The document summarizes key aspects of our solar system. It describes the components of the solar system including the sun, planets, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets. It then provides details about the inner and outer planets, distinguishing their compositions. Specific information is given about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and some of their moons and characteristics.

1. SOLAR SYSTEM
SOLAR SYSTEM
By: María Martín, Leire Martín and Elisa Vicente.

2. THE SOLAR SYSTEM
The Solar System is formed of:
-The Sun
-Comets
-Asteroids
-Stars
-Dwarf planets
-The larger eight planets

3. THE PLANETS
We have two groups Of. Planets, the inner
planets and the outer planets.
-Inner planets or terrestrial planets: dense,
rocky compositions, few or no moons, and no
ring systems. Composed largely of
refractory minerals and metals
-Outter planets or gas giants: composed of
fluid material, several moons and two Of.
Them have ring systems.

4. COMETS AND
ASTEROIDS
-Comets are small Solar System bodies, typically
only a few kilometres across, composed largely of
volatile ices. When a comet enters the inner Solar
System, its proximity to the Sun causes its icy
surface to sublimate and ionise, creating a coma: a
long tail of gas and dust often visible to the naked
eye.
-The asteroids belt ocupies the orbit between
Mars and Jupiter, separating the terrestrial
planets from the gas giants.

5. THE SUN
The Sun is the Solar System star and its main
component. The sun was born about 4.6 billion
years ago. The visible part of the sun is about
10,000 degrees Fahrenheit , while
temperatures in the core reach more than 27
million Fahrenheit. Many scientists think the
sun and the rest of the solar system formed
from a giant, rotating cloud of gas and dust
known as the solar nebula. The sun has enough
nuclear fuel to stay much as it is now for
another 5 billion years. After that, it will
swell to become a red giant.

6. TELLURIC PLANETS
Mercury, Venus, The Earth and Mars are very similar but they are not the same.
These planets were formed in a warm region, this warm pushed away hydrogen and
helium which are light gases. Telluric planets are mainly composed of heavy
components like carbon, iron, silicon… and they are solid and rocky.
As these planets have been evolucionating, their atmospheres had been replaced by
light gases from the interior and warm zones. Heavy elements were moved to their
interior to form cores.
Mercury: smallest planet near the Sun and without atmosphere is a desert of craters
burnt by the Sun. Mercury rotates on its own axis in 58 days and a half. When it is
facing the Sun it reaches 425º whereas the zones which are facing the shadow can
reach 170º below 0. Both poles maintain very cold that is why scientists think there
could be water.
Venus: It had oceans but the Sun evaporate the water and escape through space.
Actually, the atmosphere of this planet is very dense and is composed of anhydride
carbonic. Several layers of clouds of sulphuric acid impede rays of the son to reach
its surface because of the green house effect which reaches a temperature of
500ºC. They had discovered plateaus, deep valleys and volcanoes perhaps active.

7. The Earth: It is characterised by the huge amounts of water it
has conserved thanks to the distance which separates the
Earth from the Sun. Its atmosphere is composed of nitrogen,
oxygen , small amount of anhydride carbonic and water
vapour.
Our planet is composed of a 70% of water. This make the
Earth different from the other plants which rotate around the
Sun. Thanks to this, we have three estates: gas, solid and
liquid.
The Earth is composed of a core which has 10 to 60 km deep
a solid mantle of 2900 km dense, an external nucleus of
2200 km and an interior solid nucleus of 1200 km of density.

8. The Scales of the Earth: 200 million years ago all continents
were unified into one which was called pangea surrounded
by one ocean. This mass started to fragment and continents
started to separate.
Magnetic Field: The magnetic field of the Earth is more
important than Mercury. It is said that its origin comes from
the existence of electric currents which flow in the nucleus
of the liquid iron. This magnetic field, it doesn't spread
around the Earth. In Sun direction, it blocks the solar wind
protecting it from some particles with a type of shield called
magnetopause.

9. ⦿ Mars: it had an important atmosphere which
provide benign temperatures, rivers and oceans.
But as the planet is small, and its mass is weak,
most part of its atmosphere dissolved in space. It
only has a few of anhydride carbonic. The water it
contained froze in the subsoil and its interior also
froze. Sometimes, windstorms takes place and
they make huge amounts of dust which takes
weeks to disappear.

10. OUTER PLANETS
⦿They are Jupiter, Saturn, Urane and
Neptune. Outer planets are situated
beyond the astoid belt. They are gigant in
relation with the other planets of the Solar
system.
⦿They are mainly composed of hydrogen
and helium and they are surrounded by
rings of satellites and by plenty of moons

11. JUPITER
⦿ Jupiter is the fifth planet in
relation to the sun. It is the
biggest planet and the one
which has more mass in the
Solar System. It is the fastest
revolving the sun. It has the
biggest number of moons, it
has 67 moons.
⦿ Jupiter has a diameter of 142
984 km. It is 7778.3 millions
of km away from the sun. It
lasts 11.9 years to orbit the
sun. It rotates in its on axis in

12. SATELLITES OF JUPITER
⦿ Regular Satellites
⦿ Galilean moons: They are the principal moons, which were discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610.
Their names comes from the lovers of Zeus:
⦿ Io: It is the most volcanic place in the earth and it has continuous eruptions which regenerates its
surface.
⦿ Europe: this satellite has grooves and ridges that cross the surface covered with ice.
⦿ Ganymede: It is the biggest moon of the Solar system. Its crust is full of impact craters.
⦿ Callisto: It is the moon that is situated farthest away from Jupiter. The ice from its craters bright
deeply.
⦿ Amaltean Group: They orbit very close to Jupiter. They are:
⦿
⦿ Metis
⦿ Adrastea
⦿ Amalthea
⦿ Thebis
⦿
⦿ Irregular Satellites:
⦿ They are group of satellites that rotate in orbit so far away from Jupiter that the gravitation from the
Sun affects them and so they don´t orbit in a regular orbit.

13. JUPITER´S ATMOSPHERE
⦿ Jupiter has biggest atmosphere in all the Solar System. It is
principally made up by Hydrogen and Helium, but it also
contains Methane, water vapour and other substances. The
Jupiter´s atmosphere contains a lot of atmospheric
phenomenon. The most known are:
The great Red Spot: It is a huge storm
that could have existed for more than 300
years. In this storm, there are winds up to
400km/h.
The Little Red Spot: it is a big storm was
created in 2006.

14. SATURN
⦿ It is the sixth planet in relation to the Sun. It has the second
greatest mass, after Jupiter. It has a volume of 740 times the
Earth, but it just have a mass of 95 times the Earth. It is the
only planet that has system of rings. Galileo was the first one
that observed its rings, in 1610.
•Saturn has a diameter
of 120 536 km. the
gravity is 10,44m/s2. Its
atmosphere it is made
up by hydrogen and
helium. It has a radius
of 60 300km.

15. SATELLITES OF SATURN
⦿There is not an exact number of satellites, but
the most important are:
⦿ Titan: it is the biggest one
⦿Mimas: it could have water.
⦿Enceladus
⦿ Tethys
⦿ Dione
⦿Rhea
⦿Hyperion
⦿ Iapetus
⦿Phoebe

16. SYSTEM OF RINGS
⦿ The system of rings of Saturn
consists in countless small particles
made up by ice water and some
rocks that go from millimetres to
metres. These rocks are made up
by silicates and tholins. There are a
lot of gaps between the rings but
there are very few between the
fragments. This system consists of
7 rings.
⦿ This ring makes that the brightness
of Saturn increase, but we cannot
see them without a telescope.
⦿ The densest rings are A and B, they
are separated by the division of
Cassini. We also have the C, D, E
and F rings.

17. URANUS
⦿ The astronomers of the Antiquity didn´t
named as a planet because of
darkness and of the slow speed of its
orbit. It was discovered as a planet in
1781 by William Herschel. It was the
first planet discovered by a telescope.
⦿ It is made up by frozen water, methane
and ammoniac. It also contains
hydrocarbons.
⦿ It has a very inclined axis (of 97.7º). So
it has the north and south poles were
other planets have the equator. Uranus
also has system of rings; seen from the
Earth seams that ring are like a
dartboard.
⦿ It lasts 84 Earth´s years to do one lap
around the Sun. It is 3 000 millions of
km away from the Sun. it turns around
itself in 17 hours and 14 minutes.

18. CLIMATE & RINGS
⦿ It has a very cold climate. It radiates even less
energy than Neptune. It has a very uniform
atmosphere in relation with the other outer planets.
When the ´Voyager2´ flew near Uranus in 1986, it
was discovered that there was ten different levels
of clouds in its atmosphere.
⦿ It has the coldest atmosphere of the Solar System;
temperatures can reach -224ºC.
⦿ It has a system of rings, as all the giant planets.
The fragments of their rings go from micrometer to
one meter. There are 13 known planets.

19. NEPTUNE
⦿ It is the first planet that was discovered by mathematic predictions.
It has a mass of 17 times the Earth and a volume of 57 times. It
has some phenomena similar to the ones of Jupiter, as the Great
Dark Spot, which had a similar size to the one of the Earth.
•It has a nucleus composed
of rocks and a frozen crust.
The atmosphere it is very
dense and it is composed of
hydrogen, helium, water and
methane. Although it has a
very cold climate,
temperatures in the centre of
the planet can reach 4 700
ºC.

20. SATELLITES OF NEPTUNE
⦿ Neptune has fourteen satellites.
• Triton: it is the biggest one. It is the only satellite of Neptune
with an spherical shape. The others are irregular. It is
considered to be a fragment of the Kuiper´s belt. It was
discovered by William Lassell in 1846.
• Nereid
• Naiad
• Thalassa
• Despina
• Galatea
• Larissa
• Proteus