The document discusses solid waste management practices in Indian cities. It defines solid waste as useless materials that are discarded. Solid waste management involves waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing, and disposal. The document notes that India's annual municipal solid waste generation has increased from 6 million tons in 1947 to an estimated 300 million tons in 2047. Current issues with solid waste management in Indian cities include inadequate waste collection systems, unscientific landfill practices, and lack of coordination between civic bodies. The document advocates for improved systems and protective measures for waste workers.

1. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN INDIAN CITIES:
PRESENT PRACTICES
Presented by
Ar. Krishna Prakash
CEng, AMIE, M.Tech (IIT Kgp),
B.Arch (NIT Jaipur), B.A. (Hons.)

2. • Solid waste (SW) is the useless or unwanted solid (or semi solid)
materials that has no further value to its owner and discarded.
• SW is generally generated from residential, commercial and
industrial activities in
a given region.
• It includes management of –
✓Waste generation
✓Storage
✓Collection
✓transport
✓Processing
✓Disposal.
INTRODUCTION
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3. Fig 1a : Schematic representation of Solid Waste Management in cities
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4. According to its origin –
• Domestic, Industrial, Commercial, Construction and Industrial
Classification of Solid Wastes
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Municipal Solid Waste
AgricultureWaste
Mining Waste
Industrial Waste
Constructionand Demolition
debris

5. According to its contents -
Organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper, etc.,
According to hazard potential -
toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious, etc.
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6. Schematic Solid Waste Management Process
Source : Modified from the Toolkit for Solid Waste Management Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, MoUD.
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7. • The annual quantity of solid waste generated in Indian cities -
Waste quantity (tons) Year
6 million 1947
48 million 1997
90 million 2009
300 million 2047
• Per capita generation rate of MSW
in India ranges from 0.2 to 0.7 kg/ day average of 0.5 kg / day.
• Per capita generation rate is high in some cities - Port Blair, Kochi, Chennai,
Vishakhapatnam, Pondicherry, Kolkata, Jammu, Delhi and Hyderabad.
• Per capita generation rate is observed to be low in other cities (Kohima,
Nasik, Imphal, Rajkot and Guwahati).
• MSW generation rates in small towns are lower than those of metro cities.
• In urban areas, the major fraction of municipal solid waste is compostable
materials (40%–60%) and inerts (30%–50%).
Present Status of Waste generation in India
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8. • The relative percentage of organic waste in municipal solid waste is
generally increasing with the decreasing socio-economic status.
• Most of cities supply more than 75% of their waste to dumpsites
(Ahmedabad, Asansol, Chandigarh, Delhi, Faridabad, Greater Mumbai,
Jaipur, amshedpur, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Mangalore, Pune and
Vadodara).
• As per the Annual Report, 2010-11, waste processing plants
(compost/vermi compost) have been set up in Andhra Pradesh (32
Nos.), Chhatishgarh (15), Delhi (3), Gujarat (86), Himachal Pradesh (13),
Kerala (29), Maharashtra (125) .
• Also, improvement in SWM were reported in the state of Andhra
Pradesh, Chandigarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,
Meghalaya, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and West Bengal.
(CPCB, 2011)
Source : Status Report on Municipal Solid Waste Management - 2011, Central Pollution
Control Board (Ministry of Environment & Forests), Delhi
Waste generation and characteristics
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9. S.No. City Waste Quantity (TPD) Waste generation rate
(Kg/cap/day)
1 Port Blair 76 0.76
2 Kochi 400 0.67
3 Chennai 3036 0.62
4 Pondicherry 130 0.59
5 Vishakhapatnam 584 0.59
6 Kolkata 2653 0.58
7 Coimbatore 530 0.57
8 Delhi 5922 0.57
9 Panjim 32 0.54
10 Srinagar 428 0.48
11 Meerut 490 0.46
12 Amritsar 438 0.45
13 Gangtok 13 0.44
14 Vijaywada 374 0.44
15 Kanpur 1100 0.43
16 Daman 15 0.42
17 Surat 1000 0.41
Source : CPCB, 2005
Table 1 - Municipal solid waste generation rates in different cities of India
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10. A global comparison of garbage
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Source : CPCB, 2005 Source: https://www.cambridge.org/

11. Main issues regarding SWM in India Cities
• It has been observed that house-to-house collection is most critical
issue in the entire management of MSW.
• Generally solid waste is disposed off in low-lying areas, outskirts of
cities, alongside roads or any vacant place.
• Handling of waste by solid waste workers is done without taking any
precautions or protective measures which lead to many
communicable and non-communicable diseases to them.
• Bins neither they are properly designed as per requirements and
quantity nor they are placed at proper places so that they are within
reach of everybody.
• Vehicles transporting this waste are also not designed properly.
Neither they are covered nor equipped with instruments to collect
the whole waste.
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12. Main issues regarding SWM in India Cities
• Landfill sites are also not scientifically designed so create air, water
and soil pollution. Waste workers work on these sites work without
any protective measures are prone to various diseases.
• Also incineration method is usually followed in maximum places to
reduce the waste which itself releases many toxic elements and
gases to the environment making the people ill.
• Lack of coordination among various departments of civic bodies also
lead to poor management of solid waste management.
• Public apathy and low social status assigned to this task has made
the situation worse.
Source : Status Report on Municipal Solid Waste Management - 2011, Central Pollution
Control Board (Ministry of Environment & Forests), Delhi
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13. 13/16

14. 14/16

15. 15/16

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Time it takes for garbageto decomposein the environment:
• Glass Bottle.................... 1 million years
• Monofilament Fishing Line… 600 years
• Plastic Beverage Bottles…… 450 years
• Disposable Diapers………… 450 years
• Aluminum Can..................... 80-200 years
• Foamed Plastic Buoy……… 80 years
• Foamed Plastic Cups……… 50 years
• Rubber-Boot Sole............... 50-80 years
• Tin Cans……………………. 50 years
• Leather................................ 50 years
• Nylon Fabric........................ 30-40 years
• Plastic Film Container........ 20-30 years
• Plastic Bag.......................... 10-20 years
• Cigarette Butt...................... 1-5 years
• Wool Sock............................ 1-5 years
• Plywood……………………. . 1-3 years
• Waxed Milk Carton………… 3 months
• Apple Core………………… . 2 months
• Newspaper………………….. 6 weeks
• Orange or Banana Peel...... 2-5 weeks
• Paper Towel……………….. 2-4 weeks
Source: U.S. National Park Service; Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL.

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REFERENCES

18. Thank You !Krishna Prakash
Email : krishna2007prakash@gmail.com
Mobile : +91-9265516718, +91-9012015951