The arrangement of these horizons in a soil is known as a soil profile. Soil scientists, who are also called pedologists, observe and describe soil profiles and soil horizons to classify and interpret the soil for various uses. Soil horizons differ in a number of easily seen soil properties such as color, texture, structure, and thickness.
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The soil profile is one of the most important concepts in soil science.
Soil profile is the term used for the vertical section of mature soil generally up to the depth of 2 meter or up to the parent material to show the different layers or horizons of soil for study of soil in its undisturbed state.
It is made up of a succession of horizontal layer or Horizons.
Soil formation or pedogenesis is the combined effect of human impact on the environment, physical, chemical and biological processes working on soil parent material.
The Formation of a particular type of soil depends upon the physico-chemical properties of the parent rock, intensity and duration of weathering, climatic and other parameters. This module highlights these aspects for a basic understanding.
The soil profile is one of the most important concepts in soil science.
Soil profile is the term used for the vertical section of mature soil generally up to the depth of 2 meter or up to the parent material to show the different layers or horizons of soil for study of soil in its undisturbed state.
It is made up of a succession of horizontal layer or Horizons.
Soil formation or pedogenesis is the combined effect of human impact on the environment, physical, chemical and biological processes working on soil parent material.
The Formation of a particular type of soil depends upon the physico-chemical properties of the parent rock, intensity and duration of weathering, climatic and other parameters. This module highlights these aspects for a basic understanding.
The Chemical properties of soils includes (1) Inorganic matters of soil , (2) Organic matters in soil , (3) Colloidal properties of soil particles and (4) Soil reactions and Buffering action , (5) Acidic soils and (6) Basic soils. This module highlights the major chemical properties of soils.
SOIL TEXTURE
SIZE OF THE PARTICLES
HOW THESE PARTICLES CAN BE SEPARATED
TEXTURAL GROUPS
TEXTURAL CLASSES OF SOILS
PROPERTIES
WHY DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURES HAVE THE PROPERTIES THEY DO ?
ROLE OF SOIL TEXTURE
in this all the soil type and their characteristic are explain deeply. for the know lade of the student. son u dont need to go any where related to this topic you will be get each and every thing deeply.
The Chemical properties of soils includes (1) Inorganic matters of soil , (2) Organic matters in soil , (3) Colloidal properties of soil particles and (4) Soil reactions and Buffering action , (5) Acidic soils and (6) Basic soils. This module highlights the major chemical properties of soils.
SOIL TEXTURE
SIZE OF THE PARTICLES
HOW THESE PARTICLES CAN BE SEPARATED
TEXTURAL GROUPS
TEXTURAL CLASSES OF SOILS
PROPERTIES
WHY DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURES HAVE THE PROPERTIES THEY DO ?
ROLE OF SOIL TEXTURE
in this all the soil type and their characteristic are explain deeply. for the know lade of the student. son u dont need to go any where related to this topic you will be get each and every thing deeply.
A soil profile is a vertical cross-section of the soil, made of layers running parallel to the surface. These layers are known as soil horizons. Also Read: Soil Teeming. The soil is arranged in layers or horizons during its formation. These layers or horizons are known as the soil profile.
Soil and its importance in CSI
Introduction to soil
Formation of soil
Compositions of soil
Types of soil
Characteristics of soil
Forensic examination and importance of soil
Underground Construction provides construction, technical and management services to its customers. The company specializes in power, communications, airport fueling and heavy engineering. Since laying its first pipe in 1936, Underground Construction has completed thousands of projects throughout the United States.
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Self-curing concrete is achieved by means of replacing a part of aggregate by lightweight aggregate or adding chemical admixtures. The self-curing process of concrete takes place from inside to outside, thus reducing the autogenous shrinkage and self-desiccation, especially for the high-performance concrete with relatively low water/binder ratio.
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Trenchless construction. Trenchless construction includes such construction methods as tunneling, microtunneling (MTM), horizontal directional drilling (HDD) also known as directional boring, pipe ramming (PR), pipe jacking (PJ), moling, horizontal auger boring (HAB) and other methods for the installation of pipelines and cables below the ground with minimal excavation.
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A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
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The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
The typical deflection diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 indicate that all the high strength concrete beams had adequate ductility and Structural Behaviour of High Strength Concrete Beams 135 showed substantial deflections at failure. The ulti- mate deflections shown in Table 3 were measured prior to failure as near to collapse as possible.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks. Composed of quartz sand , calcined gypsum , lime , cement , water and aluminum powder , AAC products are cured under heat and pressure in an autoclave .
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A submerged floating tunnel, also known as submerged floating tube bridge, suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy. The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with—usually 20–50 m is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface would prevent it from floating to the surface or ...
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The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
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marble slurry dust as cement additive , The research on the use of marble dust in concrete , , disadvantages of marble dust and quarry dust additive in concrete; Chat Now; disadvantage of using quarry dust in concrete
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Computer Ethics: Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual. Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how ...
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
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2. Definition of Soils
• Soil is the collection of natural bodies on earth’s surface
containing living matter and supporting, or capable of
supporting plants. Its upper limit is the atmosphere (air) or
water, and at its lateral margins it grades to deep water or
barren areas of rock and ice. Its lower limit is normally
considered to be the lower limit of the common rooting zone
(root zone) of the native perennial plants, a boundary that is
shallow in the deserts and tundra and deep in the humid
tropics.
3. What is a Soil Profile?
• A Soil Profile is a vertical cross-section of layers of soil
found in a given area. Below are two examples of soil
profiles.
4. O-Horizon
The “Organic Matter”
Horizon
• Surface-layer, at depths of 0-2 feet
• Dark in color, soft in texture
• Humus - rich organic material of
plant and animal origin in a stage
of decomposition
• Leaf litter – leaves, needles,
twigs, moss, lichens that are not
decomposing
• Several O-layers can occur in
some soils, consisting only of O-
horizons
5. A-Horizon
“Topsoil” or “Biomantle”
Horizon
• Topmost layer of mineral soil, at
depths of 2-10 feet
• Some humus present, darker in color
than layers below
• Biomantle - most biological
productive layer; earthworms, fungi,
and bacteria live this layer
• Smallest and finest soil particles
6. E-Horizon
The “Leaching Layer”
Horizon
• Small layer between A & B horizons
• At depths of 10-15 feet
• Light in color, mainly sand & silt
• Poor mineral and clay content due to
leaching – the loss of water-
retaining plant nutrients to the water
table
• Soil particles larger than in A horizon
but smaller than in B horizon
7. B-Horizon
The “Subsoil” Horizon
• At depths of 10-30 feet
• Rich in clay and minerals like Fe & Al
• Some organic material may reach here through leaching
• Plant roots can extend into this layer
• Red/brown in color due to oxides of Fe & clay
8. C-Horizon
The “Regolith” Horizon
• At depths of 30-48 feet
• Made up of large rocks or lumps of partially broken bedrock
• Least affected by weathering and have changed the least since their origin
• Devoid of organic matter due to it being so far down in the soil profile
9. R-Horizon
The “Bedrock” Horizon
• At depths of 48+ feet
• Deepest soil horizon in the soil profile
• No rocks or boulders, only a continuous mass of bedrock
• Colors are those of the original rock of the area
10. Soil Forming Factors
• CL - Climate
• OR - Organisms
• P - Parent Material
• T - Time
• T – Topography
=CLORPTT(an easier way to remember the soil
forming factors)
11. Review of Soil Forming
Factors
• Climate
• Organisms
• Parent Material
• Time
• Topography
12. Components of the Soil Profile
A soil horizon makes up a distinct layer of soil.
The soil profile extends from the soil surface to the parent
rock material.
The regolith includes all of the weathered material within
the profile. The regolith has two components:
• Solum
• Saprolite