An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
This presentation is based on Solar power plant makes on power point by a engineering student(me).
This presentation or ppt is makes for engineering college or a engineering students also for all students.
This ppt is for project working.
in this ppt is defined light energy is converted into heat energy that means the heat is coming from sun converted into light by invertor ,battery 🔋,etc.
.......Thanks for reading.....
In spite of the high cost of solar technologies and policy of government, investment in the solar power generation is the good pay off due to the noise free and pollution free solar energy.
This presentation talks about solar energy status and development in Saudi Arabia and basics of solar energy (Photovoltaics) and its economics. Developed on 30/4/2016
In presentation photovoltaic effect, solar cell material, types of solar cell, working principle, solar pv module, PV systems, Sizing of solar PV system etc are included.
Project Proposal on 10 MW Solar PV Power PlantVignesh Sekar
By installing and successfully operating 10 MW photovoltaic (PV) power plants will deliver electricity for consumption by the owners, the relevant peoples in the project assessment place will be made aware of the technical and economic potential of solar power generation. Furthermore, the power required from the public grid will be reduced, and overall expenditure on electric power will be lowered & our project aims to create the necessary awareness among the population, and especially among policy-makers and large investors, Youngsters.....
Công ty chúng tôi tự hào là một dịch vụ chất lượng tiềm năng !Mỹ Hoàng
- Bạn là doanh Nghiệp sản xuất hoặc phân phối độc quyền trong lĩnh vực Bất Động Sản và Mỹ Phẩm.
- Bạn có ý tưởng nhưng chưa có kế hoạch vận hành và truyền thông cụ thể hoặc chưa có kinh nghiệm về quản lý doanh nghiệp.
- Bạn là Doanh Nghiệp Bất Động Sản hay môi giới Bất Động Sản, nhưng bạn đang lo lắng về nguồn khách tiềm năng phát sinh.
- Bạn muốn phát triển thương hiệu, đẩy nhanh doanh số bán hàng....nhưng chưa có định hướng cụ thể,
Công ty CP truyền thông DREAM PARADISE MEDIA - Đơn vị truyền thông – Marketing số 1 tại Việt Nam ra đời với sứ mệnh hiện thực hóa ước mơ và nâng tầm thương hiệu của các doanh nghiệp. Với những chuyên gia và đội ngũ nhân viên kinh nghiệm và sáng tạo, DREAM PARADISE MEDIA tự tin sẽ mang đến cho bạn những giải pháp và chiến lược Marketing – Truyền thông tối ưu nhất, vừa tầm với tiềm lực tài chính của bạn nhất.
Từ khi ra đời DREAM PARADISE MEDIA đã và đang được sự tín nhiệm của các đối tác với các dịch vụ:
• Xây dựng trọn gói Truyền Thông cho Startup – Tiết Kiệm chi phí
• Phát triển hệ thống phân phối cho doanh nghiệp
• Quảng cáo & lập kế hoạch truyền thông tất cả các kênh Digital Marketing
• Cung cấp khách hàng bất động sản tiềm năng theo dự án
Hãy liên lạc với chúng tôi : 0916200660 gặp Ms Mỹ- Bạn là doanh Nghiệp sản xuất hoặc phân phối độc quyền trong lĩnh vực Bất Động Sản và Mỹ Phẩm.
- Bạn có ý tưởng nhưng chưa có kế hoạch vận hành và truyền thông cụ thể hoặc chưa có kinh nghiệm về quản lý doanh nghiệp.
- Bạn là Doanh Nghiệp Bất Động Sản hay môi giới Bất Động Sản, nhưng bạn đang lo lắng về nguồn khách tiềm năng phát sinh.
- Bạn muốn phát triển thương hiệu, đẩy nhanh doanh số bán hàng....nhưng chưa có định hướng cụ thể,
Công ty CP truyền thông DREAM PARADISE MEDIA - Đơn vị truyền thông – Marketing số 1 tại Việt Nam ra đời với sứ mệnh hiện thực hóa ước mơ và nâng tầm thương hiệu của các doanh nghiệp. Với những chuyên gia và đội ngũ nhân viên kinh nghiệm và sáng tạo, DREAM PARADISE MEDIA tự tin sẽ mang đến cho bạn những giải pháp và chiến lược Marketing – Truyền thông tối ưu nhất, vừa tầm với tiềm lực tài chính của bạn nhất.
Từ khi ra đời DREAM PARADISE MEDIA đã và đang được sự tín nhiệm của các đối tác với các dịch vụ:
• Xây dựng trọn gói Truyền Thông cho Startup – Tiết Kiệm chi phí
• Phát triển hệ thống phân phối cho doanh nghiệp
• Quảng cáo & lập kế hoạch truyền thông tất cả các kênh Digital Marketing
• Cung cấp khách hàng bất động sản tiềm năng theo dự án
Hãy liên lạc với chúng tôi : 0916200660 gặp Ms Mỹ
This presentation is based on Solar power plant makes on power point by a engineering student(me).
This presentation or ppt is makes for engineering college or a engineering students also for all students.
This ppt is for project working.
in this ppt is defined light energy is converted into heat energy that means the heat is coming from sun converted into light by invertor ,battery 🔋,etc.
.......Thanks for reading.....
In spite of the high cost of solar technologies and policy of government, investment in the solar power generation is the good pay off due to the noise free and pollution free solar energy.
This presentation talks about solar energy status and development in Saudi Arabia and basics of solar energy (Photovoltaics) and its economics. Developed on 30/4/2016
In presentation photovoltaic effect, solar cell material, types of solar cell, working principle, solar pv module, PV systems, Sizing of solar PV system etc are included.
Project Proposal on 10 MW Solar PV Power PlantVignesh Sekar
By installing and successfully operating 10 MW photovoltaic (PV) power plants will deliver electricity for consumption by the owners, the relevant peoples in the project assessment place will be made aware of the technical and economic potential of solar power generation. Furthermore, the power required from the public grid will be reduced, and overall expenditure on electric power will be lowered & our project aims to create the necessary awareness among the population, and especially among policy-makers and large investors, Youngsters.....
Công ty chúng tôi tự hào là một dịch vụ chất lượng tiềm năng !Mỹ Hoàng
- Bạn là doanh Nghiệp sản xuất hoặc phân phối độc quyền trong lĩnh vực Bất Động Sản và Mỹ Phẩm.
- Bạn có ý tưởng nhưng chưa có kế hoạch vận hành và truyền thông cụ thể hoặc chưa có kinh nghiệm về quản lý doanh nghiệp.
- Bạn là Doanh Nghiệp Bất Động Sản hay môi giới Bất Động Sản, nhưng bạn đang lo lắng về nguồn khách tiềm năng phát sinh.
- Bạn muốn phát triển thương hiệu, đẩy nhanh doanh số bán hàng....nhưng chưa có định hướng cụ thể,
Công ty CP truyền thông DREAM PARADISE MEDIA - Đơn vị truyền thông – Marketing số 1 tại Việt Nam ra đời với sứ mệnh hiện thực hóa ước mơ và nâng tầm thương hiệu của các doanh nghiệp. Với những chuyên gia và đội ngũ nhân viên kinh nghiệm và sáng tạo, DREAM PARADISE MEDIA tự tin sẽ mang đến cho bạn những giải pháp và chiến lược Marketing – Truyền thông tối ưu nhất, vừa tầm với tiềm lực tài chính của bạn nhất.
Từ khi ra đời DREAM PARADISE MEDIA đã và đang được sự tín nhiệm của các đối tác với các dịch vụ:
• Xây dựng trọn gói Truyền Thông cho Startup – Tiết Kiệm chi phí
• Phát triển hệ thống phân phối cho doanh nghiệp
• Quảng cáo & lập kế hoạch truyền thông tất cả các kênh Digital Marketing
• Cung cấp khách hàng bất động sản tiềm năng theo dự án
Hãy liên lạc với chúng tôi : 0916200660 gặp Ms Mỹ- Bạn là doanh Nghiệp sản xuất hoặc phân phối độc quyền trong lĩnh vực Bất Động Sản và Mỹ Phẩm.
- Bạn có ý tưởng nhưng chưa có kế hoạch vận hành và truyền thông cụ thể hoặc chưa có kinh nghiệm về quản lý doanh nghiệp.
- Bạn là Doanh Nghiệp Bất Động Sản hay môi giới Bất Động Sản, nhưng bạn đang lo lắng về nguồn khách tiềm năng phát sinh.
- Bạn muốn phát triển thương hiệu, đẩy nhanh doanh số bán hàng....nhưng chưa có định hướng cụ thể,
Công ty CP truyền thông DREAM PARADISE MEDIA - Đơn vị truyền thông – Marketing số 1 tại Việt Nam ra đời với sứ mệnh hiện thực hóa ước mơ và nâng tầm thương hiệu của các doanh nghiệp. Với những chuyên gia và đội ngũ nhân viên kinh nghiệm và sáng tạo, DREAM PARADISE MEDIA tự tin sẽ mang đến cho bạn những giải pháp và chiến lược Marketing – Truyền thông tối ưu nhất, vừa tầm với tiềm lực tài chính của bạn nhất.
Từ khi ra đời DREAM PARADISE MEDIA đã và đang được sự tín nhiệm của các đối tác với các dịch vụ:
• Xây dựng trọn gói Truyền Thông cho Startup – Tiết Kiệm chi phí
• Phát triển hệ thống phân phối cho doanh nghiệp
• Quảng cáo & lập kế hoạch truyền thông tất cả các kênh Digital Marketing
• Cung cấp khách hàng bất động sản tiềm năng theo dự án
Hãy liên lạc với chúng tôi : 0916200660 gặp Ms Mỹ
Với dịch vụ quản lý chung cư, PMC không chỉ quan tâm tới chủ đầu tư mà còn đặc biệt chú trọng vai trò của cư dân, ban quản trị. Trên thực tế, người chủ thực sự của mỗi tòa chung cư chính là cộng đồng cư dân của nơi đó. Chính vì vậy, PMC mong mỏi mỗi cư dân, thông qua ban quản trị, sẽ được tham gia sâu vào việc quản lý, quyết định các chính sách quan trọng của khu chung cư. Chính điều này sẽ tạo nên giá trị nhân văn đích thực cho cộng đồng, từ đó góp phần tạo nên bản sắc văn hóa và nâng cao giá trị cho bất động sản.
http://quanlychungcu.com.vn/life-balance-newsroom/
Tổng quan và Hiện trạng Năng lượng mặt trời Việt NamTuong Do
- Introduction to Solar Energy
- Applications/Technologies
- Status of Solar Energy development in Vietnam
Presented at Rosa Luxemburg Stiffung, 10 Dec 2011.
www.devi-renewable.com
Myanmar’s solar opportunity
How Myanmar could gain from the solar revolution
Pioneering solar-powered plane due in Mandalay on March 10
ISSUE 10, VOL. 4 MARCH 5 – MARCH 11, 2015 | issued every thursday | www.mizzima.com
How Does Solar Energy Work Step-by-Step Guide.pptxGoldi Solar
Goldi Solar is a trailblazing proponent of clean energy and is adamant about the critical role that solar energy can and should play in the global transition away from fossil fuels and traditional power generation. Our goal is to raise public knowledge of this vital energy technology so that we can harness the energy of the Sun.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
The Solar Rooftop System stands as a beacon of sustainable innovation in the realm of renewable energy. This technology transforms conventional rooftops into hubs of clean power generation, utilizing photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight into electricity. As sunlight bathes the solar panels, electrons are set into motion, generating a direct current that is then converted into usable alternating current. This eco-friendly solution not only reduces dependence on traditional grid-based electricity but also curtails carbon emissions, contributing to the global effort to combat climate change. The Solar Rooftop System's modular design allows for seamless integration into various architectural styles, making it a versatile and aesthetically pleasing choice for both residential and commercial structures. As we embrace the promise of a greener future, the Solar Rooftop System emerges as a vital player in the transition towards sustainable and environmentally conscious living.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
2. Aim
This summer I learnt more about solar power and how it could be implemented in India,
especially in the villages here as most of them have no electricity. I approached Maxwell
Solar and Wind Energy who are implementing this technology all over India. While
working with them I learnt about the various types of solar energy solutions available
today and how each of these can be used in different places. I also took part in helping
them set up a small solar power plant in a village near Mumbai, Talavli which was to
provide solar energy for the school there. Talavli received power from the grid itself,
however this was fraught with interruptions and was available for only 8 hours a day.
Hence a small solar plant was installed to provide electricity for the school. The benefits
and economic impact of this activity was studied.
3. What is Solar Power?
The suns’ energy can be converted into electricity, either directly using
photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP).
Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to
focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light
energy into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.
4. Types of Solar Power Technologies
Solar Thermal
• Solar Hot Water: Heating water with solar
energy
• Large scale thermal power generation plants
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
• Photovoltaic Systems: Producing electricity
directly from sunlight using solar cells.
• Solar Process Space Heating and Cooling:
Industrial and commercial uses of the sun's
heat.
5. Photovoltaic Systems
• Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light energy into electric energy at
the atomic level. Some materials exhibit a property known as the
photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb photons of light and release
photoelectrons. When these electrons are captured by a target, an electric
current results that can be used as electricity.
• Semiconducting materials are used to convert solar energy to direct current
electricity (d.c.) through solar cells.
• Photovoltaic systems are the most popular means of obtaining solar power.
6. Types of Solar Panels
• Solar panels are used in the PV method of
obtaining Solar Power.
• Solar cells are put together to make modules.
These modules are then put together to then
form what are known as solar panels.
• These solar cells are made of the
semiconducting material and depending on the
panels each module can contain up to 60 solar
cells. Nowadays modules are being built with
72 solar cells as well.
7. • There are 3 different types of solar panels being
used today which differ mainly in the materials
used for their construction, their costs and their
efficiency.
• Most solar modules are currently produced
from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells made of
polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon.
Crystalline silicon accounts for more than 90
percent of worldwide PV production, while the
rest of the overall market is made up of thin-
film technologies which use cadmium telluride,
CIGS and amorphous silicon. The third
technology is HIT which is becoming
increasingly popular due to its high efficiency.
8. • Comparison of Solar Cells being used today :
Monocrystalline Silicon Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells
Most efficient panels with an
efficiency of 20 – 23%
Less efficient that
monocrystalline panels with an
efficiency of 17%
These are the least efficient
solar panels today with an
efficiency of 12%
Manufactured from single
silicon crystal.
Manufactured by fusing many
crystals of silicon together.
Manufactured by depositing
thin layers of silicon onto a
substrate base.
Most expensive to produce and
process of manufacture leads
to some waste of silicon.
Cost less to produce than
monocrystalline silicon and
manufacturing process is easier.
Mass production of these cells
is the easiest and hence they are
the cheapest to produce.
Have the longest life of about
40 - 50 years. Degrade slowly.
Degrade slowly. They usually
last for 30 – 40 years.
Degrade the fastest. They have
life expectancy of 25 years.
Performs best at standard
temperatures.
Performs best at moderately
high temperatures.
Performs best at high
temperatures.
10. Inverters
• A solar inverter or PV inverter converts the variable direct current
(DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into alternating current
(AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a
local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a
photovoltaic system.
• Most solar inverters are 95% efficient so the loss of energy during
conversion for d.c. to a.c. is small.
• All solar energy is produced in d.c. and hence an inverter must be
used to convert it so that the electricity may be used to power the
required appliances.
11. • There are 3 types of solar inverters each of which is used in different circumstances :
Stand Alone Solar Inverter Grid Tie Inverters Battery Backup Inverters
These inverters need not be
connected to the solar panel. They
are in fact charged by d.c. batteries
which are in turn connected to the
solar panels. They are isolated from
the utility grid and hence do not
require anti-islanding protection.*
These inverters convert d.c. to a.c in
such a way to match the phase of a
utility supplied sine wave. These
inverters are designed to shut down
automatically when there is a loss of
power supply. Gird tied inverters are
installed with anti-islanding
protection.*
These are special which have been
developed to get electrical energy
from a battery, manage this battery
energy via an on-board charger and
export all excess energy to a utility
grid. They all have anti-islanding
protection.*
* islanding is a condition where the generator continues to supply power even when it is disconnected from the grid.
12. Tracking Mounts
Tracking mounts are used to sense the amount of sunlight and mechanically move the
solar panels over the course of a day so that they directly face the sun at all times thus
maximising output. Dual axis trackers can change both azimuth and elevation, while
single axis trackers only match the azimuth.
13. Power Meters
Power meters are digital devices that record the amount of energy you use in your
home. The meter is used to calculate your energy use and your monthly electric bill.
These meters are also used to measure the amount of solar energy produced by the
solar panels. Any extra energy produced can be added to the grid which is also
measured by these meters. Consumers receive credit for this extra energy produced.
14. Solar Systems
There are three main types of solar systems in use in India :
• On Grid Systems
• Off Grid Systems
• Hybrid Solar Systems
15. On Grid Systems
• On Grid solar systems generate electricity for households or businesses and route
any excess power into the electric utility grid for compensation from the utility
company.
• An on-grid connection will allow you to save money with solar panels through
better efficiency rates, net metering, and lower equipment and installation costs.
• They are cheaper and easier to install consisting of two main components, an
inverter and a power meter.
• Since these systems are connected to the gird their main advantage lies in the fact
that they can be used even when there is no sunlight simply by drawing energy from
the grid itself.
16. • The on-grid system is the cheapest system to implement anywhere.
• You only end up paying for the net amount of power you have consumed. All extra power
would’ve been sold to the grid reducing electricity bills.
17. Off Grid Systems
• An off-grid solar system uses batteries for energy storage generated by the solar
panels and is best suited to situations where electric power is needed during
blackouts or premises not connected to the main electricity grid.
• They are much cheaper to construct as they don’t require power lines to be
extended to remote areas. But other components like generators make this system
more expensive than an on-grid system.
• They are the most popular choice of solar system to install in villages. Living off-
grid makes people self sufficient.
• These systems require a lot of maintenance especially where the batteries are
concerned as they have to get replaced at regular intervals of time.
18.
19. Hybrid Solar Systems
• A hybrid solar system combines the best of
an on-grid and an off-grid system. This
means that even during a power blackout, you
would still have electricity.
• Hybrid systems are quite sophisticated and
provide uninterruptable power throughout
the day. Energy is obtained from the sun as
per the graph. Hence even at night when
there’s no sunlight power may be drawn from
batteries.
20. • These systems also cost a lot less than off-grid solar systems.
• These systems cannot be implemented in rural areas if there is no connection to the
electrical grid present.
22. • A small solar power plant was to be set up for the school in a village called Talavli
situated near Mumbai.
• The first step taken in this initiative was to survey the land and establish an optimum
size and design for the plant being built.
• A detailed report is then prepared by the techno-commercial team. This report is then
approved and work then begins.
• The design is taken and all parts of the project are produced / procured at the best
prices available. The best materials are used.
• After everything has been organised a team is sent to the site to set up the solar plant.
The real field work now begins.
23. The land was then surveyed and measurements
were taken. The soil was also tested so that the
appropriate cement mixture could be made to
install the mounts for the panels.
Once the plan was confirmed, the villagers were met
with and the land chosen for the project was marked
out.
24. Holes are then dug into the ground so that the mounts may be fitted. Metal plates are placed into
the hole to form a base for the mounts which are then fitted over the plates. The cement mixture
produced on the basis of the soil composition is taken and poured into the holes. The cement is left
to dry thus making a strong structure to hold the solar panels.
25. A row of mounts are installed in this way, and then the structures
for the solar panels are fixed onto the mounts.
26. The mounts and the structures are then checked by the engineer on site. After his
go ahead the solar panels were installed onto the structures.
27. Wires are drawn to all the solar panels and
all of them are connected. The inverter is
then installed in the field. It is covered to
protect it from the elements. All the solar
panels are connected to the inverter. Wires
are then drawn to the batteries and the
meter in a separate specially constructed
room.
28. The school has a battery supply to store excess solar
energy which may be used if solar energy is not
available (at night). It can also be used to supply
electricity if there is a problem with the panels.
Solar panel wiring is connected to the main box.
Connections are made for the school electric supply.
30. Assumptions and Returns on the Plant Built
• The plant built was a 6 kWp plant. And the cost of the plant was ₹9 lakh. The
plant is expected to run for the next 25 years.
• There were no subsides on the plant and the whole cost of the plant was borne by
the company itself.
• Since the plant built was a hybrid plant, we have taken into consideration the cost
of gasoline to run the generator in case there is no solar power. For the next 5
years the average cost of generating one unit of electricity is ₹11. This is expected
to rise at 2% every year.
31. • At this rate of increase at the 6th year the average cost of electricity would become
₹12.14.
• The plant is expected to degrade at 0.10% every year as well. Due to this the
production of electricity will also marginally drop and the price per unit of electricity
would increase.
• The plant would produce 9600 units of electricity every year.
• The cost of the operation and maintenance of the plant is considered at 1.50% of the
plant cost i.e.. ₹13500 per annum as it involves only simple cleaning of the panels.
• All equipment is covered under manufacturers warranty for the first 5 years which is
extendable for the balance years upon signing up of an AMC with them.
• With the above, the project has an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 10.86% and a
payback of 9 years.
32.
33.
34. The implementation of solar power for the school will provide electricity to the
school, thus aiding the education of the children who will form the future of our
country.
In addition to giving an impetus to learning it will also provide employment for
the people in the village itself. People have been employed to maintain the solar
panels and ensure its smooth working throughout the year.
Electricity will also be available throughout the year as the plant installed was a
hybrid plant. This will make sure that there is no stoppage in the children’s
education.
The villagers who otherwise relied on the erratic supply of electricity from the
grid, used to burn cow dung to generate electricity which was harmful to their
lives, now have a clean source of energy for their school. This keeps their health
in check as well.
35. Solar Power in India – Economic Impact
India is a tropical country and receives a lot of solar radiation for around 300 days a
year which is the same as 5000 trillion kW of solar power. If the country is able to
harness and make use of this energy then a lot of problems that the country faces
due to its acute energy scarcity will get taken care of. At present the country relies
heavily on fossil fuel based energy sources which are contributing a lot towards the
greenhouse effect and pollution. India has begun to notice the importance of solar
power as a cleaner, greener and more efficient source of energy over the last few
years and its implementation on a country wide scale will be really beneficial.
36. Solar power is appealing because it is abundantly available and offers a solution to
fossil fuel emissions and global climate change. The main problem with solar energy
is that its initial cost is too high. Despite the fact that it does repay its value back over
the years as we have seen in the school village, there aren’t many people or
organisations who are willing to fund these projects. The cost of solar power is
slowly reducing though.
Another issue with solar power is that not many people are aware of it in India. As it
is a relatively new technology people are apprehensive about making use of it.
Awareness campaigns would help tremendously to inform citizens about the benefits
of solar.
Many solar plants, however, have been implemented in the country so far such as the
Neemuch Solar Power Plant in Madhya Pradesh, the GEDCOL Solar Power Plant in
Odisha and the Bitta Solar Power Plant in Gujarat. Gujarat has become the leader in
providing solar electricity in India due to the presence of the Thar desert.
37. Lack of proper infrastructure in the electricity industry is one of the main hurdles
in the development of solar power in India. India’s electrical grid system is still
under going development, with majority of the country’s population especially rural
India still surviving off-grid.
Research and development in cheap solar technology is essential to building up the
solar industry in the country. Infrastructure must be organised and built comprising
of networks of local-grid clusters which would generate electricity for the villages in
that area. This would prevent the government form having to spend a lot of money
otherwise on installing expensive, long centralised power delivery systems. Normal
grid supply systems via power lines is also not possible in the mountainous regions
of the country and hence solar power would be the best alternative to bringing light
to these peoples homes.
38. The creation of jobs is another important aspect of the solar power industry in
India. This will boost India’s economic growth and reduce unemployment levels.
People must undertake the designing, construction, grid connection, and
maintenance of the plant. Skilled and unskilled workers are employed and it has
been seen that smaller projects tend to provide the largest number of jobs (in
accordance with a survey conducted by the NRDC – CEEW)
39. Solar power also impacts trading. Most of India’s solar panels are sourced form
other countries like the USA and Europe. It is important for the government to
bring down trade barriers and reduce the taxes imposed on imports and exports.
This would only bring in further investment into the country and boost India’s
GDP.
India’s solar potential is real and there is a lot of support growing for the industry
as a whole. In the next couple of decades it could become a huge billion dollar
industry. All it requires is proper planning, financing and execution.
Solar Power is the future.