The document summarizes the history and development of the Big Bang theory. It describes how discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown that the universe started approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an infinitely dense and hot singularity. It then explains the three phases of the early universe and some of the scientists like Einstein, Friedman, Hubble, and Lemaître who contributed to establishing the theory. Finally, it discusses some evidence that supports the Big Bang theory like the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation and some continuing problems and areas of research.
This is a self-made presentation about The Big Bang Theory (NOT the TV show :P) to be given to a lecturer and students of University level. Intended for all those to download who may have presentations to give and can't find a good enough topic :). Everyone else is free to download it for other purposes as well!!
Though i am not an applied physics /B.S.C physics student ,Science has always been something of my interest :) Presentation during "International School on Astronomy and Space Science organized by Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology and B.P. Koirala Memorial Planetorium, Observatory and Science Museum Development Board "
This is a self-made presentation about The Big Bang Theory (NOT the TV show :P) to be given to a lecturer and students of University level. Intended for all those to download who may have presentations to give and can't find a good enough topic :). Everyone else is free to download it for other purposes as well!!
Though i am not an applied physics /B.S.C physics student ,Science has always been something of my interest :) Presentation during "International School on Astronomy and Space Science organized by Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology and B.P. Koirala Memorial Planetorium, Observatory and Science Museum Development Board "
Contents
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Phase
Expanding Universe
Testing Big Bang Model
Dark matter & Dark energy
Evidence of dark matter
After time period of Big Bang
Life cycle of star
Contents
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Phase
Expanding Universe
Testing Big Bang Model
Dark matter & Dark energy
Evidence of dark matter
After time period of Big Bang
Life cycle of star
Physical Science Unit for Middle and Junior High Schools, which can be used for High School and College students as a basic overview of matter. The unit notes begins with the Learning Goals and Performance Expectations as well as key vocabulary. Content starts with matter, atoms, periodic table, classifying types of matter, and then proceeds to explore system types and states of matter. Unit ends with ways Matter can be changed, Physical & Chemical changes, Systems and ends with the law of Conservation of Matter. Unit notes include a review of topics.
SHS - Earth and Life Science, Theories on the Origin of the Universe.
Universe and the Solar System
Objectives:
1. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe
2. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the Solar System.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. THE BIG BANG THEORY
BY: ANA CABELLOS,NURIA JEREZ & LUCIA SAN JUAN
4ºESO B
2. History of the big bang
-Dicoveries in astronomy and physics have shown that
universe started in a proccess called The Big Bang.
-This theory tries to explain what happened.
-Thanks to all the observations we say the universe
started 13.810 million years ago.
-Since then the universe has suffered 3 different
phases.
-The future of the universe is not clear.
3. History
-The Big Bang occurred in an infinitely dense and
hot spot. It wasn’t a normal explosion as the
ones we know.
-Immediately after the moment of the "explosion"
every particle of matter began to move away very
quickly, so it started occupying more space and that’s
why expanded so much.
4. History
-This theory indicates that in the past these
elements were closer than today, so if we go
back in time, then all the stuff was together at
one point. That point is called singularity, which
was a fireball.
5. Development
-Einsten: he came up with 10 field equations to support his
theory of relativity.
-Friedmann: proposed a close universe, where everything
would finish as it started in one point, and an open universe,
where the universe would continue expanding for ever, with
no end.
-Hubble: measured the distance to the nearest nebulae and
showed that these systems were indeed other galaxies.
-Slipher: discovered that almost all such nebulae were
receding from the Earth.
6. Problems
Between the 1920s and 1930s almost
every cosmologist preferred an eternal
steady state of the Universe and several
complained that the beginning of time
implied by the Big Bang imported
religious concepts into physics.
This objection was later repeated
by supporters of the steady state
theory, (this basically says that
the universe is always expanding
but maintaining a constant
average density). So this
perception was enhanced by one
of the originators of the Big Bang
Theory, Monsignor Georges
Lemaître, who was a Roman
Catholic priest.
7. Evidence
During the 1930s, other ideas
were proposed as non-standard
cosmologies to explain Hubble’s
observations, including the
Milne model and the oscillatory
Universe (which was originally
suggested by Friedmann but
advocated by Albert Einstein and
Richard Tolman).
However, it was then criticized by the
supporters of the steady state theory
which says that, if the Universe was
really initially as hot as the Big Bang
theory suggests, we should be able to
find, nowadays, some remainings of this
heat.
8. Eddington and Lemaître
Arthur Eddington agreed with
Aristotle that the Universe did not
have a beginning in time and that
matter is eternal. A beginning in time
was kind of “disgusting” to him.
Lemaître, however, said: “If the world has a
beginning with a single quantum, the notions of
space and time would altogether fail to have
any meaning at the beginning; they would only
begin to have a sensible meaning when the
original quantum is divided into a sufficient
number of quanta. If this suggestion is correct,
the beginning of the world happened a little
before the beginning of space and time.”
9. Novel Prize 1978
Later on, in 1965, two radio
astronomers discovered a
2.725 degree Kelvin Cosmic
Microwave Background
radiation (CMB) which
pervades the observable
Universe. This is thought to
be a remnant which
scientists were looking for
to support the Big Bang
Theory. These two radio
astronomers shared the
Nobel prize for physics for
the discovery in 1978.
10. Expansion of the Universe
Significant progress in Big Bang cosmology had been made since the
late 1990s as a result of the advantages in telescope technology as
well as the analysis of data from satellites, such as COBE.
Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate the measurements
of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made an
unexpected discovery: ‘the expansion of the Universe appears to be
accelerating.
11. Common misconceptions
When we talk about the big
bang theory, many of us
think about a huge
explotion, but it isn´t, it was
(and it is) an expansion. For
you to have an idea, rather
than figuring a balloon
popping and releasing its
contents, imagine a balloon
expanding, infinitesimally
small balloon expanding the
size of our current universe.
We tend to imagine the
singularity as a little
fireball appearing
somewhere in space; but
according to many
experts, space didn’t
exist before the big bang
took place.
According to calculations, time and space
had a finite beginning that corresponded
to the origin of matter and energy. The
singularity didn’t appear in space; rather,
space began inside the singularity. Prior
to the singularity, nothing existed, not
space, time, matter, or energy-nothing.
12. THE HIGGS BOSON AND THE BIG BANG
The particle studied by physicists at
CERN may also play a role in the
Big Bang Theory.
Physicists applied a mathematical
principle known as scale invariance
– starting with the Higgs boson,
they were able to determine the
existence of the dilaton, a close
cousin, as well as its properties.
the expansion of the current
Universe is once again accelerating,
but its origins are not understood.
This theoretical advance – a
completely unexpected result – is
reassuring the scientists that they
may be on the right track.
13. Astrophysicists are measuring
the state of the Universe today
using data from the Planck
satellite. They are observing the
light echo from the Big Bang,
which reveals the large scale
properties of the cosmos. In
2013, the measurement
campaign will provide results
that will be precise enough to
compare with the EPFL
scientsits' theoretical
predictions – and they'll be able
to see if their Higgs theory
holds up. The boson isn't just
hidden in the bowels of CERN's
accelerator.
CERN’s acelerator.(ABOVE)
Light echo from the Big Bang Theory.
(DOWN)
14. Hubble’s Law
It is the linear relationship between a galaxy’s
distance and ``aparent´´ recessional
velocity.
It implies the Universe is expanding.
First observational support for Lemaître’s
prediction in 1927.
The American astronomer
Edwin Hubble uncovered
important evidence that the
Universe is expanding.
He compared the measured
relative velocities (red shifts)
of faraway galaxies with his
estimates of their distances
from the Earth.
In 1929 he announced his
discovery that the further
away a galaxy is from another
point in space, the faster it
appears to recede as the
Universe expands - Hubble's
Law.
But there was more to be
discovered about the
expanding Universe - dark
energy.
15. Problems with the Big Bang Theory
1.- The Horizon Problem: discussion of the cosmic microwave background:
when we look at the microwave background radiation coming from widely
separated parts of the sky, it can be shown that these regions are too
separated to have been able to have ever communicated with each other
even with signals travelling at light velocity. Thus, how did they know to
have almost exactly the same temperature? This general problem is
called the horizon problem, because the inability to have received a signal
from some distant source because of the finite speed of light is termed a
horizon in cosmology. Thus, in the standard big bang theory we must
simply assume the required level of uniformity.
16. 2.-The Flatness Problem: present Universe has very low geometrical
curvature in its spacetime (it is nearly flat). Theoretical arguments that
are well established but too complex to go into here suggest that this is
a very unlikely result of the evolution of the Universe from the big bang,
unless the initial curvature is confined to an incredibly narrow range of
possibilities. While this is not impossible, it does not seem very natural.
17. 3.-The Monopole Problem:The only plausible theory in elementary particle
physics for how nuclei in the present universe were created in the big
bang requires the use of what are called Grand Unified Theories
(GUTs). In these theories, at very high temperatures such as those
found in the instants after the Universe was created the strong, weak,
and electromagnetic forces were (contrary to the situation today)
indistinguishable from each other. We say that they were unified into a
single force.
Although there is as yet no certain evidence for the validity of such
theories, there is strong theoretical reason to believe that they will
eventually turn out to be essentially correct. Our current understanding
of elementary particle physics indicates that such theories should
produce very massive particles called magnetic monopoles, and that
there should be many such monopoles in the Universe today. However,
no one has ever found such a particle. So the final problem is: where
are the monopoles?
