This document discusses the production process for polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar cells. It outlines the basic steps which include silicon extraction from ores, purification into ingots, wafer slicing, cell fabrication through processes like etching and junction formation, and module assembly. Specific machines used at the Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy Technologies (PCRET) are highlighted, such as poly silicon cake makers, wire saws, furnaces, and testing equipment. PCRET has produced solar panels with up to 18.6% efficiency and installed 50 kW of panels in Balochistan in 1985.

1. Poly Crystalline & Mono
Crystalline Solar Cells Production
Technology Machines
By: Khalid Islam
www.zorays.com

2. Basic Solar Cell Structure and its
Working

3. SOLAR CELLS Made in 1984 at NIST/PCRET

4. Mono-Crystalline Solar Cells Produced in 1998 at
PCRET

5. Poly-crystalline Solar
Cell

6. Other Solar Panels

7. Array of 18.6 % Efficient with 82% Fill
Factor
PV Panels Produced by PCRET in Year

8. PV Panel/ System Installation after system sizing. Made by PCRET
in Year 1985

9. 50 kW PCRET Installation in Balochistan Year-1985 made by
Kyocera, Japan.

10. POLY/MONO-CRYSTALLINE TECHNOLOGY
Silicon
Ores
Silicon
Extraction
Silicon
Purification
Cake/Ingot
Slicing /
Wafer-ing
Testing / Quality
Assurance
PV Module
Making
Cell Fabrication/
Processing
(I-V Characterization)
(Quartz, Silica Sand) (Arc Furnace) (Casting, Crystal
growing)
(Cutting
Machines)
(Lamination) (Etching, Junction Formation, AR
Coating, Contacts etc. )

11. CHUNKS OF SILICON

12. Poly Silicon Cake Maker/ Mono Silicon Crystal Puller
Courtesy of Khalid Islam, DG PCRET, Islamabad

13. Poly Crystalline Ingot &
Mono Crystalline Ingot

14. Wire Saw Machine-2013
Courtesy of Khalid Islam, DG PCRET, Islamabad

15. Crystal Ingot Squarer-2013
Courtesy of Khalid Islam, DG PCRET, Islamabad

16. Cake Cutter / Crystal End Cutter-2013
Courtesy of Khalid Islam, DG PCRET, Islamabad

17. Conveyer Furnace with Dryer-2013
Courtesy of Khalid Islam, DG PCRET, Islamabad

18. Diffusion Furnace-2013
Courtesy of Khalid Islam, DG PCRET, Islamabad

19. Interconnecting Solar
Cells

20. New Laminator Installed at PCRET for 10 Mega Watt PV Panel
Production

21. High Vacuum Coating
Units

22. TESTING/ QUALITY ASSURANCE Photovoltaic (PV) Panel Indoor
Testing System

23. Photovoltaic (PV) Panel Outdoor Testing System