Newton and his universal theory of universal gravitation. This Project explains what this theory is, how Newton proposed it and some other information about Isaac Newton.
Black holes form from dying massive stars and are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They have an event horizon boundary and extreme density at the singularity at the center. Small stellar black holes form from supernovae, while supermassive black holes with masses of billions of suns are found at the centers of galaxies. Matter falling into a black hole's intense gravity is stretched or "spaghettified" as it crosses the event horizon.
Stars are formed over millions of years from colliding gas and dust particles within huge dust clouds in space. Inside these clouds, dense pillars called "creation pillars" allow new stars to form at their bases as the stars rise to their tops. Protostars form within these pillars through a concentration process, becoming large but cold bodies that can only be seen using infrared light. As protostars shrink in size through further concentration, their cores grow hot enough to ignite nuclear fusion, officially forming a new star. The life cycle and eventual death of stars depends on their initial mass, with smaller stars becoming white dwarfs and larger stars ending catastrophically as supernovae.
This document provides an overview of gravitation and cosmology. It first defines gravitation as the natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are attracted to one another, and summarizes Newton's theory of gravitation. It then defines cosmology as the study of the origin and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to present and future times. The document also mentions it will discuss the history of cosmology and different types of cosmological models.
Cosmology is the study of the universe, including its structure, origin and evolution. There have been three major revolutions in cosmological theories: 1) Ptolemy's 2nd century Earth-centered model, 2) Copernicus' 16th century Sun-centered model, and 3) Hubble's 20th century Big Bang model of an expanding universe. The Big Bang model is supported by observational evidence including the cosmic microwave background radiation, abundance of light elements, and accelerating expansion of the universe driven by dark energy. While well-established, the Big Bang model continues to be refined as new discoveries are made about dark matter and the nature of the early universe.
The universe is homogeneous and isotropic on scales larger than 300 megaparsecs. It began approximately 14 billion years ago in a Big Bang and has been expanding ever since. The future of the universe depends on its density - if the density is low, it will expand forever, and if high, it will eventually collapse. The density appears to be close to the critical density required for a flat geometry. Dark energy accounts for about two-thirds of the density and has caused an accelerating expansion. Dark matter makes up most of the remaining density. Structure formed from fluctuations in the density of dark matter.
This is a self-made presentation about The Big Bang Theory (NOT the TV show :P) to be given to a lecturer and students of University level. Intended for all those to download who may have presentations to give and can't find a good enough topic :). Everyone else is free to download it for other purposes as well!!
Cosmology is the study of the origin and evolution of the universe. Observational evidence shows the universe is expanding, with more distant galaxies receding faster. The cosmological principle states the universe appears homogeneous and isotropic at large scales. Matter in the universe includes baryons like protons and neutrons, photons that make up radiation, neutrinos, and non-baryonic dark matter. The expansion of the universe is governed by Friedman equations involving the scale factor and density of the universe. Simple cosmological models can be constructed assuming the universe is filled with either pressureless matter or radiation.
Black holes form from dying massive stars and are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They have an event horizon boundary and extreme density at the singularity at the center. Small stellar black holes form from supernovae, while supermassive black holes with masses of billions of suns are found at the centers of galaxies. Matter falling into a black hole's intense gravity is stretched or "spaghettified" as it crosses the event horizon.
Stars are formed over millions of years from colliding gas and dust particles within huge dust clouds in space. Inside these clouds, dense pillars called "creation pillars" allow new stars to form at their bases as the stars rise to their tops. Protostars form within these pillars through a concentration process, becoming large but cold bodies that can only be seen using infrared light. As protostars shrink in size through further concentration, their cores grow hot enough to ignite nuclear fusion, officially forming a new star. The life cycle and eventual death of stars depends on their initial mass, with smaller stars becoming white dwarfs and larger stars ending catastrophically as supernovae.
This document provides an overview of gravitation and cosmology. It first defines gravitation as the natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are attracted to one another, and summarizes Newton's theory of gravitation. It then defines cosmology as the study of the origin and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to present and future times. The document also mentions it will discuss the history of cosmology and different types of cosmological models.
Cosmology is the study of the universe, including its structure, origin and evolution. There have been three major revolutions in cosmological theories: 1) Ptolemy's 2nd century Earth-centered model, 2) Copernicus' 16th century Sun-centered model, and 3) Hubble's 20th century Big Bang model of an expanding universe. The Big Bang model is supported by observational evidence including the cosmic microwave background radiation, abundance of light elements, and accelerating expansion of the universe driven by dark energy. While well-established, the Big Bang model continues to be refined as new discoveries are made about dark matter and the nature of the early universe.
The universe is homogeneous and isotropic on scales larger than 300 megaparsecs. It began approximately 14 billion years ago in a Big Bang and has been expanding ever since. The future of the universe depends on its density - if the density is low, it will expand forever, and if high, it will eventually collapse. The density appears to be close to the critical density required for a flat geometry. Dark energy accounts for about two-thirds of the density and has caused an accelerating expansion. Dark matter makes up most of the remaining density. Structure formed from fluctuations in the density of dark matter.
This is a self-made presentation about The Big Bang Theory (NOT the TV show :P) to be given to a lecturer and students of University level. Intended for all those to download who may have presentations to give and can't find a good enough topic :). Everyone else is free to download it for other purposes as well!!
Cosmology is the study of the origin and evolution of the universe. Observational evidence shows the universe is expanding, with more distant galaxies receding faster. The cosmological principle states the universe appears homogeneous and isotropic at large scales. Matter in the universe includes baryons like protons and neutrons, photons that make up radiation, neutrinos, and non-baryonic dark matter. The expansion of the universe is governed by Friedman equations involving the scale factor and density of the universe. Simple cosmological models can be constructed assuming the universe is filled with either pressureless matter or radiation.
This document describes the evolution of cosmological models throughout history from ancient Earth-centered models to the current Big Bang model. It discusses how each new model was developed in response to new observations that could not be explained by existing models, from Copernicus developing the Sun-centered model to resolve issues with planetary retrograde motion to Hubble establishing the expanding universe model based on the observation of redshift in galaxies. The document also outlines how new discoveries like dark matter and dark energy have led to refinements of the Big Bang model but not a rejection of the overall framework. It emphasizes that science advances through an ongoing process of testing predictions made by models against observations.
The document discusses the origins of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It describes how Einstein identified the equivalence of energy and mass, while Friedmann predicted expanding universe models of closed and open forms. Hubble then observed redshift in nebulae and used this to propose an expanding universe model, developing the Hubble constant to estimate expansion rates. This evidence supports the Big Bang theory of an exploding, expanding universe originating from a hot dense point.
The document discusses Edwin Hubble and Hubble's Law, which states that the recession velocity of galaxies is proportional to their distance from Earth. It provides background on Hubble, describes how Hubble's Constant has been measured over time using different methods like gravitational lensing and Type 1a supernovae, and discusses applications of Hubble's Constant like the Hubble time. The document also covers topics like the expanding universe, dark matter, dark energy, the big bang theory, and the possible fates of the universe.
The document summarizes the timeline of major discoveries in cosmology, including Einstein's theory of general relativity, Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson which provided evidence for the Big Bang theory. It then discusses supernovae types and their use in determining the accelerating expansion of the universe, for which three scientists - Perlmutter, Riess, and Schmidt - were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their findings which suggested the universe is dominated by dark energy.
Mind blowing theories about the universe and realityBASKARAN P
The document discusses several scientific theories about the universe and reality, including:
- The Big Bang Theory, which proposes that the universe began as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot and dense singularity around 13.7 billion years ago.
- The Bubble Theory or Eternal Inflation theory, which extends the Big Bang Theory by proposing the inflationary phase of the universe's expansion lasts forever in some regions, producing an infinite multiverse.
- String Theory, which proposes that elementary particles are different vibrational states of fundamental strings and aims to be a theory of quantum gravity by unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity.
This article seeks to present the future of the Universe, as well as to point out the measures that lead to the survival of humanity in the face of the numerous threats that may occur at the level of the solar system and the Universe as a whole.
The document discusses the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang theory. It describes the Big Bang theory as the most accepted explanation for the origin and early development of the universe. It states that before the Big Bang, there was nothing - no time, no matter. After the Big Bang, the universe began rapidly expanding from an extremely dense and hot state. As it expanded, the early universe progressed through different eras from radiation to the formation of atoms, galaxies, and stars. The expansion of the universe continues today.
This presentation will help you explore science more clearly and in a more precise manner.
I will suggest all of you to please view this presentation to enrich your knowledge of Black hole, and more about the Universe.
This presentation contains all the necessary details ranging from the history to the end of a universe.
and I want to introduce myself, my name is Harsh Singhal and my website name is www.sk4265singhal.wix.com/universe.
THANK YOU
Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 1998 showed that the universe was expanding more slowly in the past than it is today, contrary to expectations. This led scientists to propose either modifications to Einstein's theory of gravity, such as the introduction of dark energy, or the existence of an unknown type of matter, dubbed dark matter, that cannot be detected directly. Dark matter is inferred to make up about 27% of the universe based on its gravitational effects, but its exact nature remains unknown.
This document discusses the history of discoveries related to dark matter and dark energy. It describes how observations over the past 100 years have shown that normal matter only accounts for about 4% of the matter in the universe. The other 96% is believed to be dark matter and dark energy. Evidence from galaxy rotations, gravitational lensing, and galaxy cluster dynamics provides strong evidence for the existence of dark matter, which is believed to be some non-baryonic, non-luminous particle that interacts only through gravity and the weak force.
Origin of the Universe. This is patterned after the book Earth Science by Juan Apolinario C. Reyes and Marco Apolinario C. Reyes, published by UNLIMITED BOOKS Library Services and Publishing Inc., Intramuros Manila 2017
The document provides an outline and overview of Dr. Gary Stilwell's cosmology course, which covers both mythological and scientific cosmology. It summarizes the timeline of events from the Big Bang to the present day, from quantum fluctuations at 10-43 seconds to the formation of galaxies, stars, and life. The course explores our limited knowledge of the earliest moments and the development of the standard models of particles, forces, and the structure of matter in the early universe.
The document summarizes key aspects of our solar system. It describes the components of the solar system including the sun, planets, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets. It then provides details about the inner and outer planets, distinguishing their compositions. Specific information is given about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and some of their moons and characteristics.
Recent advances in the study of black holes include:
1. The first image of a black hole was captured in 2019 using the Event Horizon Telescope, showing the shadow of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Messier 87 galaxy.
2. Gravitational waves detected in 2015 by the LIGO observatory provided direct evidence of black holes from the merger of two stellar-mass black holes.
3. Observations of stars orbiting Sagittarius A* provided evidence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
4. X-ray binaries, where matter falls from a donor star onto a compact object like a neutron star or black hole
1) Newton originally proposed a static, infinite universe that had always existed. However, this did not explain why the night sky is dark.
2) The Big Bang theory emerged as the prevailing explanation for the origin and evolution of the universe. It proposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
3) Evidence for the Big Bang includes Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundances of light elements. Inflation theory further explains properties of the early universe.
The document summarizes the history and development of the Big Bang theory. It describes how discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown that the universe started approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an infinitely dense and hot singularity. It then explains the three phases of the early universe and some of the scientists like Einstein, Friedman, Hubble, and Lemaître who contributed to establishing the theory. Finally, it discusses some evidence that supports the Big Bang theory like the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation and some continuing problems and areas of research.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It describes how the universe rapidly expanded after the Big Bang, cooling and forming the first atoms. The theory provides explanations for observations such as the expansion of the universe and cosmic microwave background radiation. The document also notes some criticisms of the Big Bang theory and areas that require further research.
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It explains phenomena such as the expansion of space, the abundance of light elements, and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. Evidence for the theory includes measurements of galaxy redshifts and the cosmic microwave background radiation. The theory is widely accepted by the scientific community but still leaves major questions unanswered, such as what caused the initial conditions of the Big Bang.
The document discusses several theories about the beginning and potential ends of the universe:
1) The Big Bang theory describes how the universe began as an infinitely dense singularity that expanded rapidly around 15 billion years ago to create galaxies and stars.
2) String Theory proposes that the universe is made up of vibrating one-dimensional strings that give objects their properties. It aims to describe quantum gravity and become a "Theory of Everything."
3) The potential ends of the universe include the Big Crunch where gravity pulls all matter back into a singularity, or heat death where the universe expands forever and reaches absolute zero temperature.
Newton’s laws physics and chemistry 4ºAjuanalcar332
Isaac Newton was an influential English scientist born in 1642 who made fundamental contributions to physics, including establishing the laws of motion and universal gravitation. He formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation, published in his work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica", demonstrating that the motions of celestial bodies and objects on Earth could be explained by the same principles. Newton also made advances in optics and mathematics, developing calculus independently of Gottfried Leibniz. His work was revolutionary and had a major impact on scientific thought.
Isaac Newton was an influential English scientist who made seminal contributions to physics, mathematics, and optics in the 17th century. Some of his major accomplishments included formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which helped usher in the Classical Mechanics era. He also developed calculus and made discoveries in optics such as color theory. Newton published his work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687, which synthesized previous scientific ideas and laid the foundations for mechanics. Overall, Newton is widely considered one of the most influential scientists in history.
This document describes the evolution of cosmological models throughout history from ancient Earth-centered models to the current Big Bang model. It discusses how each new model was developed in response to new observations that could not be explained by existing models, from Copernicus developing the Sun-centered model to resolve issues with planetary retrograde motion to Hubble establishing the expanding universe model based on the observation of redshift in galaxies. The document also outlines how new discoveries like dark matter and dark energy have led to refinements of the Big Bang model but not a rejection of the overall framework. It emphasizes that science advances through an ongoing process of testing predictions made by models against observations.
The document discusses the origins of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It describes how Einstein identified the equivalence of energy and mass, while Friedmann predicted expanding universe models of closed and open forms. Hubble then observed redshift in nebulae and used this to propose an expanding universe model, developing the Hubble constant to estimate expansion rates. This evidence supports the Big Bang theory of an exploding, expanding universe originating from a hot dense point.
The document discusses Edwin Hubble and Hubble's Law, which states that the recession velocity of galaxies is proportional to their distance from Earth. It provides background on Hubble, describes how Hubble's Constant has been measured over time using different methods like gravitational lensing and Type 1a supernovae, and discusses applications of Hubble's Constant like the Hubble time. The document also covers topics like the expanding universe, dark matter, dark energy, the big bang theory, and the possible fates of the universe.
The document summarizes the timeline of major discoveries in cosmology, including Einstein's theory of general relativity, Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson which provided evidence for the Big Bang theory. It then discusses supernovae types and their use in determining the accelerating expansion of the universe, for which three scientists - Perlmutter, Riess, and Schmidt - were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their findings which suggested the universe is dominated by dark energy.
Mind blowing theories about the universe and realityBASKARAN P
The document discusses several scientific theories about the universe and reality, including:
- The Big Bang Theory, which proposes that the universe began as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot and dense singularity around 13.7 billion years ago.
- The Bubble Theory or Eternal Inflation theory, which extends the Big Bang Theory by proposing the inflationary phase of the universe's expansion lasts forever in some regions, producing an infinite multiverse.
- String Theory, which proposes that elementary particles are different vibrational states of fundamental strings and aims to be a theory of quantum gravity by unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity.
This article seeks to present the future of the Universe, as well as to point out the measures that lead to the survival of humanity in the face of the numerous threats that may occur at the level of the solar system and the Universe as a whole.
The document discusses the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang theory. It describes the Big Bang theory as the most accepted explanation for the origin and early development of the universe. It states that before the Big Bang, there was nothing - no time, no matter. After the Big Bang, the universe began rapidly expanding from an extremely dense and hot state. As it expanded, the early universe progressed through different eras from radiation to the formation of atoms, galaxies, and stars. The expansion of the universe continues today.
This presentation will help you explore science more clearly and in a more precise manner.
I will suggest all of you to please view this presentation to enrich your knowledge of Black hole, and more about the Universe.
This presentation contains all the necessary details ranging from the history to the end of a universe.
and I want to introduce myself, my name is Harsh Singhal and my website name is www.sk4265singhal.wix.com/universe.
THANK YOU
Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 1998 showed that the universe was expanding more slowly in the past than it is today, contrary to expectations. This led scientists to propose either modifications to Einstein's theory of gravity, such as the introduction of dark energy, or the existence of an unknown type of matter, dubbed dark matter, that cannot be detected directly. Dark matter is inferred to make up about 27% of the universe based on its gravitational effects, but its exact nature remains unknown.
This document discusses the history of discoveries related to dark matter and dark energy. It describes how observations over the past 100 years have shown that normal matter only accounts for about 4% of the matter in the universe. The other 96% is believed to be dark matter and dark energy. Evidence from galaxy rotations, gravitational lensing, and galaxy cluster dynamics provides strong evidence for the existence of dark matter, which is believed to be some non-baryonic, non-luminous particle that interacts only through gravity and the weak force.
Origin of the Universe. This is patterned after the book Earth Science by Juan Apolinario C. Reyes and Marco Apolinario C. Reyes, published by UNLIMITED BOOKS Library Services and Publishing Inc., Intramuros Manila 2017
The document provides an outline and overview of Dr. Gary Stilwell's cosmology course, which covers both mythological and scientific cosmology. It summarizes the timeline of events from the Big Bang to the present day, from quantum fluctuations at 10-43 seconds to the formation of galaxies, stars, and life. The course explores our limited knowledge of the earliest moments and the development of the standard models of particles, forces, and the structure of matter in the early universe.
The document summarizes key aspects of our solar system. It describes the components of the solar system including the sun, planets, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets. It then provides details about the inner and outer planets, distinguishing their compositions. Specific information is given about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and some of their moons and characteristics.
Recent advances in the study of black holes include:
1. The first image of a black hole was captured in 2019 using the Event Horizon Telescope, showing the shadow of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Messier 87 galaxy.
2. Gravitational waves detected in 2015 by the LIGO observatory provided direct evidence of black holes from the merger of two stellar-mass black holes.
3. Observations of stars orbiting Sagittarius A* provided evidence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
4. X-ray binaries, where matter falls from a donor star onto a compact object like a neutron star or black hole
1) Newton originally proposed a static, infinite universe that had always existed. However, this did not explain why the night sky is dark.
2) The Big Bang theory emerged as the prevailing explanation for the origin and evolution of the universe. It proposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
3) Evidence for the Big Bang includes Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundances of light elements. Inflation theory further explains properties of the early universe.
The document summarizes the history and development of the Big Bang theory. It describes how discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown that the universe started approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an infinitely dense and hot singularity. It then explains the three phases of the early universe and some of the scientists like Einstein, Friedman, Hubble, and Lemaître who contributed to establishing the theory. Finally, it discusses some evidence that supports the Big Bang theory like the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation and some continuing problems and areas of research.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It describes how the universe rapidly expanded after the Big Bang, cooling and forming the first atoms. The theory provides explanations for observations such as the expansion of the universe and cosmic microwave background radiation. The document also notes some criticisms of the Big Bang theory and areas that require further research.
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It explains phenomena such as the expansion of space, the abundance of light elements, and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. Evidence for the theory includes measurements of galaxy redshifts and the cosmic microwave background radiation. The theory is widely accepted by the scientific community but still leaves major questions unanswered, such as what caused the initial conditions of the Big Bang.
The document discusses several theories about the beginning and potential ends of the universe:
1) The Big Bang theory describes how the universe began as an infinitely dense singularity that expanded rapidly around 15 billion years ago to create galaxies and stars.
2) String Theory proposes that the universe is made up of vibrating one-dimensional strings that give objects their properties. It aims to describe quantum gravity and become a "Theory of Everything."
3) The potential ends of the universe include the Big Crunch where gravity pulls all matter back into a singularity, or heat death where the universe expands forever and reaches absolute zero temperature.
Newton’s laws physics and chemistry 4ºAjuanalcar332
Isaac Newton was an influential English scientist born in 1642 who made fundamental contributions to physics, including establishing the laws of motion and universal gravitation. He formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation, published in his work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica", demonstrating that the motions of celestial bodies and objects on Earth could be explained by the same principles. Newton also made advances in optics and mathematics, developing calculus independently of Gottfried Leibniz. His work was revolutionary and had a major impact on scientific thought.
Isaac Newton was an influential English scientist who made seminal contributions to physics, mathematics, and optics in the 17th century. Some of his major accomplishments included formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which helped usher in the Classical Mechanics era. He also developed calculus and made discoveries in optics such as color theory. Newton published his work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687, which synthesized previous scientific ideas and laid the foundations for mechanics. Overall, Newton is widely considered one of the most influential scientists in history.
Sir Isaac Newton was an influential English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. In his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, he described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics. Newton showed that terrestrial and celestial motions are governed by the same laws and helped advance the scientific revolution. He also made important contributions to optics, mathematics, and astronomy.
Isaac Newton was an English scientist born in 1642 who made seminal contributions to physics and mathematics. He developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation, introducing concepts like mass, force, and gravity that were central to classical mechanics. Newton also made important discoveries in optics and developed calculus independently of Gottfried Leibniz. His work laid the foundations for much of modern science and transformed the scientific worldview.
Isaac Newton was a British physicist, mathematician, astronomer, theologian, and philosopher born in 1642. Some of his major accomplishments included formulating the laws of motion, discovering the universal law of gravitation, and developing calculus. Through experiments with prisms, Newton also demonstrated that white light is composed of the visible light spectrum. His work revolutionized scientific thought and established the foundations of classical mechanics.
Sir Isaac Newton was an influential English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. In his seminal work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, he described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated scientific views of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that terrestrial and celestial motions are governed by the same natural laws, removing doubts about the heliocentric model of the solar system and advancing the scientific revolution. He made important contributions to many areas of science, including optics, mathematics, and mechanics. Newton remained highly influential among scientists and is considered one of the most influential scientists in history.
Isaac Newton was an English scientist who made seminal contributions to physics, including formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation. He discovered that white light comprises a spectrum of colors and that gravity explains the motions of celestial bodies. Newton published his theories and laws in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. He served as a professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge and was considered the greatest genius of his time.
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician born in 1643. He made important contributions including developing calculus, which modern physics relies on. Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, which states that a gravitational force exists between any two masses and explained the orbits of planets. He also formulated Newton's laws of motion, including the first law stating objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
This document provides information about Sir Isaac Newton and his discoveries and laws. It discusses Newton discovering white light and the laws of motion and gravitation. Newton developed calculus and the idea of differential and integral calculus. The document also explains Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, which states that gravitational force between two bodies is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. It provides the symbolic equation for this law and discusses Newton's three laws of motion.
Sir Isaac Newton was born in 1643 in England. He attended Trinity College Cambridge and discovered calculus and his three laws of motion, publishing them in his influential book Principia. Newton formulated laws of motion, universal gravitation and a theory of color. He described gravity as a force between objects that depends on their masses and the distance between them. Newton's work fundamentally changed the scientific understanding of the universe.
Sir Isaac Newton laid the foundation of our current understanding of physics and the Universe.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
This document provides a summary of Isaac Newton's life and scientific work. It discusses that Newton was a mathematician and physicist born in 1642 in England. It describes some of his major scientific contributions including developing the theory of gravity, optics through his work with prisms and light, and mathematics through developing calculus. The document also provides biographical details about Newton such as his education at Cambridge and work there as a professor before moving to London to work at the Royal Mint.
Sir Isaac Newton was an influential English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and natural philosopher. In his monumental work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica published in 1687, he described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated scientific views of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of celestial bodies and objects on Earth are governed by the same natural laws, advancing the Scientific Revolution. Widely regarded as one of the most influential people in history, Newton made important contributions to many areas of mathematics and natural science.
This seminar summarizes Sir Isaac Newton's major contributions. Newton invented calculus, formulated the three laws of motion providing a framework for understanding the relationship between motion and forces, investigated light and optics proving that white light is made of colors, built the first reflecting telescope, identified gravity as the fundamental force controlling celestial motion, and published his seminal work "Principia Mathematica" establishing classical mechanics.
contributions Issac Newton final ppt (1).pptxAmruthaAnil17
This seminar summarizes Sir Isaac Newton's major contributions. Newton invented calculus, formulated the three laws of motion providing a framework for understanding the relationship between motion and forces, investigated light and optics proving that white light is made of colors, built the first reflecting telescope, identified gravity as the force controlling celestial bodies, and published his seminal work "Principia Mathematica" establishing classical mechanics.
The document discusses the major theories that have been proposed regarding the nature of light over the past 3,000 years. It outlines six theories: 1) The tactile theory 2) The emission theory 3) The corpuscular theory 4) The wave theory 5) The electromagnetic theory 6) The quantum theory. For each theory, it discusses the key scientists who proposed them and the major ideas, including Descartes, Huygens, Newton, Maxwell, Planck, Einstein, and others. It also defines what a scientific theory and law are, and how theories of light have evolved as more evidence accumulated over centuries of study and experimentation.
Newton made groundbreaking discoveries in mathematics, optics, and mechanics and formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. He developed calculus independently of Leibniz, though priority disputes arose later. Newton's Principia mathematically described and proved the motion of orbiting bodies, revolutionizing astronomy and physics. His work was foundational in establishing modern science based on experimentation and mathematics rather than metaphysics.
Isaac Newton was an English scientist born in 1643 who made three great discoveries including differential calculus and the law of universal gravitation. After being removed from school by his uncle to be a farmer, Newton studied at Cambridge University and became a professor of mathematics. While at home during a plague in 1665, Newton developed his theories including that gravity kept the planets in orbit and light had both particle and wave properties. He published his findings in 1684 in his famous work "Principia" which established the law of universal gravitation and greatly advanced physics and mathematics. Newton also invented the reflecting telescope and held positions at the Royal Mint and Royal Society before dying in 1727.
Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician born in 1642 who developed the laws of motion and universal law of gravitation. He published his masterpiece "Principia Mathematica" in 1687 which described his three laws of motion and theory that gravity extends infinitely throughout the universe and is what keeps objects in orbit. While the story of an apple falling on his head inspiring gravity is likely untrue, observing a falling apple did lead Newton to realize that the force keeping apples on the ground must also be responsible for keeping the moon in orbit around Earth. His work revolutionized science and helped explain the fundamental mechanisms of the universe.
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. He developed the principles of modern physics, including mechanics and universal gravitation. As a mathematician, Newton invented integral and differential calculus and made important contributions to mathematics. He published his seminal work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687, laying out his laws of motion and universal gravitation. Newton died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey in recognition of his achievements.
Similar to Newton and his universal theory of gravitation (20)
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
1. Newton and the Theory
of Universal Gravitation
Pablo Ginés López-Oliver
Nicolás Lozano Pulido
Rodrigo Rincón Sanz
Francisco Tomás-Valiente Jordá
2. NEWTON´S BIOGRAPHY
• Sir Isaac Newton was born on the 4th of January 1643 in Woolsthorpe,
Lincolnshire, England. His father was a wealthy and uneducated man. He was a
prosperous farmer, who died three months before Newton was born. Finally he
was raised up by his grandmother after his mother remarried a clergyman from
North Welham. When her second husband died in 1656 Isaac’s mother returned
to Woolsthorpe and Isaac went to live with her again.
• From the age of 12 to 14 Isaac Newton went to Grantham Grammar School. Then
in 1659 he had to leave to help his mother on the familiar farm.
• It is said that he wasn´t excellent at school. He studied law at Trinity College
which was a part of Cambridge University. He worked as a servant to pay his bills.
• He was one of the most influential scientists of the 17th century and his ideas
became the basis of modern physics.
Trinity College
3. • He studied in Cambridge University where he became interested in mathematics,
optics, physics and astronomy. In October 1665, a plague epidemic forced the university
to close and Newton returned to Woolsthorpe. During the two years he spent there, he
began to think about gravity. He also spent time with optics and mathematics, and
thinking about his ideas about calculus.
• By 1666 he had completed his work on his three laws of motion. Later he got his
master’s degree.
• In 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge, where he became a fellow of Trinity College.
Cambridge University
Newton´s prism Newton´s three laws of motion
4. • Later on, he was focused on the diffraction of light (he used a prism to discover that
white light is made up of the spectrum of colours), universal gravitation, centrifugal
force, centripetal force, and on the effects and characteristics of bodies in motion.
• He was best known for his work on gravity. He also invented better reflecting lenses
for telescopes. Among his greatest “inventions” was calculus. Maths and algebra
weren´t enough to explain the ideas in his head, so he invented calculus.
• Newton continued studying the notion of gravity and he applied it to the motions of
the Earth, sun and moon.
• He also made many contributions to optics and calculus, whose founder he has been
claimed to.
Diffraction of light
Newton´s calculus manuscripts Law of universal gravitation
5. • Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. It
dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton
removed the last doubts about the theory of the heliocentric model of the cosmos. This
theory also demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies
could be described by the same principles.
• Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and , as mentioned before, he
developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white
light into the colours of the visible spectrum. He formulated an empirical law of cooling,
studied the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid.
• In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study
of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed
Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the
cubic plane curves.
Newton's Principia
theory of the heliocentric model of
the cosmos
Newtonian fluid
6. From the mid-1660s, Newton conducted a series of experiments on the composition of light,
and he established the modern study of optics (behaviour of light).
Newton's reflecting telescope, made in 1668, finally brought him to the attention of the
scientific community and in 1672 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1669 Isaac
Newton became Lucasian professor of mathematics ( mathematics teacher at Cambridge
University) .
In 1687, with the support of his friend the astronomer Edmond Halley, Newton published his
greatest work, 'Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' ('Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy'). This showed how a universal force, gravity, is applied to all objects in all
parts of the universe. It set out his theory of gravity.
In 1704, Newton published 'The Opticks' a book about light and colour. He also studied and
published works on history, theology and alchemy.
Newton's reflecting telescope Royal Society The Opticks
Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica
7. • In 1689, Newton was elected Member of Parliament for Cambridge. In 1696, he was
named warden (guard) of the Royal Mint, which was settled in London. He took his duties
at the Mint very seriously and he made campaigns against corruption and inefficiency
within the organisation. In 1703, he was elected president of the Royal Society, a
position he held until his death. Then, he was knighted in 1705.
• He was a devout but unorthodox Christian. Beyond his work on the mathematical
sciences, Newton dedicated a lot of his time to the study of biblical chronology and
alchemy, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his
death.
• Newton was a difficult man, he had many depressions and he was often involved in
arguments with other scientists. However, by the early 1700s he was the dominant
figure in British and European science. He died on 31 March 1727 at the age of 84 and
was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Isaac Newton Royal Mint
Astronomer Edmond Halley Isaac Newton buried in
Westminster Abbey
8. Acceleration of gravity
In physics, we refer to gravitational acceleration as the
acceleration on an object caused by gravitation. Not taking
friction into account (such as air resistance), gravity force
(whose acceleration is acceleration of gravity) is the only
force applied on an object on free fall on a body big enough
to have its own weight. In other words, mass of the object
or composition do not interfere in free fall movements.
Acceleration of gravity changes slightly in relation with
altitude. From 9.78 m/s2 to 9.83 m/s2. But we take as a
conventional standard value: 9.80665 m/s2.
Practically though, we can observe that objects with low
density and big surface fall slower because of air force of
friction and such.
9. The force of gravity is the force applied by the gravitational
field generally of a massive object on any body within the
range of this field. This force is dependent on three factors:
the mass of the massive object (usually the Earth or another
planet to make it simple), the mass of the smaller body (the
object attracted by the planet), and the separation between
the two (usually not important in leaser problems because
the smaller object is usually within the atmosphere).
Actually, this force is established between any two objects
because, as Newton stated it is universal. However, when we
talk about force of gravity, we usually refer to the force
exerted by a massive object, since the force of gravity
exerted by an object whose mass is very small is extremely
little.
10. In late XVII century Kepler stated that the planets
revolved around the Sun following elliptical orbits.
However he couldn’t explain why they did, why did
they not alter their orbits or why satellites did not crash
with their planets.
This is when Newton started thinking about it and when
the famous story of the apple is supposed to have
happened. He didn’t invent gravity, it already existed.
But he applied it universally and explained this way why
the moon revolved around the Earth and the Earth
around the Sun.
11. Newton stated that if you throw a stone with enough force
and in the correct angle it will keep revolving forever. This
theory explains why the Moon revolves around the Earth
without crashing with it.
12. Inverse square law
Newton proposed that gravity was universal.
He proved this by showing that the reason why don’t always
“feel” it is because gravity is diminished as distance increases.
He discovered this by observing the Moon´s motion. He calculated
the acceleration of the Moon towards the Earth (caused as a
result of a circular motion) and compared it to the acceleration of
gravity on Earth.
He empirically proved that gravity was is inversely square
proportional to distance.
퐹푔푟푎푣푖푡푦 ∝
1
푑2
13. Universality of gravity
He also proposed that all objects attract each other. He
proved this by means of his 3rd Law.
If the Earth attracts an object, due to action-reaction
principle, the object also attracts the Earth. However,
because of the little mass, this is not noticeable.
This, added to the fact the distance diminished gravity force,
meant that gravity was universal.
14. Dependence on mass
Newton proposed that force of gravity also depended of
mass, because his second law states that F=ma
He therefore had proved that the force of gravity
between two objects was directly proportional to its
masses.
퐹 = 푚푎 퐹푔푟푎푣푖푡푦 ∝
푚1 푚2
푑2
15. Theory of universal gravitation
As a result of this, in 1687 included in his “Principia” he
could propose his theory of universal gravitation.
It stated that force of gravity is directly proportional to
the masses of the objects and inversely proportional to
the distance squared.
He called the constant of proportionality G “the
constant of universal gravitation”. Its value was
experimentally determined by Henry Cavendish in 1798.
퐹푔푟푎푣푖푡푦 = 퐺
푚1푚2
푑2
퐺 ≈ 6.674 · 10−11 푁 푚2
푘푔2
16. Theory of universal gravitation and
acceleration of gravity
His theory can be applied to calculate the acceleration of
gravity in different planets.
The acceleration of gravity at the surface must be directly
proportional to the mass of the planet and inversely
proportional to the radius squared.
푊푒푖푔ℎ푡 = 푚푔
푊푒푖푔ℎ푡(푠푢푟푓푎푐푒) = 퐺
푚 · 푀푝푙푎푛푒푡
푅2
푔 =
퐺 · 푀푝푙푎푛푒푡
푅2
18. INERTIA
I. If no force is applied on any body, that body will not
change it’s speed. So, if it is at rest, it will continue
being at rest, and if it is moving, it will continue
moving with a rectilinear and uniform motion (v=cte).
This is sometimes not so clear because people do not
take into account the forces of friction
19.
20. F=ma
If on an object, a force is applied, that object will
modify its velocity, therefore it will have an
acceleration.
The force applied and the acceleration produced
are proportional.
The mass is considered a property of bodies that
measures its inertia. So, it is the resistence of
bodies to change their velocity.
The unit of force is the newton (N). It is defined as
the force you have to apply on an object with 1kg of
mass so that it has an acceleration of 1m/s2.
21. Action-Reaction law
If a body applies a force on another body, the
original body will receive from the second
body another force, equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction to the first force.
These forces of action and reaction are not
cancelled beacuse they are applied in
different bodies.