This document discusses solar energy and its potential in Pakistan. It begins by defining solar energy and explaining how it is harnessed using photovoltaic cells and solar panels. It then discusses current and potential applications of solar energy in Pakistan, noting the country receives high solar radiation and has many remote villages not connected to the electric grid where solar could help. The document outlines advantages like being free and renewable, and disadvantages like reliance on weather and location. It concludes by listing some existing solar plants in Pakistan and better ways solar energy could be utilized.
In spite of the high cost of solar technologies and policy of government, investment in the solar power generation is the good pay off due to the noise free and pollution free solar energy.
A short presentation about solar energy, renewable energy, advantages and disadvantages of solar energy, applications of solar energy. Life of earth.
Non-renewable energy and disadvantages of non renewable energy.
In spite of the high cost of solar technologies and policy of government, investment in the solar power generation is the good pay off due to the noise free and pollution free solar energy.
A short presentation about solar energy, renewable energy, advantages and disadvantages of solar energy, applications of solar energy. Life of earth.
Non-renewable energy and disadvantages of non renewable energy.
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorGeofrey Yator
Solar to energy conversion.The definition,need for,technologies and the Future of solar energy in the planet earth.
The article is presented by Geofrey Kibiwott yator University of Eldoret.
This presentation deals about the basic theories about solar power generation. Solar power plant is one of the renewable energy source which has great advantage and environmental friendly. This presentation was prepared as a guideline to study about solar energy sources
A basic introduction of Solar Energy. Solar energy is the energy received by the earth from the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which makes the production of electricity, heat, etc.
This presentation talks about solar energy status and development in Saudi Arabia and basics of solar energy (Photovoltaics) and its economics. Developed on 30/4/2016
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorGeofrey Yator
Solar to energy conversion.The definition,need for,technologies and the Future of solar energy in the planet earth.
The article is presented by Geofrey Kibiwott yator University of Eldoret.
This presentation deals about the basic theories about solar power generation. Solar power plant is one of the renewable energy source which has great advantage and environmental friendly. This presentation was prepared as a guideline to study about solar energy sources
A basic introduction of Solar Energy. Solar energy is the energy received by the earth from the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which makes the production of electricity, heat, etc.
This presentation talks about solar energy status and development in Saudi Arabia and basics of solar energy (Photovoltaics) and its economics. Developed on 30/4/2016
Design a Standalone PV Solar Umbrella Rajeev Kumar
This presents a generalized idea of a solar
application by an umbrella, which has powered by solar radiation.
This umbrella used a solar panel which has a several advantages,
and provide a ample surface for mounted the panels, its design to
allow the exposure of sunlight and conveniently portable. The solar
powered umbrella has uses of providing shades for the user making
outdoor experience more enjoyable.
SOLAR ENERGY - The Future Requirement Arjun Martin
A Power Point Presentation on THE SUN, SOLAR ENERGY, IT'S ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, VARIOUS SOLAR MISSIONS, SOLAR ENERGY CONVERTERS and IT'S MECHANISM along with other FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS.....
What is solar energy?
Types of solar energy
Solar thermal energy
Photovatic energy (PV)
How are solar panels made?
How does solar energy works?
Uses of solar energy
Strenghts of solar energy
Weakness of solar energy
Opportunites of solar energy
Threats of solar energy
Solar energy, radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. The total amount of solar energy incident on Earth is vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated energy requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly diffused source has the potential to satisfy all future energy needs. In the 21st century solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as a renewable energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
solar energy
solar energy
Reflection and absorption of solar energy. Although some incoming sunlight is reflected by Earth's atmosphere and surface, most is absorbed by the surface, which is warmed.
The Sun is an extremely powerful energy source, and sunlight is by far the largest source of energy received by Earth, but its intensity at Earth’s surface is actually quite low. This is essentially because of the enormous radial spreading of radiation from the distant Sun. A relatively minor additional loss is due to Earth’s atmosphere and clouds, which absorb or scatter as much as 54 percent of the incoming sunlight. The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly 50 percent visible light, 45 percent infrared radiation, and smaller amounts of ultraviolet and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
solar energy potential
solar energy potential
Earth's photovoltaic power potential.
The potential for solar energy is enormous, since about 200,000 times the world’s total daily electric-generating capacity is received by Earth every day in the form of solar energy. Unfortunately, though solar energy itself is free, the high cost of its collection, conversion, and storage still limits its exploitation in many places. Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or into electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish.
Thermal energy
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
Learn more about climate change and the transition to renewable energy in this interview with Phil the Fixer.
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Among the most common devices used to capture solar energy and convert it to thermal energy are flat-plate collectors, which are used for solar heating applications. Because the intensity of solar radiation at Earth’s surface is so low, these collectors must be large in area. Even in sunny parts of the world’s temperate regions, for instance, a collector must have a surface area of about 40 square metres (430 square feet) to gather enough energy to serve the energy needs of one person.
Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer. In 1543 he published, forward proof of a Heliocentric (sun centered) universe. Coloured stipple engraving published London 1802. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium li
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. Solar Energy
(The Ultimate Renewable Energy
Resource)
Representators:
• Muhammad Imran (Roll No-11380)
• Danyal Anjum (Roll No-9715)
• Muhammad Asqalan (Roll No-9408)
• Talha Pervaiz (Roll No-10663)
2. What’s solar energy?
• Solar energy originates with the thermonuclear fussion reactions
occurring in the sun.
• Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation(visible
light,infrared,ultraviolet,x-rays and radio waves).
• This energy consists of radiant light and heat energy from the sun.
• Out of all energy emitted by sun only a small fraction of energy is
absorbed by the earth.
• Just this tiny fraction of sun’s energy is enough to meet all our power
needs.
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3. How much Solar energy?
The surface receives about total 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the
earth only this amount is usable.
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4. Defination:
• The most precise definition is that energy from the sun.
• It is the radiation from the sun that is capable of producing
heat,cause chemical reaction or generating electricity.
• It is the largest source of energy received on earth,but its intensity on
the earths surface is very low.
• Solar energy is becoming the ultimate source because of its non-
polluting character.
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5. Even the energy demand met by using solar energy is very less
but this is increasing in present time.
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6. Why Solar Energy?
• The fossils fuel are non-renewable energy resources so we can not
depend on them forever.
• No harmful emissions are released into the air when electricity is
produced by solar panels.
• It is non-polluting and silent source of electricity and also low
maintenance and long lasting energy.
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7. Electricity from Solar Energy:
• Solar power is described as conversion of sunlight into
electricity.Sunlight could be changed into electricity
with the use of
-Directly using PV or Photovoltaics
-Indirectly by CSPs
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8. Photovoltaics:
• Converting solar energy directly into electrical energy.
• Devices used are called solar panels.
• Solar panel is a group of solar cells.
• Solar cell works on the principle of photoelectric effect.
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9. Structure of a Solar Cell:
A typical solar cell is a multi-layered unit consisting of a:
• Cover-a clear glass or plastic layer that provide outer protection from the
elements.Transparent adhesives holds the glass to the rest of the solar cell.
• Anti-reflective coating-This substance us designed to prevent the light that
strikes the cell from bouncing off soo that the maximum energy is absorbed
into the cell.
• Front contact-Transmits the electric current.
• N-type semi-conductor layer-This is the thin layer of silicon which has been
mixed(process called doping) with phosphorus.
• P-type semi-conductor layer-This is the thin layer of silicon which has been
mixed or bored with boron.
• Back Contact-Transmits the electric current. 9
11. Working of a Solar Cell:
• Photoelectric Effect
oWhen a light of certain frequency falls on the surface of metal Electrons
will absorb the energy.
oIf incident energy is greater than the work function of the metal then
the photo electrons wil be emmited and
oExcess energy is converted into the kinetic energy of electron.
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12. oWhen solar panels are placed in the sunlight,photons will strike the
surface and emits electrons.
oAs a result electron hole pair is created in the solar cell.
oWhen external circuit is connected to the solar cell,electrons flow in the
circuit and the current is generated.
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13. Types of Solar Electric Systems:
The stand alone system
• Stand alone or off-grid solar power system consists of solar panels and a
battery bank.
• Used in rural areas and regions where there is no access to the utility grid.
• Very good at giving economical electricity.
Grid-tie solar system
• Very useful for homes that are already linked to the utility grid.
• Primary advantage is the cheap process of utility.
• The system used to be weired with an inverter that creates ac
electricity,which is needed for linking to the utility grid.
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16. Uses of Solar Energy:
• Heaters
• Cars
• Lights
• Satellites
• Dryers
• Calculators
Commercial Use:
• On an office building,roof areas can be covered with solar panels.
• Remote buildings such as schools,communities can make use of solar energy.
• In developing countries,this solar panels are very much useful.
• Even on the highways,for every five kilometers solar telephones are used.
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18. Developing Solar Panel in Pakistan:
• In Pakistan about 65% of the population lives in some 50,000 villages dispersed
around the country.
• Many of the villages are far from the main transmission lines of the national grid
because of their relatively small population.
• It is not usually economically viable to connect these villages to grid.
• Solar energy has great potential in areas of Pakistan that receive high solar
radiation throughout the year.
• For e.g 19 mega joules of solar energy per square meter is received everyday.
• The nation wide average is 5.5 kwh/mess/day.
• Enough energy potential for solar energy because there are 250-300 sunny days
per year.
• Continuos cloudy days are rare.
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19. Advantages Of Solar Power:
Advantage To Pakistan:
• The power source of sun is absolutely free.
• The production of solar energy produces no pollution.
• The technological advancements in solar energy systems have made them extremely
cost effective.
• Most systems do not require any maintenance during their lifespan,which means you
never have to put money into them.
• Solar energy systems are now designed for particular needs.for instance,you convert
your outdoor lighting to solar.the solar cells are directly on the lights and can’t be
seen by anyone.at the same time,you eliminate all costs associated with running your
outdoor lighting.
• Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is soo expensive to extend the
electricity power grid.
• It is estimated that the world oil reservers will last for upcoming some years.on the
other hand solar energy is infinite(forever) till sun. 19
20. Advantages Of Solar Power:
Advantage To Pakistan:
• Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is soo expensive to
extend the electricity power grid.
• It is estimated that the world oil reservers will last for upcoming some
years.on the other hand solar energy is infinite(forever) till sun.
• Solar cells are long lasting sources of energy which can be used
almost anywhere.
• Solar cells are also totally silent.
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21. Disadvantages of Solar Energy:
• Location-the location of solar panels is of major importance in the
generation of electricity.Areas which remains mostly cloudy and foggy will
produce electricity but at a reduced rate and may require more panels to
generate enough electricity homes.Houses which are covered by
trees,landscapes or other buildings may not be suitable enough to
produce solar power.
• Pollution-most of the photovoltaic panels are made up of silicon and other
toxic metals like mercury,lead and cadmium.Pollution in the environment
can also degrade the quantity and efficiency of photovoltaics cells.New
innovative technologies can overcome the worst of these effects
• Reliability-unlike other renewable source which can also be operated
during night,solar panels prove to be useless during night which means
you have to depend on the local utility grid to draw power in the night.
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22. • Inefficency-since not all the light from the sun is absorbed by the solar panels
therefore most solar panels have a 40% efficiency rate which means 60% of the
sunlight gets wasted and is not harnessed.
• Installation areas-for home users,a solar energy installation may not require
huge space but for big companies,a large area is required for the system to be
efficient in providing a source of electricity.
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23. Current Solar Power plants functioning
in Pakistan:
• SOLAR ENERGY PAKISTAN LTD(THATTA,SINDH)
• DACC LLC SOLAR(SINDH)
• WAH INDUSTRIES LIMITED SOLAR(TAXILA,PUNJAB)
• THE ACCESS SOLAR(PUNJAB)
• CWE SOLAR(CHOLISTAN)
• BAKHSH ENERGY SOLAR(KASUR)
• ROSHAN POWER SOLAR
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24. Better ways of usage:
• Government should take measures and see that solar lights are used as street
lights in all the areas
• We can place solar panels in the barren lands instead of keeping it away
uselessly.
• We can also keep these solar panels in the deserts,where we can make use of
this energy with the help of a rechargeable battery.
• Efficency of solar panels depends on the range of frequencies of light that
strike the surface.so they can give higher efficiency if we split the light into
different frequency ranges and direct the beams onto the cells tuned to these
frequencies.
• Building a new home is the best time to design and orient the home to take
the advantage of the sun’s rays.
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