Respiration is a series of enzyme-controlled oxidation and reduction reactions where carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis are oxidized to carbon dioxide and oxygen is reduced to water. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which occurs in the presence of oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration has two types - lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Glycolysis is the first step of respiration, occurring with or without oxygen. The Krebs cycle is another step where pyruvic acid from glycolysis undergoes further oxidation, producing carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP. The electron transport chain uses carriers like cytoch

1. RESPIRATI
ON
OXIDATION –REDUCTION REACTIONS

2. RESPIRATION
IT IS A SERIES OF ENZYME
CONTROLLED OXIDATION AND
REDUCTION REACTIONS DURING
WHICH CARBOHYDRATES (
RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE) PRODUCED
DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE
OXIDIZED TO CARBON DIOXIDE AND
OXYGEN IS REDUCED TO WATER

4. AEROBIC
RESPIRATION
GLUCOSE IS CONVERTED INTO
PYRUVIC ACID
6 CARBON COMPOUND IS
CONVERTED 2 MOLECULES OF 3
CARBON EACH.

5. ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
THE TYPE OF RESPIRATION , WHICH
TAKES PLACE IN THE ABSENCE OF
OXYGEN
BUT THE FIRST STEP IS GLYCOLYSIS,
AND AFTER THAT
IT HAS TWO TYPES
a) LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
b) ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION IN
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OCCURS
IN MUSCLES AND YEAST CELL.

6. ALCOHOLIC
FERMENTATION
IT OCCURS IN YEAST , AS RESULT 2
MOLECULES OF ETHYL ALCOHOL (2C)
AND 2 MOLECULES OF CARBON
DIOXIDE ARE FORMED

7. LACTIC ACID
FERMENTATION
2 MOLECULES OF LACTIC ACID ARE
PRODUCED HAVING 3 CARBON EACH.
AND NO CARBON DIOXIDE IS
PRODUCED

9. RESPIRATORY
SUBSTRATES
A RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE IS A
MOLECULE FROM WHICH ENERGY
CAN BE LIBERATED TO PRODUCE ATP
IN A LIVING CELL. GLUCOSE IS NOT
THE ONLY RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE.
ALL CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS AND
PROTEINS CAN ALSO BE USED
ASRESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES

10. CASTOR OIL SEEDS
THEY ARE RICH IN FAT RESERVES
STORED IN ENDOSPERM TISSUE.
DURING GERMINATION THESE FATS
ARE CONVERTED TO SUCROSE ,
WHICH ARE USED BY GROWING
EMBRYO FOR ENERGY

11. MALIC ACID
MALIC ACIDS ACCUMULATE IN
LEAVES OF SUCCULENT (
CRASSULACEAE) DURING NIGHT IS
OXIDIZED TO CO2 AND WATER .

12. GLYCOLIC ACID
IT IS A 2 CARBON ORGANIC ACID
PRODUCED IN ILLUMINATED LEAVES
OF MOST HIGHER PLANTS , IS ALSO
USED AS RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE

13. PROTEINS
IN DETACHED LEAVES PROTEINS
DEGRADATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED
THE SEEDS HIGH IN PROTEINS
RESERVES , THIS PROTEIN WORKS AS
RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES DURING
EARLY STEPS OF GERMINATION .
THEY ARE FIRST DEGRADED INTO
AMINO ACIDS, AND THEN AFTER
FORMING INTERMEDIATES , THEY ARE
CONVERTED INTO CO2 AND WATER

14. GLYCOLYTIC
PATHWAY
1: PREPARATORY
PHASE
1: PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUCOSE :
HEXOKINASE
2: ISOMERIZATION OF GLUCOSE 6-P :
ISOMERASE
3: FRUCTOSE 6-P TO I,6
BISPHOSPHATE :
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE
4: CLAEAVAGE OF FRUCTOSE 1,6
BISPHOSPHATE INTO DAP AND
GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE
G3P: ALDOLASE

15. 2: PAY OFF PHASE
5: DAP INTO GLYCERALDEHYDE 3
PHOSPHATE
ISOMERASE
6: G3P INTO 1,3
BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE
PPHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE
7: 1,3 BISPHOGLYCERATE TO 3 PG
PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE
8: 3 PG INTO 2 PG
MUTASE
9: 2 PG INTO PEP
ENOLASE
10: PEP INTO PYRUVIC ACID
PYRUVATE KINASE

16. PRODUCTS OF
GLYCOLYSIS
FOR EACH MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE
CONSUMED IN GLYCOLYSIS
1: 2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID
ARE FORMED
2: 2 MOLECULES OF NADH2 ARE
PRODUCED
3 4 ATP MOLECULES ARE GENERATED,
FROM WHICH 2 ARE REUSED IN
PREPARATORY PHASE. AND THE NET
PRODUCTION IS 2 ATP

17. KREBS'S CYCLE
HAN’S A KREBS FIRST PROPOSED A
CYCLIC SERIES OF BREAKDOWN
OF PYRUVATE IN THE PRESENCE
OF OXYGEN, THEREFOR THE
CYCLE IS CALLED KREBS'S CYCLE .
THIS IS ALSO CALLED AS CITRIC
ACID CYCLE, BECAUSE OF
FORMATION OF AN IMPORTANT
INTERMEDIATE CITRIC ACID .
IT TAKES PLACE IN MATRIX OF
MITOCHONDRIA

18. PYRUVIC ACID
OXIDATION

20. PRODUCTS OF
KREBS CYCLE
3 MOLECULES OF CO2
4 NADH2 AND 1 FADH2
1 MOLECULE OF ATP IS PRODUCED

22. ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
CHAIN
1: CYTOCHROMES , 4 OF THE B TYPE,
AND 2 OF THE C TYPE: QUINONE
ESPECIALLY UBIQUINONE
2: FLAVIN PROTEINS FAD FLAVIN
ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE OR FMN 
FLAVIN MONONUCLEATE
3: SOME IRON SULPHUR PROTEINS
4: ENZYME CYTOCHROME OXIDASE
5: SOME OTHER UNIDENTIFIED
ELECTRON CARRIERS