Soil is formed through the weathering of parent material such as bedrock. There are different types of parent material including residual material composed of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks still located where they were formed. Transported parent material has been moved from its origin by forces like water, wind, glaciers or gravity. Soil formation breaks down parent material through weathering and adds organic matter over time to create distinct soil horizons capable of supporting plant growth.

1. SOIL FACTOR
(PART 1)
SOIL FORMATION,

2. WHAT IS SOIL
IT IS DERIVED FROM LATIN WORD
SOLUM MEANING SOIL OR LAND
SOIL IS THE UPPER OR BIO CHEMICALLY
WEATHERED PORTION OF THE REGOLITH
(LOOSE MATERIAL COVERING THE
BEDROCK)
SOIL IS THE COLLECTION OF NATURAL
BODIES OF EARTH THAT IS COMPOSED
OF MINERALS AND ORGANIC MATTER
AND IS CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING PLANT
GROWTH
IT IS THE WEATHERED OUTER LAYER OF
EARTH CRUST , WHICH RANGES FROM A
THIN FILM TO THICK LAYERS COMPOSED
OF WEATHERED ROCK MATERIAL AND
ORGANIC MATTER MIXED WITH PORES
FILLED WITH AIR AND WATER , WHICH
SUPPORT THE PLANT LIFE

3. SOIL FORMATION
IT IS FORMED FROM A NON SOIL MATERIAL
( PARENT MATERIAL )
IN THIS PROCESS THE PARENT MATERIAL
BREAKS DOWN INTO SMALLER PARTS
( CALLED WEATHERING) ,
REARRANGING AND CHANGING THEIR
MINERAL STRUCTURE ,
ADDING ORGANIC MATTER (
HUMIFICATION ) , PRODUCING CLAY AD
CREATING HORIZONS

5. PARENT MATERIAL
THE UNCONSOLIDATED ( HARD) MASS
FROM THE SOILS ARE FORMED IN
PARENT MATERIAL.
IT CONSTITUTES THE BASIC MINERALS
, CONSISTING OF SMALL FRAGMENTS
OF INORGANIC MATERIAL , DERIVED
FROM THE SOLID ROCKS BY
MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL TYPES OF
WEATHERING
CLASSIFIED INTO
a) RESIDUAL PARENT MATERIAL
b) BY TRANSPORTED PARENT
MATERIAL

6. 1: RESIDUAL
PARENT MATERIAL
THEY ARE OF THREE TYPES
1: IGNEOUS ROCKS
2:SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS

7. IGNEOUS ROCKS
WHEN HOT MIXTURES OF ELEMENTS
CALLED MAGMA COOLS.
THESE MAY BE PRESENT ABOVE OR
BELOW THE SURFACE

9. SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
FORMED MY THE DEPOSITED
MATERIAL IN LAKES AND OCEANS,
OVER TIME , LAYERS OF THESE
MATERIALS ARE FORMED AS
SEDIMENTS , CONVERTED INTO
ROCKS.
OVER GEOLOGICAL TIME , THESE
ROCKS HAVE BEEN EXPOSED BY
UPLIFT AND WEARING AWAY OF
MOUNTAINS.
E.G SHALE AND LIME STONES

10. SHALE AND LIME STONES

11. METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
WHEN IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS ARE HEATED AND SUBJECTED
TO INTENSE PRESSURE AT
CONSIDERABLE DEPTHS WITHIN
EARTH
THE ORIGINAL MINERALS MELTS AND
NEW ONES ARE FORMED
E.G. SLATE AND MARBLE

12. SLATE AND MARBLE

13. 2: TRANSPORTED
PARENT MATERIAL
THESE ARE DERIVED FROM MINERAL
PARTICLES WHICH HAVE BEEN
BROUGHT FORM THEIR ORIGINAL
PLACE BY SOME AGENTS LIKE WIND,
WATER, GLACIERS , GRAVITY.
THESE SOILS ARE MORE FERTILE THEN
OTHER TYPES, BECAUSE OF THE
DIVERSITY OF THE MATERIAL

14. 1: COLLUVIAL ( BY
GRAVITY)
THESE ARE MOVED DUE TO GRAVITY
COMPOSED OF ROCK FRAGMENTS
COME FORM HEIGHTS OVE , DOWN THE
SLOPE
THE DEPOSITED MATERIAL IS CALLED
TALUS
THEY ARE MOSTLY PRESENT ON
MOUNTAIN AREA , ALONG HILLSIDE
THEY CONSIST OF COARSE AND STONY
PARTICLES,
NOT MUCH USEFUL FOR AGRICULTURE ,
THESE ARE WITH-OUT STRATIFICATION
(LAYERS)

16. 2: ALLUVIAL (
TRANSPORTATION
BY WATER )
THE PARENT MATERIAL DEPOSITED BY
RUNNING WATER IS CALLED ALLUVIAL
IT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING
a) FLOOD PLAIN
b) DELTA DEPOSIT
c) ALLUVIAL FANS

17. A) FLOOD PLAIN
THE PART OF VALLEY INUNDATED (
COVERED) DURING FLOODING
THE SOIL DERIVED FROM THESE
MATERIAL ARE GENERALLY RICH IN
NUTRIENTS AND MINERALS SO GOOD
FOR PRODUCTIVITY

18. B) DELTA
DEPOSITS
THESE ARE DEPOSITS NEAR THE MOUTH
OF RIVER
THE AREA WHERE STREAMS AND RIVERS
INTERS INTO THE SEA .
THE SUSPENDED MATERIAL SILT AND
CLAY SETTLED IN THAT AREA FORMING
DELTA
A DELTA IS CONTINUATION OF
FLOODPLAIN, CLAYEY IN NATURE AND
SOIL OF SUCH AREA ARE FERTILE AND
PRODUCTIVE FROM AGRICULTURAL
POINT OF VIEW

20. 3) EOLIAN (
TRANSPORTED BY
WIND)
THE WIND TRANSPORTED PARENT
MATERIAL IS CALLED EOLIAN
IT IS CLASSIFIED EITHER DUNE OR
LOESS. WINTER CONDITIONS ARE
SUITABLE FOR TRANSPORT OF
MATERIAL BY WIND

21. A) SAND DUNES
PRESENT ALONG THE SHORES OF SEA
AND LAKES, ALONG RIVER VALLEYS .
AND IN DRY REGIONS
WATER CURRENT ERODE AND DEPOSIT
THE SAND PARTICLES ALONG THE
SHORES , BANKS , FLOOD PLAINS,
WHICH IS MOVED BY WIND ONTO THE
LAND UPON DRYING
IN DRY AREA , THE WEATHERING OF
SANDSTONES AND OTHER ROCKS MAY B
PRODUCE SAND THAT IS BLOWN AND
DEPOSITED AS DUNES
E.G. SAHARA DESERT IS FAMOUS FOR
ITS SAND DUNES
SAND DUNES IS COMPOSED BY
PARTICLES OF NEARLY UNIFORM SIZE
AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

22. SAND DUNES IN PAKISTAN

23. LOESS ( LUSS)
THE WIND BLOWN MATERIAL ,
COMPOSED OF SILT WITH SOME FINE
SAND AND CLAY ARE CALLED LOESS
THE MATERIAL IS DERIVED FROM
ROCK FLOUR DEPOSITED BY THE
MELT WATERS OF GLACIERS , THEN
BLOWN AWAY.

24. LOESS SOIL ( 2ND PIC IS IN KALARKAHAR,
PAKISTAN )

25. 4: GLACIAL (
TRANSPORT BY
GLACIERS)
THE MATERIAL DIRECTLY DEPOSITED
BY ICE ARE CALLED GLACIAL TILL,
AND IF IT IS DEPOSITED BY ICE OR
ASSOCIATE BY WATER IS CALLED
DRIFT

26. IT COMPRISES OF PARTICLES OF ALL
SIZE, FROM CLAY TO BOULDERS THAT
ARE THOROUGHLY MIXED
GLACIAL TILL IS FOUND MOSTLY AS
IRREGULAR DEPOSIT CALLED
MORAINES
AN OUTWASH PLAIN IS FORMED BY
STREAMS AND ARE HEAVILY LADEN
WITH GLACIAL SEDIMENTS FLOWING
FROM ICE
IT CONSIST OF SAND, GRAVEL
USUALLY FOUND IN VALLEYS
IT ALSO FORMS GLACIAL LAKES. (
WHEN ICE STAND STILL CAME TO NO
ESCAPE FOR THE WATER

27. GLACIAL LAKES IN PAKISTAN
2ND ONE IS SHIMSAHL LAKE