This document discusses effective speaking and listening. It covers various modes and types of listening like active listening, empathetic listening, and barriers to listening. It also discusses types of conversations, paralinguistic features that affect speaking, confidence and clarity in speaking, types of speaking like persuasive speaking, and public speaking. The key aspects of persuasive speaking discussed are credibility, evidence, emotional appeal, and reasoning. Tips are provided for effective conversation, telephone etiquette, writing dialogues, and overcoming barriers to speaking.

1. Chapter 6 & 7
Effective Speaking &Listening

2. Listening & Speaking
• Listening and speaking complement
each other
• Context:
Personal, academic, professional
• Communication involves conversation
based on listening and speaking.
• Better the listener better the speaker

3. Modes of Hearing
• Active Passive
• Conscious Subconscious
• Interested Casual
• Only listening While doing other things
• Important Routine
• Special Like any other topic
• Alert/attentive not alert or attentive
• Expressive Not expressing anything

4. Listening & Hearing
• Hearing Listening
• Sound heard Words listened
• Casual hearing Hearing with attention
• Attention divided Attention to the speaker
• What we want to what the speaker says
• Add our judgment No judgment added
• No response Response at every stage
• No interaction Asking questions at times

5. Types of Listening
• Appreciative : for fun - Music/play/film
• Listening for comprehension:
Understanding, analysing, applying. In
the classroom, with superiors, while
receiving instructions.
• Empathetic: Understand others
Psychological Counselor, nurse, Social
worker.

6. Types of Listening cont…
• Critical/Analytical: Evaluate the
speakers arguments, body language,
hidden meaning. politician/Accused
• Superficial Listening: similar to hearing
and passive listening. attending lecture.
• ‘You’ view point: Want to understand
then understood. Respecting the other
person. Encouraging him to open up.

7. Barriers to Listening
• Knowing too much or too little
• Speaker- Clarity & other paralinguistic
features
• Medium: Distance, noise in the channel
• Outer distractions
• Language repertoire:
• Cultural factors: Cultural Variation
• Listener : Poor/selective listener

8. Types of conversations
• Face-to-face : Talk, debate, discussion, seminar
• Telephonic : One to one, conferencing
Chat : least formal
Tete-a-tete /teit a teit/ : Personal/intimate
Dialogue : Formal discussion
Parley/pa:li/ : Formal discussion between enemies
Colloquy : Most formal meeting, discussion
Communion : profound spiritual - with God

9. Paralinguistic features affecting
Speaking
• Adjust volume
• Adopt moderate pitch
• Maintain average rate / speed
• Avoid monotone
• Realize the importance of pauses
• Avoid vocalized pauses
• Avoid lazy lip movements

10. Effective Conversation
• Listening intently
• Starting and ending appropriately
• Involving everyone
• Arousing and sustaining interest
• Developing ideas adequately
• Using appropriate language

11. Telephone Etiquette
• Use polite expressions
• Identify yourself
• Be clear and precise
• Do not shout
• Do not interrupt
• Listen patiently
• Focus on objective
• Always be prepared to take notes
• Be enthusiastic and courteous
• Thank the caller before ending

12. Dialogue
• Two way conversations
• Aimed at understanding and responding
• May involve opposing points of view
• Learn what words/ phrases to use
• How to ask questions
• How to convince

13. Writing a Dialogue
• Use quotation marks
• Start a new paragraph when speaker changes
• Use punctuation, capitalization, spacing
correctly
• Use suitable speech tags
• Use narrative sentences to show current
acts, thoughts and perceptions
• Sample dialogues : Page 149

14. Barriers to Speaking
Physical: Space, lighting, audio, seating
Psychological : fear, shyness, inhibition
Linguistic: Accuracy, fluency and
inadequate language repertoire.
Cultural: Unfamiliar habit, customs

15. Confidence & Clarity in Speaking
• Organize material logically
• Articulate well
• Adopt the correct speed
• Avoid swallowing / hurrying up end words
• Emphasize only necessary words/ phrases
• Avoid using too many difficult / unfamiliar
words
• Avoid too many negative words
• Practice some exercises ( for speech organs)

16. Types of Speaking
• 1) Task Oriented :
Collecting data, Eliciting information
• Addressing people to motivate them.
• Interviewing somebody for preparing articles/research
• 2) Interpersonal: For building new relationships or to
maintain the existing ones.
• 3) Semi – Formal & Informal
• Persuasive: Convincing the listener/s

17. Persuasive Speaking
Credibility:
Factors : intelligence, expertise and knowledge of the subject
and sincerity, trustworthiness and concern for the audience.
Here are few guidelines:
 Develop interest in the topic
 Refer to recent magazines, books, journals, newspapers etc. .
 Tell your audience the benefit they are going to reap
 Adapt yourself to your audience by giving examples related to
their life.

18. Persuasive Speaking cont…
• Evidence : Supporting materials :
examples, statistics, definitions, testimonies, and/o
r analogies.
 Use evidence from credible source
 Use novel and interesting evidence that the
audience can relate well to

19. Persuasive Speaking (ends)
• Reasoning: through specific instances /
examples
• Emotional Appeal: appeal to listener’s
emotions such as fear, compassion, pride,
anger, guilt, and reverence.

20. Public Speaking 1
• Public speaking need not necessarily mean the speech we deliver
in front of a large number of people.
a) Clarity of purpose: know whether you want to inform,
persuade, or entertain the audience.
b) Audience awareness; Find about who will be your audience.
c) Familiarity with location: Know where you need to deliver the
speech.
d) Collection and selection of content.
e) Outlining: Frame topics and subtopics for your speech

21. Public Speaking 2
Organizing Content: Introduction, main body, conclusion.
g. Selection of suitable mode of delivery: Extempore, reading
from text, speaking from memory. Start on time.
h. Effective use of body language, voice and visual aids.
j. Objectivity: present a balanced point of view.
k. Planning and Preparation: Rehearse before presenting.
l. Answering questions: Clarify if the questions are invited.

22. Public Speaking - 3
.Edit for smooth flow., Check the impact.
• Highlight important words or phrases.
 Practicing & control your neuvousness:
• Check whether your speech is delivered in time.
• Check if energy and enthusiasm are retained.
• Check the use of appropriate words and phrases.
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