism was postulated. Under the optimized conditions, linear relationship with good correlation
coefficient (0.9999) was found between the fluorescence intensity and LND concentration in the range of 25-
300 ng/mL. The limits of detection and quantitation for the method were 2.9 and 8.7 ng/mL, respectively. The
precision of the method was satisfactory; the values of relative standard deviations did not exceed 1.4%. The
proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of LND in its bulk form and pharmaceutical
capsules with good accuracy; the recovery values were 97.8-101.4 ± 1.08-2.75%.
CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method is selective and involved simple procedures. In conclusion, the method is
practical and valuable for routine application in quality control laboratories for determination of LND.
.118-6-X153-1752/1186.10:doi.118):1(6;16Oct2012Cent J.Chem
34. INTIZANIDINEOFDETERMINATIONSPECTROFLUORIMETRICENSITIVES
PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS, HUMAN PLASMA AND URINE
THROUGH DERIVATIZATION WITH DANSYL CHLORIDE
.STLUU
DEPARTMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF PHARMACY, ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY, TURKEY. SEVGITATAR@YAHOO.COM
Abstract
A sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of
tizanidine in human plasma, urine and pharmaceutical preparations. The method
is based on reaction of tizanidine with 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulphonyl
chloride (dansyl chloride) in an alkaline medium to form a highly fluorescent
derivative that was measured at 511 nm after excitation at 383 nm. The different
experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence intensity of tizanidine was
carefully studied and optimized. The fluorescence-concentration plots were
rectilinear over the ranges 50-500 and 20-300 ng/mL for plasma and
urine, respectively, detection limits of 1.81 and 0.54 ng/mL and quantification
limits of 5.43 and 1.62 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The method
presents good performance in terms of linearity, detection and quantification
limits, precision, accuracy and specificity. The proposed method was successfully
applied for the determination of tizanidine in pharmaceutical preparations. The
results obtained were compared with a reference method, using t- and F-tests.
.28Oct2011Epub.1367/bio.1002.10:doi.30-426):5(27Oct;-Sep2012Luminescence.
36. INHCLPAROXETINEOFDETERMINATIONPECTROFLUORIMETRICS
PHARMACEUTICALS VIA DERIVATIZATION WITH 4-
CHLORO-7- NITROBENZO-2-OXA-1,3-DIAZOLE (NBD-CL)
.HLMANSIE,NNANYE-LE,FELALB,MALSHW
DEPARTMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY OF
MANSOURA, MANSOURA, EGYPT.
Abstract:
A sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and
validated for the determination of the antidepressant paroxetine HCl (PXT) in its
dosage forms. The method was based on coupling reaction of PXT with 4-
chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2- oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) in an alkaline medium (pH 8)
to form a highly fluorescent derivative that was measured at 530 nm after
excitation at 460 nm. The factors affecting the formation and stability of the
reaction product were carefully studied and optimized. The fluorescence-
concentration plot is rectilinear over the range 0.2-6 μg/mL with LOD of 0.08
μg/mL and LOQ of 0.24 μg/mL respectively. The method was applied to the
analysis of commercial tablets and the results were in good agreement with
those obtained using the reference method. The mean percentage recoveries
for paxetin and xandol tablets were 101.27 ± 1.79 and 101.33 ± 1.19
respectively. A proposal of the reaction pathway was postulated.
J Fluoresc. 2011 Jan;21(1):105-12. doi: 10.1007/s10895-010-0693-2. Epub 2010 Jul 1.
38. HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND
SPECTROFLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ΑLPHA- TOCOPHEROL IN A
NATURAL PLANT: FERULA HERMONIS (ZALOOH ROOT)
CANNAHHALILK,BHIDIACCHIWAG,,BIMARAMILJ,AOUNAMILEE
A LEBANESE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (LARI), FANAR, P.O. BOX 90 1965, JDEIDET EL-METN, LEBANON
B LABORATORY OF MOLECULAR CHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE II, THE LEBANESE UNIVERSITY, FANAR, P.O. BOX
26110217 FANAR-MATN, LEBANON
Abstract:
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of α-
tocopherol in a natural plant (Ferula hermonis–Zalooh roots) is reported. The method
includes saponification of samples and extraction of α-tocopherol with a mixture of
acetonitrile and methanol (1:1 v/v). However, the presence of α-tocopherol in Zalooh
is confirmed with HPLC-UV and fluorescence detection. A spectrofluorometric and the
internal addition standard methods are also used to quantify the α-tocopherol in the
plant. An internal standard method is based on a known concentration of α-tocopherol
that is added in every sample that is analyzed. Alpha-tocopherol levels as determined
in samples by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection did not differ significantly
from the levels determined by Shimadzu spectrofluorometer . However, the amount of
tocopherol determined by both techniques in Zalooh roots was relatively very high.
Standards were checked for linearity giving correlation coefficients that were higher
than 0.99 in the concentration range of 1 and 6 μmol L−1.
615–607, Pages2005November,7, Issue18Volume