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Module 1solid waste managment and mitigation.pptx

The document addresses solid waste management, detailing various sources and types of municipal solid waste (MSW), including residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural origins. It emphasizes the significance of waste characterization for effective management decision-making, discusses waste hierarchy principles like reduce, reuse, and recycle, and covers various categories and physical and chemical properties pertinent to waste. Additionally, it identifies deficiencies in current waste management systems and highlights the need for improved waste processing and disposal methods.

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MODULE 1B Sources and types of solid waste Sampling and characterization Determination of composition of MSW Storage and handling of solid waste
Importance of waste characterization: It is necessary to monitor and control existing waste management systems and to make regulatory, financial, and institutional decisions.
WASTE HIERARCHY Waste hierarchy refers to 3 Rs Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
WASTE  Minimizing solid waste  Minimizing packaging  Recycleable Paper, plastics, metals, glass, wood  Reusable ? Textiles, leather, rubber, metals, wood  Compostable Yard trimmings, food scraps (vegetable)
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES USED IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT  Ash : the non-combustible solid by-products of incineration or other burning process  Bulky waste: large wastes such as appliances, furniture, and trees and branches, that cannot be handled by normal MSW processing methods  Co-disposal: the disposal of different types of waste in one area of a landfill or dump. For instance, sewage sludges may be disposed of with regular solid wastes
 Biodegradable material : any organic material that can be broken down by microorganisms into simpler, more stable compounds. Most organic wastes (e.g., food, paper) are biodegradable  Compost : the material resulting from composting. also called humus, is a soil conditioner and in some instances is used as a fertilizer  Composting : biological decomposition of solid organic materials by bacteria, fungi, and other organisms into a soil-like product.  Putrescible : subject to decomposition or decay. Usually used in reference to food wastes and other organic wastes that decay quickly
 Garbage : Putrescent organic matter such as kitchen or food scraps  Rubbish/trash: a broad category of dry goods including boxes, bottles, tin cans, or virtually anything made from wood, metal, glass, and cloth, could be transformed into new consumer products through a variety of reclamation methods  Refuse : all kinds of wastes in solid state excepting excreta from residential, commercial and industrial area  Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) : fuel produced from MSW that has undergone processing. Processing can include separation of recyclables and non-combustible materials, shredding, size reduction, and pelletizing
 Disposal : the final handling of solid waste, following collection, processing, or incineration. Disposal most often means placement of wastes in a dump or a landfill  Environmental impact assessment (EIA) : an evaluation designed to identify and predict the impact of an action or a project on the environment and human health and well-being. Can include risk assessment as a component, along with economic and land use assessment  Environmental risk assessment (EnRA) : an evaluation of the interactions of agents, humans, and ecological resources. Comprised of human health risk assessment and ecological risk assessment, typically evaluating the probabilities and magnitudes of harm that could come from environmental contaminants.
 Landfilling : the final disposal of solid waste by placing it in a controlled fashion in a place intended to be permanent. The Source Book uses this term for both controlled dumps and sanitary landfills  Leachate : liquid that has seeped through a landfill or a compost pile and has accumulated bacteria and other possibly harmful dissolved or suspended materials  MSW : municipal solid waste  MSWM : municipal solid waste management
 Waste-to-energy (WTE) plant : a facility that uses solid waste materials (processed or raw) to produce energy. WTE plants include incinerators that produce steam for district heating or industrial use, or that generate electricity; they also include facilities that convert landfill gas to electricity
Waste sources and types There are eight major classifications of solid waste generators based on waste source: Residential Industrial Commercial Hospitals/ Institutions Construction and Demolition Municipal services Process Agricultural
Types of solid wastes Typical waste generators Source Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes Single and multifamily dwellings Residential Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants Industrial All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.” CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE
Types of solid wastes Typical waste generators Source Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. Commercial Same as commercial Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers Hospitals/Insti tutional Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc. New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings Construction and Demolition All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”
Types of solid wastes Typical waste generators Source Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants Municipal services Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off- specification products, slag, tailings Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing Process All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides) Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms Agriculture
• Socioeconomic development • Degree of industrialization •Climate or seasons •Geographical locationCollection frequency •Population diversity •Public attitude •Legislation FACTORS INFLUENCE WASTE GENERATION RATES
• Greater the economic wealth and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced • Low income countries have the lowest percentage of urban populations and the lowest waste generation rates,
Figure 1: Waste Composition of Low, Middle, and High Income Countries
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES Littering of garbage due to unorganized primary collection Provision and operation of interim storage facilities unsatisfactory Irregular garbage lifting Transportation system not synchronize with storage facilities Processing/ treatment of MSW not practiced Final disposal through dumping and not SLF
COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE IN INDIA Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2005
COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE IN INDIA  The composition of municipal waste varies greatly from country to country and changes with time.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE  Physical  Specific weight, Moisture content, Particle size and size distribution, Field capacity, Compacted waste porosity (permeability)  Chemical Important in evaluating alternative processes and recovery options Proximate analysis, Fusing point of ash, Ultimate analysis (major elements), Energy content  Biological Important in considering organic fractions Corresponding to Biodegradability Production of odor
24 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Specific weight  Weight of material per unit volume kg/m3, lb/yd3, etc. Sometime, referred as “density” Often reported as loose, compacted, non- compacted, as found in containers  Depend on Geographic location Season of the year Length of time in storage For example, waste in compaction vehicle Typical range = 178 – 415 kg/m3 Average = 297 kg/m3
25 SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF MSW Components Condition Specific weight (kg/m3) Aluminum cans Loose 30-44 Flattened 149 Corrugated cardboard Loose 208 Fines (dirt, etc.) Loose 321-950 Food waste Loose 131-481 Baled 594-712 Glass bottles Whole bottles 297-416 Crushed 1068-1602 Magazines Loose 475 Newsprint Loose 12-33 Baled 428-594 Office paper Loose 238 Baled 416-445
26 SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF MSW Components Condition Specific weight (kg/m3) Plastics Mixed 42-131 PETE, whole 18-24 Baled 250-297 HDPE, loose 15 Flattened 39 Plastic film and bags Baled 297-475 Granulated 416-445 Steel cans Unflattened 89 Baled 505 Textiles Loose 42-101 Yard waste Mixed, loose 149-297 Leaves, loose 30-149 Grass, loose 208-297
MOISTURE CONTENT  Moisture content : expressed in  Wet –weight methods Expressed as percentage of the wet weight of the material  Dry-weight methods Expressed as percentage of the dry weight material  Wet weight method is commonly used 𝑀 = (𝑤−𝑑) 𝑑 100 M: moisture content, % w: initial weight of the sample, kg d: weight of sample after drying at 105 °C, kg
Moisture content varies generally from 20 to 45% depending upon the climatic conditions and level of city (income group) etc. The increase of moisture content increases the weight and thus the cost of transportation and thus the storage section should take care of it.
29 MOISTURE CONTENT OF MSW Component Moisture content, % Range Typical Residential  Aluminum cans  Cardboard  Fines (dirt, etc.)  Food waste  Glass  Grass  Leather  Leaves  Paper  Plastics  Rubber  Steel cans  Textiles  Wood  Yard waste 2-4 4-8 6-12 50-80 1-4 40-80 8-12 20-40 4-10 1-4 1-4 2-4 6-15 15-40 30-80 3 5 8 70 2 60 10 30 6 2 2 3 10 20 60 Component Moisture content, % Range Typical Commercial  Food waste  Mixed  Wood crates and pallets 50-80 10-25 10-30 70 15 20 Construction (mixed) 2-15 8
30 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES- PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION Component Food waste Paper Cardboard Plastics Textiles Rubber Leather Yard wastes Wood Glass Tin cans Aluminum Other metal Dirt, ash, etc. Range and modal value Typical component size, in
31 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES  Field capacity  Total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to downward pull of gravity  Critical importance: Determining the formation of landfill leachate  Water in excess will be released as leachate  Depend on  Applied pressure  State of decomposition of waste  Expressed as  Percentage in volume e.g. 30%  Permeability of compacted wastes  Or “hydraulic conductivity”  Important in governing the movement of gases and liquid in landfill site
32 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Determining alternative processing + recovery options  For example Combustion, composting, etc.  To use MSW as fuel, it is to consider  Major properties: Proximate analysis Fusing (melting) point of ash Ultimate analysis (major elements) Trace elements are important if MSW is recovered as feedstock Energy content
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Proximate analysis:= Analysis for combustible components  Moisture content  Loss of moisture at 105 oC for 1 hr  Volatile combustible matter  Loss of weight on ignition at 950 oC in a covered crucible  Fixed carbon  Combustible residue left after removal of volatile matter  Ash  Weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible Solid Wastes Combustible Volatile combustible Fixed carbon Ash Non- combustible H2O
34 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Type of waste Proximate analysis, % by weight Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Non- combustible Food and food products -Fats 2.0 95.3 2.5 0.2 -Food wastes (mixed) 70.0 21.4 3.6 5.0 -Fruit wastes 78.7 16.6 4.0 0.7 -Meat wastes 38.8 56.4 1.8 3.1 Paper products -Cardboard 5.2 77.5 12.3 5.0 -Magazines 4.1 66.4 7.0 22.5 -Newsprint 6.0 81.1 11.5 1.4 -Paper (mixed) 10.2 75.9 8.4 5.4 -Waxed cartons 3.4 90.9 4.5 1.2
35 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Type of waste Proximate analysis, % by weight Moistur e Volatile matter Fixed carbon Non- combustibl e Plastics -Plastics (mixed) 0.2 95.8 2.0 2.0 -Polyethylene 0.2 98.5 <0.1 1.2 -Polystyrene 0.2 98.7 0.7 0.5 -Polyurethane 0.2 87.1 8.3 4.4 -Polyvinyl chloride 0.2 86.9 10.8 2.1 Textiles, rubber, leather -Textiles 10.0 66.0 17.5 6.5 -Rubber 1.2 83.9 4.9 9.9 -Leather 10.0 68.5 12.5 9.0
36 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Type of waste Proximate analysis, % by weight Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Non- combustible Wood, trees, etc. -Yard wastes 60.0 30.0 9.5 0.5 -Wood (green timber) 50.0 42.3 7.3 0.4 -Hardwood 12.0 75.1 12.4 0.5 -Wood (mixed) 20.0 68.1 11.3 0.6 Glass, Metals, etc. -Glass and mineral 2.0 - - 96-99+ -Metal, tin cans 5.0 - - 94-99+ -Metal, ferrous 2.0 - - 96-99+ -Metal, nonferrous 2.0 - - 94-99+
37 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Type of waste Proximate analysis, % by weight Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Non- combustibl e Miscellaneous - Office sweepings 3.2 20.5 6.3 70.0 Residential MSW 21.0 (15-40) 52.0 (40-60) 7.0 (4-15) 20.0 (10-30) Commercial MSW 15.0 (10-30) - - MSW 20.0 (10-30) - -
38 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Fusing Point of Ash  Temperature that cause ash (from burning wastes)  form a solid (clinker) by fusion and agglomeration  Typical range = 1,100 – 1,200oC  May cause operational problems in incineration processes
39 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Ultimate analysis  To determine chemical composition  C, H, O, N, S and ash  Halogen group  Cl, Br,...  Data is used for  Determine C/N ratio for composting or biological conversion processes  Awareness of chlorinated compounds  Dioxin, Furan, etc.
40 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES – ULTIMATE ANALYSIS Component Percent by weight (dry basis) Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Ash Organic - Food wastes - Paper - Cardboard - Plastics - Textiles - Rubber - Leather - Yard wastes - Wood 48.0 43.5 44.0 60.0 55.0 78.0 60.0 47.8 49.5 6.4 6.0 5.9 7.2 6.6 10.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 37.6 44.0 44.6 22.8 31.2 - 11.6 38.0 42.7 2.6 0.3 0.3 - 4.6 2.0 10.0 3.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 - 0.15 - 0.4 0.3 0.1 5.0 6.0 5.0 10.0 2.5 10.0 10.0 4.5 1.5 Inorganic - Glass - Metals - Dirt, ash, etc. 0.5 4.5 26.3 0.1 0.6 3.0 0.4 4.3 2.0 <0.1 <0.1 0.5 - - 0.2 98.9 90.5 68.0
41 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Energy content  Determined by  Full-scale boiler as a calorimeter  Laboratory bomb calorimeter  Calculation of elemental composition (Dulong Formula)  Btu/lb = 145C + 610(H2 – 1/8O2) + 40S + 10N  Element  percent by weight  Btu/lb ＝ 5/9 kcal/kg = 2.326 kJ/kg  Trace elements  K, Ca Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, etc.  Important for the production of biological conversion products as the essential nutrient  Contents of final products
42 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES – ENERGY CONTENTS Inert residue, percent Energy, Btu/lb Range Typical Range Typical Organic - Food wastes - Paper - Cardboard - Plastics - Textiles - Rubber - Leather - Yard wastes - Wood 2-8 4-8 3-6 6-20 2-4 8-20 8-20 2-6 0.6-2 5.0 6.0 5.0 10.0 2.5 10.0 10.0 4.5 1.5 1,500-3,000 5,000-8,000 6,000-7,500 12,000-16,000 6,500-8,000 9,000-12,000 6,500-8,500 1,000-8,000 7,500-8,500 2,000 7,200 7,000 14,000 7,500 10,000 7,500 2,800 8,000 Inorganic - Glass - Tin cans - Aluminum - Other metals - Dirt, ash, etc. 96-99+ 96-99+ 90-99+ 94-99+ 60-80 98.0 98.0 96.0 98.0 70.0 50-100 100-500 - 100-500 1,000-5,000 60 300 - 300 3,000 MSW 4,000-6,000 5,000 Btu/lb ＝ 5/9 kcal/kg = 2.326 kJ/kg
CALORIFIC VALUE Calorific value is the amount of heat generated from combustion of a unit weight of a substance, expressed as kilo calorie per kilogram  The calorific value is determined in the laboratory by Bomb Calorimeter.
44 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES  Organic fractions of MSW, excluding plastic, rubber, and leather  Water-soluble constituents  Sugars, starches, amino acid, organic acids, etc.  Hemicellulose  Cellulose  Fats, oil, and waxes  Lignin  Lignocellulose  Protein  However, the important biological properties are to determine  Biodegradability of organic fractions  Production of odors, Breeding of flies
45 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES  Biodegradability of organic fractions  Determined by volatile solid (VS) content  Ignition at 550oC  But, may misinterpret for some components  Newsprint  high VS but low biodegradability  Food wastes  low VS but high biodegradability  Consider percent of lignin in the VS BF = 0.83 – 0.028LC  BF = biodegradable fraction  LC = lignin content of VS (% dry weight)  Often, express in “rapidly” or “slowly” decomposable
46 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES  Production of odors  Significant in a long storage and warm climate  Resultant of anaerobic decomposition  readily decomposable organic component  SO4 -2  reduced to sulfide (S2-) + combine with H  H2S  Biochemical reduction of an organic compound containing with S radical  Produce methyl mercaptan + aminobutyric acid   malodorous  Methyl mercaptan  reduced + form H2S  Breeding of flies  Flies can develop after < 2week of egg laid  Very important consideration but very difficult to control, especially in the tropical areas
47 APPLICATIONS OF MSW PROPERTIES & COMPOSITION  To determine  Appropriate transformation processes  Separation, reduction, combustion, composting, etc.  Improving efficiencies transformation processes  E.g. moisture content + C/N  composting reactions  To design recovery methods  Reuse + recycling materials  Conversion products + energy
48 TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT Transformation processess Transformation means or methods Transformation or principal conversion products Physical Component separation Manual and/or mechanical separation Individual components found in commingled MSW Volume reduction Application of energy in the forms of force or pressure The original waste reduced in volume Size reduction Application of energy in the forms of shredding, grinding or milling The original waste components altered in form and reduced in size
49 TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT Transformation processes Transformation means or methods Transformation or principal conversion products Chemical Combustion Thermal oxidation CO2, SO2, other oxidation products, ash Pyrolysis Destructive distillation A gas stream containing a variety of gases, tar and/or oil, and a char Gasification Starved air combustion A low-energy gas, a char containing carbon and the inert originally in the fuel and oil
50 TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT Transf ormation processes Transformation means or methods Transformation or principal conversion products Biological Aerobic composting Aerobic biological conversion Compost (humus-like material used as a soil conditioners) Anaerobic digestion (low- or high-solids) Anaerobic biological conversion Methane (CH4), CO2, trace gases, digested humus or sludge Anaerobic composting (normally occur in landfills) Anaerobic biological conversion Methane (CH4), CO2, digested waste
51 A typical solid waste management system in developing countries Storage Collection and transport Recycling Intermediate storage Disposal But, less Transformation Recovery Minimization Conversion to energy (Adapted from Zurbrügg, 2003)
PROBLEMS  Composition of MSW

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Module 1solid waste managment and mitigation.pptx

  • 1.
    MODULE 1B Sources andtypes of solid waste Sampling and characterization Determination of composition of MSW Storage and handling of solid waste
  • 2.
    Importance of wastecharacterization: It is necessary to monitor and control existing waste management systems and to make regulatory, financial, and institutional decisions.
  • 4.
    WASTE HIERARCHY Waste hierarchyrefers to 3 Rs Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
  • 5.
    WASTE  Minimizing solidwaste  Minimizing packaging  Recycleable Paper, plastics, metals, glass, wood  Reusable ? Textiles, leather, rubber, metals, wood  Compostable Yard trimmings, food scraps (vegetable)
  • 6.
    BASIC TERMINOLOGIES USEDIN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT  Ash : the non-combustible solid by-products of incineration or other burning process  Bulky waste: large wastes such as appliances, furniture, and trees and branches, that cannot be handled by normal MSW processing methods  Co-disposal: the disposal of different types of waste in one area of a landfill or dump. For instance, sewage sludges may be disposed of with regular solid wastes
  • 7.
     Biodegradable material: any organic material that can be broken down by microorganisms into simpler, more stable compounds. Most organic wastes (e.g., food, paper) are biodegradable  Compost : the material resulting from composting. also called humus, is a soil conditioner and in some instances is used as a fertilizer  Composting : biological decomposition of solid organic materials by bacteria, fungi, and other organisms into a soil-like product.  Putrescible : subject to decomposition or decay. Usually used in reference to food wastes and other organic wastes that decay quickly
  • 8.
     Garbage :Putrescent organic matter such as kitchen or food scraps  Rubbish/trash: a broad category of dry goods including boxes, bottles, tin cans, or virtually anything made from wood, metal, glass, and cloth, could be transformed into new consumer products through a variety of reclamation methods  Refuse : all kinds of wastes in solid state excepting excreta from residential, commercial and industrial area  Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) : fuel produced from MSW that has undergone processing. Processing can include separation of recyclables and non-combustible materials, shredding, size reduction, and pelletizing
  • 9.
     Disposal :the final handling of solid waste, following collection, processing, or incineration. Disposal most often means placement of wastes in a dump or a landfill  Environmental impact assessment (EIA) : an evaluation designed to identify and predict the impact of an action or a project on the environment and human health and well-being. Can include risk assessment as a component, along with economic and land use assessment  Environmental risk assessment (EnRA) : an evaluation of the interactions of agents, humans, and ecological resources. Comprised of human health risk assessment and ecological risk assessment, typically evaluating the probabilities and magnitudes of harm that could come from environmental contaminants.
  • 10.
     Landfilling :the final disposal of solid waste by placing it in a controlled fashion in a place intended to be permanent. The Source Book uses this term for both controlled dumps and sanitary landfills  Leachate : liquid that has seeped through a landfill or a compost pile and has accumulated bacteria and other possibly harmful dissolved or suspended materials  MSW : municipal solid waste  MSWM : municipal solid waste management
  • 11.
     Waste-to-energy (WTE)plant : a facility that uses solid waste materials (processed or raw) to produce energy. WTE plants include incinerators that produce steam for district heating or industrial use, or that generate electricity; they also include facilities that convert landfill gas to electricity
  • 12.
    Waste sources andtypes There are eight major classifications of solid waste generators based on waste source: Residential Industrial Commercial Hospitals/ Institutions Construction and Demolition Municipal services Process Agricultural
  • 13.
    Types of solidwastes Typical waste generators Source Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes Single and multifamily dwellings Residential Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants Industrial All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.” CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE
  • 14.
    Types of solidwastes Typical waste generators Source Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. Commercial Same as commercial Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers Hospitals/Insti tutional Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc. New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings Construction and Demolition All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”
  • 15.
    Types of solidwastes Typical waste generators Source Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants Municipal services Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off- specification products, slag, tailings Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing Process All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”
  • 16.
    Spoiled food wastes, agriculturalwastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides) Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms Agriculture
  • 17.
    • Socioeconomic development •Degree of industrialization •Climate or seasons •Geographical locationCollection frequency •Population diversity •Public attitude •Legislation FACTORS INFLUENCE WASTE GENERATION RATES
  • 18.
    • Greater theeconomic wealth and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced • Low income countries have the lowest percentage of urban populations and the lowest waste generation rates,
  • 19.
    Figure 1: WasteComposition of Low, Middle, and High Income Countries
  • 20.
    MAJOR DEFICIENCIES Littering ofgarbage due to unorganized primary collection Provision and operation of interim storage facilities unsatisfactory Irregular garbage lifting Transportation system not synchronize with storage facilities Processing/ treatment of MSW not practiced Final disposal through dumping and not SLF
  • 21.
    COMPOSITION OF SOLIDWASTE IN INDIA Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2005
  • 22.
    COMPOSITION OF SOLIDWASTE IN INDIA  The composition of municipal waste varies greatly from country to country and changes with time.
  • 23.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLIDWASTE  Physical  Specific weight, Moisture content, Particle size and size distribution, Field capacity, Compacted waste porosity (permeability)  Chemical Important in evaluating alternative processes and recovery options Proximate analysis, Fusing point of ash, Ultimate analysis (major elements), Energy content  Biological Important in considering organic fractions Corresponding to Biodegradability Production of odor
  • 24.
    24 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Specific weight Weight of material per unit volume kg/m3, lb/yd3, etc. Sometime, referred as “density” Often reported as loose, compacted, non- compacted, as found in containers  Depend on Geographic location Season of the year Length of time in storage For example, waste in compaction vehicle Typical range = 178 – 415 kg/m3 Average = 297 kg/m3
  • 25.
    25 SPECIFIC WEIGHT OFMSW Components Condition Specific weight (kg/m3) Aluminum cans Loose 30-44 Flattened 149 Corrugated cardboard Loose 208 Fines (dirt, etc.) Loose 321-950 Food waste Loose 131-481 Baled 594-712 Glass bottles Whole bottles 297-416 Crushed 1068-1602 Magazines Loose 475 Newsprint Loose 12-33 Baled 428-594 Office paper Loose 238 Baled 416-445
  • 26.
    26 SPECIFIC WEIGHT OFMSW Components Condition Specific weight (kg/m3) Plastics Mixed 42-131 PETE, whole 18-24 Baled 250-297 HDPE, loose 15 Flattened 39 Plastic film and bags Baled 297-475 Granulated 416-445 Steel cans Unflattened 89 Baled 505 Textiles Loose 42-101 Yard waste Mixed, loose 149-297 Leaves, loose 30-149 Grass, loose 208-297
  • 27.
    MOISTURE CONTENT  Moisturecontent : expressed in  Wet –weight methods Expressed as percentage of the wet weight of the material  Dry-weight methods Expressed as percentage of the dry weight material  Wet weight method is commonly used 𝑀 = (𝑤−𝑑) 𝑑 100 M: moisture content, % w: initial weight of the sample, kg d: weight of sample after drying at 105 °C, kg
  • 28.
    Moisture content variesgenerally from 20 to 45% depending upon the climatic conditions and level of city (income group) etc. The increase of moisture content increases the weight and thus the cost of transportation and thus the storage section should take care of it.
  • 29.
    29 MOISTURE CONTENT OFMSW Component Moisture content, % Range Typical Residential  Aluminum cans  Cardboard  Fines (dirt, etc.)  Food waste  Glass  Grass  Leather  Leaves  Paper  Plastics  Rubber  Steel cans  Textiles  Wood  Yard waste 2-4 4-8 6-12 50-80 1-4 40-80 8-12 20-40 4-10 1-4 1-4 2-4 6-15 15-40 30-80 3 5 8 70 2 60 10 30 6 2 2 3 10 20 60 Component Moisture content, % Range Typical Commercial  Food waste  Mixed  Wood crates and pallets 50-80 10-25 10-30 70 15 20 Construction (mixed) 2-15 8
  • 30.
    30 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES- PARTICLESIZE DISTRIBUTION Component Food waste Paper Cardboard Plastics Textiles Rubber Leather Yard wastes Wood Glass Tin cans Aluminum Other metal Dirt, ash, etc. Range and modal value Typical component size, in
  • 31.
    31 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES  Fieldcapacity  Total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to downward pull of gravity  Critical importance: Determining the formation of landfill leachate  Water in excess will be released as leachate  Depend on  Applied pressure  State of decomposition of waste  Expressed as  Percentage in volume e.g. 30%  Permeability of compacted wastes  Or “hydraulic conductivity”  Important in governing the movement of gases and liquid in landfill site
  • 32.
    32 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Determining alternativeprocessing + recovery options  For example Combustion, composting, etc.  To use MSW as fuel, it is to consider  Major properties: Proximate analysis Fusing (melting) point of ash Ultimate analysis (major elements) Trace elements are important if MSW is recovered as feedstock Energy content
  • 33.
    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Proximateanalysis:= Analysis for combustible components  Moisture content  Loss of moisture at 105 oC for 1 hr  Volatile combustible matter  Loss of weight on ignition at 950 oC in a covered crucible  Fixed carbon  Combustible residue left after removal of volatile matter  Ash  Weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible Solid Wastes Combustible Volatile combustible Fixed carbon Ash Non- combustible H2O
  • 34.
    34 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Type ofwaste Proximate analysis, % by weight Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Non- combustible Food and food products -Fats 2.0 95.3 2.5 0.2 -Food wastes (mixed) 70.0 21.4 3.6 5.0 -Fruit wastes 78.7 16.6 4.0 0.7 -Meat wastes 38.8 56.4 1.8 3.1 Paper products -Cardboard 5.2 77.5 12.3 5.0 -Magazines 4.1 66.4 7.0 22.5 -Newsprint 6.0 81.1 11.5 1.4 -Paper (mixed) 10.2 75.9 8.4 5.4 -Waxed cartons 3.4 90.9 4.5 1.2
  • 35.
    35 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Type ofwaste Proximate analysis, % by weight Moistur e Volatile matter Fixed carbon Non- combustibl e Plastics -Plastics (mixed) 0.2 95.8 2.0 2.0 -Polyethylene 0.2 98.5 <0.1 1.2 -Polystyrene 0.2 98.7 0.7 0.5 -Polyurethane 0.2 87.1 8.3 4.4 -Polyvinyl chloride 0.2 86.9 10.8 2.1 Textiles, rubber, leather -Textiles 10.0 66.0 17.5 6.5 -Rubber 1.2 83.9 4.9 9.9 -Leather 10.0 68.5 12.5 9.0
  • 36.
    36 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Type ofwaste Proximate analysis, % by weight Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Non- combustible Wood, trees, etc. -Yard wastes 60.0 30.0 9.5 0.5 -Wood (green timber) 50.0 42.3 7.3 0.4 -Hardwood 12.0 75.1 12.4 0.5 -Wood (mixed) 20.0 68.1 11.3 0.6 Glass, Metals, etc. -Glass and mineral 2.0 - - 96-99+ -Metal, tin cans 5.0 - - 94-99+ -Metal, ferrous 2.0 - - 96-99+ -Metal, nonferrous 2.0 - - 94-99+
  • 37.
    37 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Type ofwaste Proximate analysis, % by weight Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Non- combustibl e Miscellaneous - Office sweepings 3.2 20.5 6.3 70.0 Residential MSW 21.0 (15-40) 52.0 (40-60) 7.0 (4-15) 20.0 (10-30) Commercial MSW 15.0 (10-30) - - MSW 20.0 (10-30) - -
  • 38.
    38 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  FusingPoint of Ash  Temperature that cause ash (from burning wastes)  form a solid (clinker) by fusion and agglomeration  Typical range = 1,100 – 1,200oC  May cause operational problems in incineration processes
  • 39.
    39 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Ultimateanalysis  To determine chemical composition  C, H, O, N, S and ash  Halogen group  Cl, Br,...  Data is used for  Determine C/N ratio for composting or biological conversion processes  Awareness of chlorinated compounds  Dioxin, Furan, etc.
  • 40.
    40 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES –ULTIMATE ANALYSIS Component Percent by weight (dry basis) Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Ash Organic - Food wastes - Paper - Cardboard - Plastics - Textiles - Rubber - Leather - Yard wastes - Wood 48.0 43.5 44.0 60.0 55.0 78.0 60.0 47.8 49.5 6.4 6.0 5.9 7.2 6.6 10.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 37.6 44.0 44.6 22.8 31.2 - 11.6 38.0 42.7 2.6 0.3 0.3 - 4.6 2.0 10.0 3.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 - 0.15 - 0.4 0.3 0.1 5.0 6.0 5.0 10.0 2.5 10.0 10.0 4.5 1.5 Inorganic - Glass - Metals - Dirt, ash, etc. 0.5 4.5 26.3 0.1 0.6 3.0 0.4 4.3 2.0 <0.1 <0.1 0.5 - - 0.2 98.9 90.5 68.0
  • 41.
    41 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Energycontent  Determined by  Full-scale boiler as a calorimeter  Laboratory bomb calorimeter  Calculation of elemental composition (Dulong Formula)  Btu/lb = 145C + 610(H2 – 1/8O2) + 40S + 10N  Element  percent by weight  Btu/lb ＝ 5/9 kcal/kg = 2.326 kJ/kg  Trace elements  K, Ca Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, etc.  Important for the production of biological conversion products as the essential nutrient  Contents of final products
  • 42.
    42 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES –ENERGY CONTENTS Inert residue, percent Energy, Btu/lb Range Typical Range Typical Organic - Food wastes - Paper - Cardboard - Plastics - Textiles - Rubber - Leather - Yard wastes - Wood 2-8 4-8 3-6 6-20 2-4 8-20 8-20 2-6 0.6-2 5.0 6.0 5.0 10.0 2.5 10.0 10.0 4.5 1.5 1,500-3,000 5,000-8,000 6,000-7,500 12,000-16,000 6,500-8,000 9,000-12,000 6,500-8,500 1,000-8,000 7,500-8,500 2,000 7,200 7,000 14,000 7,500 10,000 7,500 2,800 8,000 Inorganic - Glass - Tin cans - Aluminum - Other metals - Dirt, ash, etc. 96-99+ 96-99+ 90-99+ 94-99+ 60-80 98.0 98.0 96.0 98.0 70.0 50-100 100-500 - 100-500 1,000-5,000 60 300 - 300 3,000 MSW 4,000-6,000 5,000 Btu/lb ＝ 5/9 kcal/kg = 2.326 kJ/kg
  • 43.
    CALORIFIC VALUE Calorific valueis the amount of heat generated from combustion of a unit weight of a substance, expressed as kilo calorie per kilogram  The calorific value is determined in the laboratory by Bomb Calorimeter.
  • 44.
    44 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES  Organicfractions of MSW, excluding plastic, rubber, and leather  Water-soluble constituents  Sugars, starches, amino acid, organic acids, etc.  Hemicellulose  Cellulose  Fats, oil, and waxes  Lignin  Lignocellulose  Protein  However, the important biological properties are to determine  Biodegradability of organic fractions  Production of odors, Breeding of flies
  • 45.
    45 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES  Biodegradabilityof organic fractions  Determined by volatile solid (VS) content  Ignition at 550oC  But, may misinterpret for some components  Newsprint  high VS but low biodegradability  Food wastes  low VS but high biodegradability  Consider percent of lignin in the VS BF = 0.83 – 0.028LC  BF = biodegradable fraction  LC = lignin content of VS (% dry weight)  Often, express in “rapidly” or “slowly” decomposable
  • 46.
    46 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES  Productionof odors  Significant in a long storage and warm climate  Resultant of anaerobic decomposition  readily decomposable organic component  SO4 -2  reduced to sulfide (S2-) + combine with H  H2S  Biochemical reduction of an organic compound containing with S radical  Produce methyl mercaptan + aminobutyric acid   malodorous  Methyl mercaptan  reduced + form H2S  Breeding of flies  Flies can develop after < 2week of egg laid  Very important consideration but very difficult to control, especially in the tropical areas
  • 47.
    47 APPLICATIONS OF MSWPROPERTIES & COMPOSITION  To determine  Appropriate transformation processes  Separation, reduction, combustion, composting, etc.  Improving efficiencies transformation processes  E.g. moisture content + C/N  composting reactions  To design recovery methods  Reuse + recycling materials  Conversion products + energy
  • 48.
    48 TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FORMSW MANAGEMENT Transformation processess Transformation means or methods Transformation or principal conversion products Physical Component separation Manual and/or mechanical separation Individual components found in commingled MSW Volume reduction Application of energy in the forms of force or pressure The original waste reduced in volume Size reduction Application of energy in the forms of shredding, grinding or milling The original waste components altered in form and reduced in size
  • 49.
    49 TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FORMSW MANAGEMENT Transformation processes Transformation means or methods Transformation or principal conversion products Chemical Combustion Thermal oxidation CO2, SO2, other oxidation products, ash Pyrolysis Destructive distillation A gas stream containing a variety of gases, tar and/or oil, and a char Gasification Starved air combustion A low-energy gas, a char containing carbon and the inert originally in the fuel and oil
  • 50.
    50 TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FORMSW MANAGEMENT Transf ormation processes Transformation means or methods Transformation or principal conversion products Biological Aerobic composting Aerobic biological conversion Compost (humus-like material used as a soil conditioners) Anaerobic digestion (low- or high-solids) Anaerobic biological conversion Methane (CH4), CO2, trace gases, digested humus or sludge Anaerobic composting (normally occur in landfills) Anaerobic biological conversion Methane (CH4), CO2, digested waste
  • 51.
    51 A typical solidwaste management system in developing countries Storage Collection and transport Recycling Intermediate storage Disposal But, less Transformation Recovery Minimization Conversion to energy (Adapted from Zurbrügg, 2003)
  • 52.