This document outlines a training manual on soil health for agricultural workers. It covers 6 days of training sessions on topics related to soil health, including definitions of soil and soil horizons, physical and chemical properties of soil, major soil types in India, and methods for improving soil health through physical, chemical, and biological measures. The document provides learning objectives, activities, and material requirements for each session. It also includes tips for facilitators on effective training techniques.
SSNM is an approach to optimize soil nutrient supply over space and time to match crop requirements. It involves applying fertilizers at optimal rates based on the nutrient needs of crops and indigenous nutrient sources. SSNM aims to increase crop productivity and fertilizer efficiency while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Studies show SSNM can increase grain yields by 7-27% and total profits by 12% compared to standard farmer practices through balanced nutrition and reduced disease and insect damage. Tools like sensors, soil sampling, and GPS help implement SSNM site-specifically.
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemP.K. Mani
Crop residue has important effects on soil quality in rice-based cropping systems. When crop residues are removed, it leads to decreased soil fertility and lower crop production. Incorporating crop residue into the soil improves various indicators of soil quality, including physical properties like aggregation and porosity, chemical properties like soil organic matter and nutrient levels, and biological properties like microbial population and enzyme activity. Proper crop residue management can help sustain soil quality and fertility in rice fields over the long term.
Sulphur-Source, forms, fertilizers, their behaviour in soils, factors affecti...Abhishika John
Sulphur is an essential secondary nutrient for plant growth. It is the 13th most abundant element in the earth's crust and is absorbed by plants primarily as sulfate ions. Several factors affect the availability of sulphur in soils, including soil texture, organic matter content, pH, and the presence of other ions and nutrients. Sulphur exists in soils in both inorganic and organic forms, and the mineralization of organic sulphur by microorganisms makes it available to plants. Fertilizer application may be needed to supplement sulphur in deficient soils.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
This document discusses ways to improve fertilizer use efficiency. It explains that fertilizer recommendations are based on soil tests to determine nutrient needs. Efficiency is maximized by selecting the right fertilizer type, applying at the right time and rate based on soil and crop factors. Key losses include leaching, gaseous losses through processes like denitrification, and immobilization through chemical reactions or microbial activity. The document provides strategies to minimize each loss type such as fertilizer placement, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and selecting fertilizers suited to the soil properties.
This document discusses the importance of soil testing for agriculture. It notes that soil testing provides the most scientific basis for fertilizer recommendations by analyzing soil samples and considering crop needs and management practices. The key steps in soil testing are collecting a representative soil sample from the field, analyzing it to determine nutrient availability, interpreting the results, and making fertilizer recommendations. Proper sampling involves dividing fields into units, removing surface litter, and taking a composite sample from each unit before sowing crops. Soil testing helps farmers apply the right amounts of nutrients needed by their crops.
This document outlines topics to be covered in a three-day course on irrigation water management for CNMP development. The course will cover determining the volume of water needed for crops including consumptive use, net irrigation requirements, and management allowed depletion. It will also discuss irrigation scheduling and the importance of considering crop, soil, climate and irrigation system factors. Finally, the document outlines three levels of conducting irrigation system evaluations for clients.
Nitrogen use efficiency is often low for crops, ranging from 30-50% due to nitrogen losses through mechanisms like ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching, and denitrification. Methods to improve nitrogen use efficiency include proper fertilizer, soil, and crop management practices as well as modifying fertilizers. Slow release fertilizers, urease inhibitors, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to coat or add chemicals to fertilizers to reduce nitrogen losses and allow for more efficient nitrogen uptake by crops.
SSNM is an approach to optimize soil nutrient supply over space and time to match crop requirements. It involves applying fertilizers at optimal rates based on the nutrient needs of crops and indigenous nutrient sources. SSNM aims to increase crop productivity and fertilizer efficiency while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Studies show SSNM can increase grain yields by 7-27% and total profits by 12% compared to standard farmer practices through balanced nutrition and reduced disease and insect damage. Tools like sensors, soil sampling, and GPS help implement SSNM site-specifically.
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemP.K. Mani
Crop residue has important effects on soil quality in rice-based cropping systems. When crop residues are removed, it leads to decreased soil fertility and lower crop production. Incorporating crop residue into the soil improves various indicators of soil quality, including physical properties like aggregation and porosity, chemical properties like soil organic matter and nutrient levels, and biological properties like microbial population and enzyme activity. Proper crop residue management can help sustain soil quality and fertility in rice fields over the long term.
Sulphur-Source, forms, fertilizers, their behaviour in soils, factors affecti...Abhishika John
Sulphur is an essential secondary nutrient for plant growth. It is the 13th most abundant element in the earth's crust and is absorbed by plants primarily as sulfate ions. Several factors affect the availability of sulphur in soils, including soil texture, organic matter content, pH, and the presence of other ions and nutrients. Sulphur exists in soils in both inorganic and organic forms, and the mineralization of organic sulphur by microorganisms makes it available to plants. Fertilizer application may be needed to supplement sulphur in deficient soils.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
This document discusses ways to improve fertilizer use efficiency. It explains that fertilizer recommendations are based on soil tests to determine nutrient needs. Efficiency is maximized by selecting the right fertilizer type, applying at the right time and rate based on soil and crop factors. Key losses include leaching, gaseous losses through processes like denitrification, and immobilization through chemical reactions or microbial activity. The document provides strategies to minimize each loss type such as fertilizer placement, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and selecting fertilizers suited to the soil properties.
This document discusses the importance of soil testing for agriculture. It notes that soil testing provides the most scientific basis for fertilizer recommendations by analyzing soil samples and considering crop needs and management practices. The key steps in soil testing are collecting a representative soil sample from the field, analyzing it to determine nutrient availability, interpreting the results, and making fertilizer recommendations. Proper sampling involves dividing fields into units, removing surface litter, and taking a composite sample from each unit before sowing crops. Soil testing helps farmers apply the right amounts of nutrients needed by their crops.
This document outlines topics to be covered in a three-day course on irrigation water management for CNMP development. The course will cover determining the volume of water needed for crops including consumptive use, net irrigation requirements, and management allowed depletion. It will also discuss irrigation scheduling and the importance of considering crop, soil, climate and irrigation system factors. Finally, the document outlines three levels of conducting irrigation system evaluations for clients.
Nitrogen use efficiency is often low for crops, ranging from 30-50% due to nitrogen losses through mechanisms like ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching, and denitrification. Methods to improve nitrogen use efficiency include proper fertilizer, soil, and crop management practices as well as modifying fertilizers. Slow release fertilizers, urease inhibitors, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to coat or add chemicals to fertilizers to reduce nitrogen losses and allow for more efficient nitrogen uptake by crops.
This document discusses different types of problem soils in India, including saline soils, sodic soils, and acid soils. Saline soils contain excess salts and affect plant growth through osmotic effects. Sodic soils have a high pH and sodium content which disperses clay and reduces permeability. Acid soils are characterized by low pH and aluminum toxicity. The document outlines methods for reclaiming each soil type, including leaching salts from saline soils, applying gypsum to sodic soils to replace sodium with calcium, and liming acid soils to raise pH. Crop selection, irrigation management, and soil amendments are also important strategies for reclaiming problem soils.
Unit 1 lecture-1 soil fertility and soil productivityLuxmiKantTripathi
The document discusses the concepts of soil fertility and productivity, outlining key factors that affect each such as parent material, climate, organic matter and crop management practices. It also reviews the history of understanding soil fertility from ancient Greek and Roman scholars to modern scientists who established theories of plant nutrition and developed agricultural experiments. The overall goal is for students to understand essential plant nutrients and their roles in agriculture and crop production.
effect of submergence in soils and its managementpreethi durairaj
Submergence of soils in water leads to several physical, biological, and chemical changes. Oxygen levels decrease as water replaces air in pore spaces, promoting anaerobic conditions. This allows reduction reactions to occur, changing soil properties like pH, redox potential, and nutrient availability. While phosphorus, potassium, iron, and manganese availability increases, nitrogen can be lost through leaching or denitrification if not properly managed, and sulfur, zinc and copper availability decreases overall. Careful water and nutrient management is needed for optimal crop growth in submerged soils.
Integrated Nutrient Management and Balanced Fertilization by Bhanumahi (CCSH...MahanteshKamatyanatti
This document discusses integrated nutrient management and balanced fertilization. It defines balanced fertilization as applying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients in proper proportions to meet crop demands and avoid nutrient deficiencies or inefficiencies. The key aspects of balanced fertilization are applying the right nutrient type and quantity using the right application method at the right time. This helps maximize crop yields, improve cost effectiveness, enhance crop quality, and maintain soil fertility while avoiding pollution. The document recommends fertilizer application based on soil testing, use of high-yielding varieties, correcting all nutrient deficiencies, and following the 4R nutrient stewardship concept of applying the right source at the right rate, right time, and right place.
This document discusses various soil and moisture conservation techniques, which are divided into agronomic and engineering measures. Agronomic measures include conservation tillage, deep tillage, contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, and growing cover crops. These are used where land slopes are less than 2%. Engineering measures include bunding, terracing, trenching, and subsoiling, which are constructed barriers used on slopes greater than 2% to retain runoff. Broad bed furrows are also discussed as a technique using beds and furrows to store moisture and drain excess water.
Lime requirement of acid soil, liming materials, reclamation and management o...MahiiKarthii
The document discusses lime requirement of acid soils and liming materials. It states that lime requirement is the amount of lime needed to raise the pH of an acidic soil to a desired level, as determined by the Shoemaker buffer method. Liming materials include oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and silicates of calcium and magnesium. Examples given are limestone, dolomite, slags, and wood ash. The efficiency of liming materials depends on their purity, fineness, and neutralizing value. Liming raises the soil pH and reduces aluminum and manganese toxicity, while improving the availability of phosphorus, micronutrients, and nitrogen fixation.
1. The document discusses saline soils, which are soils with an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract greater than 4 dS/m and an exchangeable sodium percentage less than 15.
2. Four major areas in India where saline soils are found are described: the semi-arid Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract, the arid tract of Rajasthan and Gujarat, arid and semi-arid tracts of central and southern states, and coastal alluvial soils.
3. Management of saline soils includes leaching with good quality irrigation water to remove salts from the root zone, using drainage systems, incorporating organic matter to improve soil structure, and choosing appropriate cropping
Soil, plant and meteorological factors determining water needs of cropsKhileshKumarsahu
Khilesh Kumar Sahu presented on factors determining water needs of crops. Evapotranspiration is the combined water loss from soil and plant surfaces through evaporation and transpiration. It is influenced by climatic factors like temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. Crop characteristics like crop type, leaf area, and root depth also impact water needs. Properly understanding evapotranspiration allows farmers to effectively schedule irrigation and maximize crop water utilization.
Mapping of degraded lands using remote sensing andsethupathi siva
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can be used to efficiently map soil resources and degraded lands over large areas. High-resolution satellite imagery allows identification of soil types and boundaries with greater precision than conventional surveying. Multiple dates of imagery also facilitate monitoring of land use/land cover changes and degradation over time. GIS is a powerful tool for analyzing and displaying spatial relationships between soils, land use, degradation patterns and other geographic data. The document provides examples of studies mapping soils at different scales, identifying wastelands, and characterizing degraded landforms using these remote sensing and GIS methods.
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
The document discusses soil crusting, its causes and effects. It outlines several key points:
- Soil crusting occurs when the surface layer of soil hardens due to factors like rainfall, drying, and tillage. It reduces porosity and infiltration.
- Crusts form via physical, chemical, and biological processes and come in types like structural, depositional, and salt crusts.
- Factors influencing crust formation include soil texture, organic matter content, tillage, and sodicity.
- Crusting causes problems like decreased water infiltration, increased runoff and erosion, and reduced crop germination and yields.
This document discusses potassium (K) in soils. It covers the following key points:
- K exists in soils in various forms including solution, exchangeable, fixed, and structural/mineral forms. Exchangeable K is the most plant-available.
- K is essential for plant growth and plays important roles in processes like photosynthesis and enzyme activation. Deficiency causes burn symptoms on older leaves and reduced yields.
- Common fertilizers containing K include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium magnesium sulfate. Fertilizer K can increase various forms of K in soils.
- Factors like clay content, soil pH, wetting/drying, and freezing/thawing can influence K
Salt Affected Soils and Their ManagementDrAnandJadhav
1. The document discusses various types of problem soils including saline soils, saline-alkali soils, sodic soils, and their characteristics.
2. Saline soils contain excess neutral soluble salts like NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 which increase the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Saline-alkali soils have both excess salts and alkalinity due to sodium.
3. Sodic soils have a high percentage of sodium ions that disperse clay particles and destroy the soil structure, reducing permeability and aeration. Reclamation methods include leaching salts, applying gypsum or other amendments, and growing salt-tolerant crops.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
slow release fertilizer in crop productionirfan mohammad
Slow release chemical fertilizers release nutrients at a gradual rate that matches plant uptake, improving fertilizer use efficiency. They include fertilizers coated with polymers, resins or sulfur to delay solubility. Others contain organic compounds of nitrogen that break down slowly. Coatings and compounds can prolong nutrient release from weeks to months. Research shows slow release fertilizers reduce losses from leaching and gas emissions, requiring less frequent application than soluble fertilizers.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
This document provides information on salinity management of irrigation water. It discusses several methods for managing salinity problems, including drainage to control water tables, leaching salts below the root zone, developing crop tolerance, optimizing cultural practices like irrigation timing, and changing or blending water sources. Drainage systems are shown to effectively reduce soil salinity and improve crop yields over time. Leaching requirements and crop tolerance data help determine appropriate irrigation amounts. Certain cultural practices like land grading and post-sowing irrigation can also improve crop establishment under saline conditions. The objective is to maintain acceptable crop yields through various salinity control strategies.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
Cropping diversity and cover crops improve soil health under no-till systems. A long-term study from 2004-2014 at Ohio State University's South Centers evaluated the effects of different crop rotations (corn, corn-soybean, corn-soybean-wheat) with and without cover crops under continuous no-till. Results showed that biological soil health indicators like microbial biomass and earthworm populations were highest with crop rotation plus cover crops. This treatment also improved chemical and physical properties like carbon and nitrogen levels, aggregate stability, and water retention. Crop yields were highest under the rotation with cover crops, though yields lagged behind improvements in soil health. Maintaining soil quality requires using cover crops along with no-till and
No Till systems, sheet mulching, permaculture and soil health. FInd out the basics what soil is, where it came from and things you can do to bring back healthy soil.
This document discusses different types of problem soils in India, including saline soils, sodic soils, and acid soils. Saline soils contain excess salts and affect plant growth through osmotic effects. Sodic soils have a high pH and sodium content which disperses clay and reduces permeability. Acid soils are characterized by low pH and aluminum toxicity. The document outlines methods for reclaiming each soil type, including leaching salts from saline soils, applying gypsum to sodic soils to replace sodium with calcium, and liming acid soils to raise pH. Crop selection, irrigation management, and soil amendments are also important strategies for reclaiming problem soils.
Unit 1 lecture-1 soil fertility and soil productivityLuxmiKantTripathi
The document discusses the concepts of soil fertility and productivity, outlining key factors that affect each such as parent material, climate, organic matter and crop management practices. It also reviews the history of understanding soil fertility from ancient Greek and Roman scholars to modern scientists who established theories of plant nutrition and developed agricultural experiments. The overall goal is for students to understand essential plant nutrients and their roles in agriculture and crop production.
effect of submergence in soils and its managementpreethi durairaj
Submergence of soils in water leads to several physical, biological, and chemical changes. Oxygen levels decrease as water replaces air in pore spaces, promoting anaerobic conditions. This allows reduction reactions to occur, changing soil properties like pH, redox potential, and nutrient availability. While phosphorus, potassium, iron, and manganese availability increases, nitrogen can be lost through leaching or denitrification if not properly managed, and sulfur, zinc and copper availability decreases overall. Careful water and nutrient management is needed for optimal crop growth in submerged soils.
Integrated Nutrient Management and Balanced Fertilization by Bhanumahi (CCSH...MahanteshKamatyanatti
This document discusses integrated nutrient management and balanced fertilization. It defines balanced fertilization as applying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients in proper proportions to meet crop demands and avoid nutrient deficiencies or inefficiencies. The key aspects of balanced fertilization are applying the right nutrient type and quantity using the right application method at the right time. This helps maximize crop yields, improve cost effectiveness, enhance crop quality, and maintain soil fertility while avoiding pollution. The document recommends fertilizer application based on soil testing, use of high-yielding varieties, correcting all nutrient deficiencies, and following the 4R nutrient stewardship concept of applying the right source at the right rate, right time, and right place.
This document discusses various soil and moisture conservation techniques, which are divided into agronomic and engineering measures. Agronomic measures include conservation tillage, deep tillage, contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, and growing cover crops. These are used where land slopes are less than 2%. Engineering measures include bunding, terracing, trenching, and subsoiling, which are constructed barriers used on slopes greater than 2% to retain runoff. Broad bed furrows are also discussed as a technique using beds and furrows to store moisture and drain excess water.
Lime requirement of acid soil, liming materials, reclamation and management o...MahiiKarthii
The document discusses lime requirement of acid soils and liming materials. It states that lime requirement is the amount of lime needed to raise the pH of an acidic soil to a desired level, as determined by the Shoemaker buffer method. Liming materials include oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and silicates of calcium and magnesium. Examples given are limestone, dolomite, slags, and wood ash. The efficiency of liming materials depends on their purity, fineness, and neutralizing value. Liming raises the soil pH and reduces aluminum and manganese toxicity, while improving the availability of phosphorus, micronutrients, and nitrogen fixation.
1. The document discusses saline soils, which are soils with an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract greater than 4 dS/m and an exchangeable sodium percentage less than 15.
2. Four major areas in India where saline soils are found are described: the semi-arid Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract, the arid tract of Rajasthan and Gujarat, arid and semi-arid tracts of central and southern states, and coastal alluvial soils.
3. Management of saline soils includes leaching with good quality irrigation water to remove salts from the root zone, using drainage systems, incorporating organic matter to improve soil structure, and choosing appropriate cropping
Soil, plant and meteorological factors determining water needs of cropsKhileshKumarsahu
Khilesh Kumar Sahu presented on factors determining water needs of crops. Evapotranspiration is the combined water loss from soil and plant surfaces through evaporation and transpiration. It is influenced by climatic factors like temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. Crop characteristics like crop type, leaf area, and root depth also impact water needs. Properly understanding evapotranspiration allows farmers to effectively schedule irrigation and maximize crop water utilization.
Mapping of degraded lands using remote sensing andsethupathi siva
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can be used to efficiently map soil resources and degraded lands over large areas. High-resolution satellite imagery allows identification of soil types and boundaries with greater precision than conventional surveying. Multiple dates of imagery also facilitate monitoring of land use/land cover changes and degradation over time. GIS is a powerful tool for analyzing and displaying spatial relationships between soils, land use, degradation patterns and other geographic data. The document provides examples of studies mapping soils at different scales, identifying wastelands, and characterizing degraded landforms using these remote sensing and GIS methods.
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
The document discusses soil crusting, its causes and effects. It outlines several key points:
- Soil crusting occurs when the surface layer of soil hardens due to factors like rainfall, drying, and tillage. It reduces porosity and infiltration.
- Crusts form via physical, chemical, and biological processes and come in types like structural, depositional, and salt crusts.
- Factors influencing crust formation include soil texture, organic matter content, tillage, and sodicity.
- Crusting causes problems like decreased water infiltration, increased runoff and erosion, and reduced crop germination and yields.
This document discusses potassium (K) in soils. It covers the following key points:
- K exists in soils in various forms including solution, exchangeable, fixed, and structural/mineral forms. Exchangeable K is the most plant-available.
- K is essential for plant growth and plays important roles in processes like photosynthesis and enzyme activation. Deficiency causes burn symptoms on older leaves and reduced yields.
- Common fertilizers containing K include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium magnesium sulfate. Fertilizer K can increase various forms of K in soils.
- Factors like clay content, soil pH, wetting/drying, and freezing/thawing can influence K
Salt Affected Soils and Their ManagementDrAnandJadhav
1. The document discusses various types of problem soils including saline soils, saline-alkali soils, sodic soils, and their characteristics.
2. Saline soils contain excess neutral soluble salts like NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 which increase the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Saline-alkali soils have both excess salts and alkalinity due to sodium.
3. Sodic soils have a high percentage of sodium ions that disperse clay particles and destroy the soil structure, reducing permeability and aeration. Reclamation methods include leaching salts, applying gypsum or other amendments, and growing salt-tolerant crops.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
slow release fertilizer in crop productionirfan mohammad
Slow release chemical fertilizers release nutrients at a gradual rate that matches plant uptake, improving fertilizer use efficiency. They include fertilizers coated with polymers, resins or sulfur to delay solubility. Others contain organic compounds of nitrogen that break down slowly. Coatings and compounds can prolong nutrient release from weeks to months. Research shows slow release fertilizers reduce losses from leaching and gas emissions, requiring less frequent application than soluble fertilizers.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
This document provides information on salinity management of irrigation water. It discusses several methods for managing salinity problems, including drainage to control water tables, leaching salts below the root zone, developing crop tolerance, optimizing cultural practices like irrigation timing, and changing or blending water sources. Drainage systems are shown to effectively reduce soil salinity and improve crop yields over time. Leaching requirements and crop tolerance data help determine appropriate irrigation amounts. Certain cultural practices like land grading and post-sowing irrigation can also improve crop establishment under saline conditions. The objective is to maintain acceptable crop yields through various salinity control strategies.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
Cropping diversity and cover crops improve soil health under no-till systems. A long-term study from 2004-2014 at Ohio State University's South Centers evaluated the effects of different crop rotations (corn, corn-soybean, corn-soybean-wheat) with and without cover crops under continuous no-till. Results showed that biological soil health indicators like microbial biomass and earthworm populations were highest with crop rotation plus cover crops. This treatment also improved chemical and physical properties like carbon and nitrogen levels, aggregate stability, and water retention. Crop yields were highest under the rotation with cover crops, though yields lagged behind improvements in soil health. Maintaining soil quality requires using cover crops along with no-till and
No Till systems, sheet mulching, permaculture and soil health. FInd out the basics what soil is, where it came from and things you can do to bring back healthy soil.
Dr. Elaine Ingham - Soil, It's All About LifeDiegoFooter
1) The document discusses soil microbiologist Elaine Ingham's background and work establishing the importance of soil biology and nutrient cycling performed by beneficial soil organisms.
2) It outlines the key functions of a healthy soil food web in suppressing disease, retaining nutrients, making nutrients available to plants, and building soil structure.
3) Examples are given showing improved yields, increased clover content, reduced nematodes, and higher mineral levels in the soil and herbage when using compost teas compared to chemical fertilizers.
Medicinal Mushroom Preparations against Lung CancerNeven Jakopovic
In this cohort study, 13 patients with advanced small cell lung carcinoma and 52 with non-small cell lung carcinoma used medicinal mushroom extract (Dr Myko San company) from 2004 to 2007, and their status was assessed in 2009.
Using medicinal mushroom extracts with standard oncological therapy resulted in these significant dose-depended effects:
improved cancer survival and delayed mortality
decreases in tumor size
improved quality of life scores
when compared with standard therapy alone. Significant side effects or decreases in performance status, tolerance to therapy or outcome was not observed.
This work was presented by Dr. Ivan Jakopovic at the 5th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference in Nantong, China, in 2009.
The document discusses the history and development of encryption technology. It details how encryption has evolved from early manual ciphers to modern digital cryptography using complex algorithms. It also examines how encryption is now commonly used to securely transmit confidential information online through applications like VPNs and HTTPS.
EM (Effective Microorganisms) is a microbial inoculant that was introduced over 140 countries. It is produced from a combination of phototrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast. EM can be used in organic farming to produce healthy, high quality crops and raise livestock without antibiotics. It helps control pollution by shifting the balance of microbes in the environment towards more beneficial ones. EM application results in reduced costs, improved product quality, and recyclable wastes.
Soil Health Initiative - Doug Peterson, Natural Resources Conservation Service, from the 2015 Missouri Pork Expo, February 10 - 11, 2015, Columbia, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-missouri-pork-expo
This document provides information about composting food waste at schools using Effective Microorganisms (EM). It acknowledges funding support from a grant to educate about reducing, reusing, recycling, and composting waste. The EM Bokashi Network aims to divert waste from landfills through a fermentation process using EM microbes to transform food waste into nutrient-rich compost. The manual offers guidance and classroom activities for teachers to start an EM Bokashi composting program at their school.
The document discusses the use of effective microorganisms (EM) for various applications including agriculture, animal husbandry, household use, and waste management. EM is a mixture of beneficial microbes that can be activated and diluted for cost-effective use. When applied to waste streams like household garbage or sewage, EM breaks down the waste into compost while reducing odors and pathogens.
The document provides guidance for trainers on designing training courses about nutrition of older people in emergencies. It outlines tips for trainers, including preparing for the training by reading materials and understanding the audience. It provides examples of learning objectives and classroom exercises that can be used, including a quiz to test participants' knowledge, exercises matching guiding principles to activities, and considering assessment and vulnerability information. Case studies are also outlined that can be used to reinforce learning. The trainer's guide is meant to help experienced trainers develop courses that meet the needs of specific audiences on this topic.
This document summarizes a workshop on realizing sustainable agricultural mechanization in Africa. The workshop covered principles of adult learning, participatory learning, workshop facilitation methods, establishment of committees to provide feedback and document learning tools, and the daily program which involved sessions on conservation agriculture techniques, equipment
The document provides guidance for training village facilitators to lead a participatory planning process to address HIV/AIDS at the village level. It outlines 11 units that will train facilitators on gathering community input, developing a theatre performance to raise awareness, creating an HIV/AIDS behavior change plan, and implementing and monitoring the plan. The first 2 units cover initial preparations that must be made by various stakeholders at the district, ward and village levels in advance of community meetings.
EAPP Q 2 – Module 7 Designing, Conducting and Gathering Information from Surv...Leah Condina
This document provides information about conducting surveys. It discusses designing survey questionnaires, different methods for administering surveys, and steps for conducting a survey. Specifically, it covers:
1. Types of survey questionnaires and their objectives.
2. Methods for administering surveys, including face-to-face interviews, telephone surveys, paper surveys, online surveys, and mail surveys, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Guidelines for effective survey questions, such as using clear language, limiting response options, asking one question at a time, including a "does not apply" option, and avoiding personal or embarrassing questions.
4. The three steps to conducting a survey: deciding on questions and creating a tally
This document provides information about conducting surveys. It discusses designing survey questionnaires, different methods for administering surveys, and steps for conducting a survey. Specifically, it covers:
1. Types of survey questionnaires and their objectives.
2. Methods for administering surveys, including face-to-face interviews, telephone surveys, paper surveys, online surveys, and mail surveys, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Guidelines for effective survey questions, such as using clear language, limiting response options, asking one question at a time, including a "does not apply" option, and avoiding personal or embarrassing questions.
4. The three steps to conducting a survey: deciding on questions and creating a tally
This document provides information about conducting surveys. It discusses designing survey questionnaires, different methods for administering surveys, and steps for conducting a survey. Specifically, it covers:
1. Types of survey questionnaires and their objectives.
2. Methods for administering surveys, including face-to-face interviews, telephone surveys, paper surveys, online surveys, and mail surveys, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Guidelines for effective survey questions, such as using clear language, limiting response options, asking one question at a time, including a "does not apply" option, and avoiding personal or embarrassing questions.
4. The three steps to conducting a survey: deciding on questions and creating a tally
This document provides guidance on a session to train participants on the administration of the Multi-Factored Assessment Tool (MFAT). The 4-hour session will discuss the basic information, use, implementation, and appreciation of the MFAT. The MFAT is a screening tool used to identify strengths, needs, learning styles, and other educational concerns of Grade 1 learners. It assesses 5 domains of learning through classroom activities. The tool aims to identify learner needs to provide appropriate interventions and proper educational placement.
The document outlines the plan for a series of 10 psychoeducational workshops for students in 5th and 6th grade. It details the objectives of developing norms of coexistence, teamwork, study habits, awareness of online dangers, respect, self-esteem and decision making. It also describes the methodology, which includes expositive-participative and dynamic activities delivered virtually. The first session focuses on establishing norms of coexistence to create an integrated group environment.
Edited-hope2_q2_MODULE 4-moderate to vigorous physical actvities_Badminton .pdfLeah Condina
The document provides information about the nature and background of badminton. It discusses that badminton originated from ancient games played in Europe and Asia. The modern game of badminton developed in mid-19th century British India by British military officers and has since grown into an international sport played competitively around the world. The document outlines the key aspects of playing badminton including the court, net, shuttlecocks, rackets, uniforms and basic rules.
Here are the answers to Activity 1.1:
1. Spade - Used for breaking hard topsoil and digging canals or ditches.
2. Rake - Used for cleaning the ground and leveling the topsoil.
3. Hand Trowel - Used in loosening soil around the growing plants.
4. Bolo - Used for chopping branches of tree and cutting tall grasses and weeds.
5. Sprinkler - Used for watering seedlings and young plants.
7_8. TLE Agricultural Crop Production Quarter 1 Module 1_ Farm Tools, Equipme...JENNYROSEMOJICA
Here are the answers to Activity 1.1:
1. Spade - Used for breaking hard topsoil and digging canals or ditches.
2. Rake - Used for cleaning the ground and leveling the topsoil.
3. Hand Trowel - Used in loosening soil around the growing plants.
4. Bolo - Used for chopping branches of tree and cutting tall grasses and weeds.
5. Sprinkler - Used for watering seedlings and young plants.
This document outlines a project for students to take action after designing and maintaining a school garden. It describes 5 groups that will complete tasks to educate and engage the middle school students. The tour leader group will give an introduction, tour, and closing. The designers will explain the design process. The informative group will provide background on plants and science. The cooks will create dishes from the harvest and explain nutrition. The competitors will organize food-related games. All groups must create a presentation board and secure materials for their task or event. The overall goals are to improve the school community through sharing the garden.
Course outline project updated after commentsaedt2150
1. This 1-month nutrition course for adolescents takes place on Wednesdays from 4-5pm in Room 205 from April 1st to April 30th. It is taught by Emma Smith.
2. The purpose of the course is to educate students about reading nutrition labels and identifying healthy ingredients so they can make better food choices and develop healthy diets. Students will engage with videos, activities, and an online course website.
3. Evaluation includes formative assessments of understanding nutrition labels and a summative group project on implementing a healthy lifestyle. Students are assessed on their understanding of nutrition facts, healthy choices, and ability to educate others.
This document outlines an action research and innovation session that aims to:
1. Discuss what action research is and how to plan an action research project.
2. Develop teachers' skills in conducting action research and innovating.
3. Have participants plan their own action research projects to present at the end of the workshop.
The session involves introducing action research, discussing how to conduct effective action research projects, and having participants analyze examples and plan their own projects to share their outputs. The goal is to help teachers improve their skills in research, innovation, and developing innovative practices.
The document describes five portfolio strategy sheets that provide examples of classroom activities and strategies. Strategy 1 is "Carousel Feedback" which involves student teams rotating to give feedback on each other's work. Strategy 2 is "Fan-N-Pick" which uses question cards for students to practice responding and restating answers. Strategy 3 is "Find My Rule" where students must determine commonalities between identity cards to form groups. Strategy 4 is "Showdown" where student teams compete to answer questions correctly. Strategy 5 is "Corners" which has students choose a corner based on their viewpoint to discuss with a partner. The strategies aim to develop skills like communication, critical thinking, and teamwork.
The document describes various individual and group methods of health education. It discusses individual methods like interviews and counseling. It provides details on the procedures and advantages/disadvantages of interviews. It also covers group methods such as mini lectures, demonstrations, role plays, and group discussions. It explains the procedures and advantages/disadvantages of each method. The document aims to outline effective procedures for using different health education methods.
Diarrheal diseases are a major public health problem, especially among children in India. Every year, an estimated 300,000 Indian children under five die from diarrhea. Diarrhea is mainly transmitted through contaminated water and food, and lack of proper sanitation exacerbates transmission. Improving access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene is critical to reducing diarrhea, but is not sufficient on its own. The Stop Diarrhea Initiative aims to reduce diarrhea prevalence, incidence, mortality, and morbidity among children under five in several Indian states using the WHO-UNICEF 7-point plan for comprehensive diarrhea control.
The document provides links to free manuals, books, and resources about organic gardening and farming techniques, including companion planting, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, solar energy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, and development projects related to eco-friendly topics like coffee, solar energy, and helping address hunger. It encourages using these free resources to boost garden yields, learn organic composting and recycling, understand issues around pesticides, and explore volunteering and training opportunities in sustainable agriculture and energy.
The document provides links to numerous books about establishing and maintaining edible schoolyard gardens and using them in education. Some of the books discuss the origins and philosophy of the edible schoolyard movement started by Alice Waters, while others provide practical guidance on designing, planting, teaching with, and integrating school gardens into curricula. The books cover topics like involving children of various ages, organic and sustainable practices, designing gardens for small spaces, and using gardens to teach a variety of subjects.
This document provides information about worm composting and caring for earthworms. It discusses the benefits of worm composting, including creating nutrient-rich compost and reducing organic waste. Instructions are given for setting up a worm farm, including obtaining worms, adding bedding and food scraps, and harvesting the finished compost. Tips are provided, such as chopping food, maintaining moisture levels, and avoiding fatty foods that can cause odors. The document encourages people to start worm composting to easily recycle kitchen scraps into a valuable natural fertilizer.
This document provides a manual on integrated farming systems (IFS). It defines IFS as agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production to reduce costs and improve production through recycling. The manual contains 6 modules that cover IFS concepts and components, animal feed sources, silage production, biodigester installation, composting, and vermiculture. The goals of IFS are to provide stable income and achieve agro-ecological balance. Key advantages include improved soil fertility and productivity. The manual presents models of IFS that integrate crops, livestock, poultry, fish farming, and other components suited for farms in Belize.
A Village Saved: The Transformative Potential of Organic Agriculture in Nepalx3G9
This document provides an overview of the Everything Organic Nursery (EVON) in Nepal and its efforts to promote organic farming. EVON was founded in 2010 by American expatriates Jim Danisch and Judith Chase with the goal of enhancing traditional Nepali rural life through organic agriculture. Located in Patalekhet, EVON's land serves as a research center growing over 1,000 varieties of organic fruits, vegetables, legumes and herbs. In addition to demonstrating organic practices on their own farm, EVON conducts monthly trainings to teach organic farming methods to other Nepali farmers. The document discusses EVON's vision of creating an abundant agricultural landscape in Nepal similar to Tuscany, Italy through sustainable farming
This document provides instructions for setting up and maintaining a worm composting bin. It discusses the materials needed, including a bin, bedding, worms, and food scraps. It explains how to care for the worms by providing the right environment and addressing common problems. The goal is for students to learn about decomposition and recycling food waste while keeping the worms healthy.
This document discusses the need for a new research agenda to address the dynamics of agri-food systems in developing countries. It argues that prevailing approaches in agricultural science and policy often fail to provide sustainable outcomes, especially for poor rural populations, as they do not account for the complexity, diversity, uncertainty and non-equilibrium states that characterize agri-food systems. The document outlines some key drivers of change affecting developing world agriculture today, such as declining public support, integration into global markets, and trade barriers in developed countries. It calls for more interdisciplinary research focusing on understanding system interactions and exploring pathways to increase resilience and robustness in the face of growing risks and uncertainties.
This document provides information about Advancing Eco-Agriculture, an agricultural consulting and manufacturing company. Their mission is to help farmers produce healthy, disease-resistant crops through education and natural soil and plant management products. They offer consulting services, a product catalog including microbial inoculants, enzymes, and mineral nutrient formulations to analyze soil, monitor crop health, and enhance the soil-plant system for optimal agricultural production.
This document provides an overview and product catalog for Agri-Dynamics, a private membership association that provides natural and holistic products for farm and livestock. The catalog includes over 20 products organized by category including livestock supplements, botanical remedies, and informational resources. Agri-Dynamics was founded in 1979 with a mission to provide cost-effective natural alternatives to pharmaceuticals and aims to support animal health through nutrient-dense feeds, mineral-rich soils, and low-stress environments.
Agri-Food System Dynamics: Pathways to Sustainability in an Era of Uncertaintyx3G9
This document discusses the dynamic and complex nature of agri-food systems and argues that the prevailing approaches to agricultural science and policy often fail to provide sustainable outcomes, especially for poor people in developing countries. It outlines two perspectives in agricultural science - a holistic, systems-based approach versus an orthodox, equilibrium-focused approach. A holistic approach that considers uncertainty, diversity and complexity is needed to better understand agri-food systems and define practices and policies that can help systems become more resilient to shocks and stresses. The document examines drivers of change in global agri-food systems and characteristics of diverse rural livelihoods to provide context for later discussions of sustainability narratives and pathways.
This document discusses the benefits of incorporating medicinal and deep-rooted plants into livestock pastures and grazing mixtures. It summarizes the work and experiments of Newman Turner who found that pasture mixtures with diverse herbs produced healthier soils, cattle, and higher milk yields compared to simpler grass-legume mixtures. Some of the key plants Turner found beneficial include chicory, burnet, plantain, sheep's parsley, and yarrow. The document advocates designing pasture mixtures tailored to soil and season to provide maximum grazing and benefits to both livestock and soil health.
Benefits of Organic Agriculture as a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation...x3G9
Organic agriculture has potential as both an adaptation and mitigation strategy for climate change in developing countries. As an adaptation strategy, organic agriculture builds soil organic matter and water retention, making agriculture less vulnerable to drought and extreme weather events. Organic agriculture also reduces financial risks for farmers through lower input costs and higher prices. As a mitigation strategy, organic agriculture avoids greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic fertilizers and sequesters carbon in soil organic matter through certain agricultural practices. While more research is still needed, organic agriculture shows promise as a sustainable livelihood approach that can help rural communities adapt to climate change impacts with low financial requirements.
Best Practice Guideline to Managing On-site Vermiculture Technologiesx3G9
The document provides guidelines for managing on-site vermiculture technologies. It was published by the Recycled Organics Unit (ROU) at the University of New South Wales in January 2002. The ROU is the NSW centre for organic resource management, information, research and development, demonstration and training. The guidelines contain 7 information sheets that provide details on establishing and managing an on-site vermiculture unit to process compostable organic waste for commercial and industrial organizations. The information sheets cover topics such as determining waste quantities, site selection, installation, operation, and end product use.
Biodiversity, Biofuels, Agroforestry and Conservation Agriculturex3G9
This document discusses agroecology as a transdisciplinary science for sustainable agriculture. It reviews key developments in agroecology including its use of a systems approach and concept of agroecosystems. Agroecology research has focused on understanding agroecosystem structure, function, and sustainability. More recent work integrates ecology, agronomy, economics and sociology to promote biodiversity and biophysical sustainability. Organic farming is presented as an example of integrating bio-physical and socio-economic sustainability through legal regulation. Overall, agroecology acts as a bridge between disciplines and between theory and practice of sustainable agriculture.
This document provides information on composting and worm farming. It begins with definitions of composting and worm farming, noting that composting is a natural process of decomposition driven by microorganisms. It then discusses the benefits of composting and worm farming such as reducing waste and improving soil quality. The document provides instructions on building compost piles and worm farms, including important principles like aeration, moisture levels, and ingredient balance. It also discusses potential problems in composting and solutions. In the end, it describes uses for finished compost and worm castings in gardening.
Composting Institutional Food Scraps with Wormsx3G9
This document provides a summary of a 5-year vermicomposting pilot program in Middletown, CT that composted food scraps from local institutions using worms. Over the course of the program, nearly 9,000 pounds of food waste was collected from 6 participating locations. The program experienced challenges with maintaining consistent waste sources and transportation of waste to the greenhouse where the worms were housed. Educational outreach through school field trips and community presentations was very successful. The future of the program relies on finding a partner to take over daily maintenance and expanding waste sources now that electrical hookups for pre-composting equipment have been completed.
Composting with Worms ~ Chittenden Solid Wastex3G9
Worm composting is an effective way to recycle food scraps into nutrient-rich compost. Keeping a classroom worm bin provides hands-on learning for students about decomposition, the environment, and caring for living creatures. Worms eat food scraps and bedding, producing castings that make excellent plant fertilizer. Students observe the worms, collect data, and learn how to properly care for and harvest from the bin. The bin also supports cross-curricular lessons in science, math, language arts, and more.
Composting Worm Farms and Bokashi: A How To Guidex3G9
This document provides instructions for composting and worm farming. It explains that compost is created through the decomposition of organic materials like garden and food waste. It takes 2-18 months to produce compost depending on the method used. Worm farming is an alternative that uses worms to break down food scraps into valuable worm castings and tea. The document provides detailed steps for setting up compost bins and worm farms, including choosing a location, adding materials, maintenance requirements, and common issues and solutions.
Crop Rotation on Organic Farms A Planning Manualx3G9
This document provides guidelines for the fair use of a PDF file containing information about crop rotation on organic farms. It states that pages from the PDF can be printed for personal or educational use if the book, editors, and publishing organization are acknowledged. No use of the PDF should diminish the market for the printed version. The document also provides information on how to purchase a printed copy of the book.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Training Manual on Soil Health
1. 5
Training Manual on
SoilHealthFor Grassroots Development Workers,Village Champions, Kisan Mitras,
Field Facilitators, Programme Facilitators , Skilled and Semi-skilled Agriculturists
IRRAD
Institute of Rural Research and Development
Cover
2.
3. Training Manual on
Soil Health
IRRAD
Institute of Rural Research and Development
FOR
GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT WORKERS,VILLAGE CHAMPIONS, KISAN MITRAS, FIELD FACILITATORS,
PROGRAMME FACILITATORS , SKILLED AND SEMI-SKILLED AGRICULTURISTS
4. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 2
CONTENTS
TIPS FOR THE FACILITATOR 3
DAY ONE
• Session I
Welcome and Introductory Session 5
• Session II
Introduction to IRRAD, its Activities and Areas of Working 6
• Session III
Introductory Session on Soil Health 8
DAY TWO
• Session I
Concept of Soil Health – Soil Definition, Soil Horizons 10
• Session II
Soil Profile/Horizon 12
DAY THREE
• Session I
Physical Properties of Soil 17
• Session II
Chemical Properties of Soil 21
DAY FOUR
• Session I
Major Soil Types in India 25
• Session II
Soil Micronutrient 28
• Session III
Micronutrient Deficiency Symptoms 33
DAY FIVE
• Session I
Field Visit 39
• Session II
Chemical Methods of Improving Soil Health – Chemical Fertilisers 40
• Session III
Organic Measures to Improve Soil Health 42
DAY SIX
• Session I
Biological Measures to Improve Soil Health 46
• Session II
Wrap-up Session 52
5. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 3
The facilitator must:
1. Explain that particular subject modules for the orientation programme have been selected
after assessing the needs related to the subject.
2. Explain that the programme is tightly structured,requiring everyone's uninterrupted attention.
The training will be based on a participatory approach and each of us here are open to learn
from the experiences of the peer group.
3. Clarify to the participants that there will be no teacher-student relationship instead it will be a
flat and multi-directional flow of information fostering equal relationship.
4. Explain that the training will be using various methods and techniques from flip charts to
picture aids. Discussions of case studies, movie screenings and role plays will make learning
more interesting.
5. Two methods can be used to know the participant's satisfaction level for each day's session.
i. Throughout the training, a satisfaction meter will be used to assess how participants feel
about each session.
TIPS FOR THE FACILITATOR
Satisfaction meter for a five-day workshop
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
Satisfied
Not so satisfied
Disappointed
ii. Giving rating to each day's session from one to five. This will be a more precise method to
know the participant's receptivity level and prove quite useful for the facilitator to modify
the training technique.
Session Name Rating (1-5)*
1.
2
3
4
5
*1= Not Clear, 2=Poor, 3=Average, 4=Good, 5=Very Good.
6. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 4
TIPS FOR THE FACILITATOR
The facilitator needs to take daily feedback on different sessions and if he/she feels that a particular
session is not satisfactory to the participants, he/she needs to do a recap of the same the next day
in brief or in detail (depending on the requirement).At the end of the training,the facilitator should
take the average rating of participant’s satisfaction level and should correlate it with the final
feedback on quality, methodology, content of the training, facilities used in training, etc.
6. Brief the participants about the self-assessment tools given at the end of each session named
TestYour Learning that helps to encapsulate the learning in the previous session before moving
on to the next session.
The facilitator must keep in consideration the rules mentioned below:
1. Treat everyone with respect at all times.
2. Ensure and respect confidentiality.
3. Agreeing to respect and observe time keeping by beginning and ending the sessions on time.
4. Making sure that only one person speaks at a time so that there is no chaos.
5. Accept and give critical feedback taking care not to hurt anyone.
6. Keeping mobile phones on silent.
7. Creatingopportunitiesforeachparticipanttointeractandsharehis/herexperienceswiththegroup.
8. Answer all the questions patiently without being prejudiced to any group or person. Do not
allow favouritism to creep into the training.
9. Discuss if the participants have any issues that have been left unaddressed or any clarification
on the topics covered.
10. Beveryfriendlywiththeparticipantsandnarrateexamplesfromyourownlife,ifany,asitcreates
a feeling of trust in the group.
7. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 5
Session I
Total Time: 1 hour 10 minutes
Welcome and Introductory Session
Objective
• Welcome and registration of the participants; and
• Introduction of the participants and the Trainer/Facilitator.
Activity I
Welcome prayer and introduction of participants through a game.
The day will start with entering the participants’nameintheregisterkeptforattendance.Thetrainer
will start from the word “Namaskar”/Good Morning, etc. The trainer will then welcome all the
participants and start by singing a song –“Itni Shakti Hame Dena Data,Man ka Vishwas Kamzor Ho
Na.”The participants should stand for the prayer.
Distribute a spiral notebook of 50 pages and a Gel pen to the participants for preparing notes.
Introduction
It is a very important session and must be initiated with fun games so that all participants know
each other and a friendly environment is developed at the end of the introductory session.Various
methods can be used for introduction like; The first candidate will introduce himself and the next
candidate will introduce himself and the first candidate,and so on.Second method of introduction
could be pairing and matching of words.
Group Activity
Various games can be conducted for introduction like the matching of words,selection of partners
etc. , like Taj Mahal – Agra, Laxmi Bai – Jhansi, etc. Ask each participant to find out their match and
interact with their partners asking their name, organization, roles and one habit. Everyone will
introduce their partner.The trainer should also participate in this game.
Material Required
Prepared cards with matching words.
DAY ONE
8. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 6
DAY ONE
Session II
Total Time: 45 minutes
Introduction to IRRAD, its Activities and
Areas of Working
This session can be imparted through Power Point presentation, posters and pamphlets, etc.
Material Required
LCD projector, flip charts, white board marker, etc.
Objective
• To understand the level of participants’ expectations and its worries;
• Helpful for the trainer to prepare guidelines in advance to meet participants’ expectations and
remove apprehensions if any by the end of the training;
• To maintain discipline during the training;
• To enhance skill of the participants; and
• To make training more participatory.
Activity I
Understanding participants’ expectations from this training.
Group Activity
Ask each participant to write their expectations and apprehensions on separate cards.In case of fewer
participants,the facilitator can directly ask and write it down separately on the flip chart or chart paper.
Facilitator can then collect the cards and stick them separately on a chart in two columns;
expectations and apprehensions OR write down on separate charts explaining expectations and
apprehensions. Facilitator must assure participants that he will take care of their expectations and
by the end of this training their apprehensions will vanish.This chart should be pasted at one side
of the classroom till the end of the training.
Material Required: Cards of two different colours, flip charts, plain charts, sketch pens.
9. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 7
Session II
Activity II
Formation of rules and regulations that will be followed by the participants during this training.
The trainer explains the facilities available in the campus and how to use them like water,electricity,
food, etc.The trainer can ask participants to set out the rules that need to be followed during and
after training hours.All participants will form the rules to be observed in the training room,campus
and in the dining hall. If the participants are more than 10, form the groups of 2-3 members and if
less than 10, give the responsibility to individual persons.
Participants can be divided into four groups as under:
Group 1. Food Committee – Responsible for timely availability,quality and quantity of breakfast,
lunch and dinner and minimise wastage of food
Group 2. Documentation Committee – Responsible for preparing each day’s report in the
evening and present it in the next training session to recap the previous day’s work
Group 3. Recreation Committee – Responsible for recreational activities during evening after
completion of the day’s session
Group 4. Campus Committee – Responsible for general management in the campus, time limit
for moving out of the campus, electricity and water use, etc.
A chart should be prepared by the trainer for five days defining the group names,their duties on each
day on a repetitive basis.In case of some problem,the trainer or centre in-charge should be informed.
DAY ONE
10. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 8
Session lll
Total Time: 45 minutes
Introductory Session on Soil Health
Objective
• Participants should be able to think , talk and discuss about soil health; and
• Able to understand problems in soil health,importance and how to maintain the soil fertility to
a maximum level.
Requirement:
Photographs of various soils in distress situation,wasteland images and eroded land photographs.
Current soil health related issues
“Soil health is the wealth of farmers.”Agricultural land is the asset of farmers and needs to be
maintained at any cost. Soil quality decreases due to overuse of chemicals, fertilisers, faulty
agricultural practices, negligible use of organic manures and leaving land uncultivated for a
longer time.Water is the main cause of soil erosion.
Fact sheet
At the global level, 3.6 billion hac or 70% of dry land is affected by degradation and 145 MH or
30% of dry land is affected by various processes like water logging,Salinisation and Alkalisation.
59.1% of Indian dry land is degraded due tovarious other factors.In India,45% of land is affected
by water erosion,4.1% through wind erosion and 8.4 % through chemical and physical factors.
The following chart should be explained to the participants.
This flow charts reflects the various causes of soil erosion and the factors that lead to soil degradation.
DAY ONE
Soil Degradation
ChemicalsPhysical
Compaction and
Hard Setting
Laterization
Desertification
Fertility
Imbalance
Elemental
Acidification Sodification Toxic Compound
Water ErosionWind Erosion
Erosion and
Depletion
Biological
Decline in
Soil OM
Reduction
in Macro
and Micro
Fauna
KKKKKinds oinds oinds oinds oinds offfff SSSSSoooooil Eril Eril Eril Eril Erosioosioosioosioosionnnnn
11. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 9
DAY ONE
Kinds of Soil Erosion
Session lll
Water Erosion Wind Erosion Saline soil
Source: Internet
Summary
At the end of the day,the facilitator should tell the participants about the topics that will be covered
in next four days:
• Soil Definition;
• Soil Profile/Horizons;
• Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil;
• Major Soil Types in India; and
• Methods of Improving Soil Health – Physical, Chemical and Biological.
Finally, the facilitator should summarise in brief/or in bullet points what has been discussed and
ask if there is any query to be clarified.The trainer should remind the four groups to take care of the
assigned responsibilities and prepare documentation for recap the next day.
12. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 10
DAY TWO
Session I
Total Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
Concept of Soil Health – Soil Definition, Soil Horizons
Objectives
At the end of this session, the participants will be able to:
1. Define the meaning of healthy soil.
2. Explain the functions of soil.
3. Define the major characteristics of healthy soil.
Start with the words “Namaskar” and welcome followed by the prayer – “Itni Shakti Hame Dena
Data, Man Ka Vishwas Kamzor Ho Na.”
After the song,the trainer should invite a participant for the recap of the previous day’s work.At
the end of the recap, ask from the participants if they want to add something to what was
discussed yesterday and wasn’t covered in the recap. Say thanks to the person and start the
second day session. Describe in brief what is in store for discussion today.
Requirements
Flip charts, laptop/PC, LCD projector, sketch pens, etc., khurpi, scoop for field demonstration of
horizons, etc.
Activity I
Before going into details, let’s understand the participants’ knowledge of soil. Ask the participants
to tell what is the function of soil? The facilitator can write the answers on the flip chart.
Now,facilitator will include important points which were not covered by the participants and finally
complete it as mentioned below:
Major Functions of Soil
• Adsorption, infiltration and holding of water;
• Retention and cycling of nutrients;
• Pest and weed suppressions;
• Strength to plants;
• Detoxification of harmful chemicals; and
• Production of food and fibre.
The soil quality is decreasing because of increasing population pressure,land division,imbalanced
use of synthetic fertilisers and less use of organic matter.In old days,when land was sufficient,the
soil quality was good as a result of high use of OM and minimum use of fertilisers. Also, less soil
deteriorationresultedinincreasedproduction.Nowadays,agricultureisahigh-inputcostprofession.
13. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 11
Activity II
The trainer asks the participants what they understand about soil health and make a list of
characteristics of healthy soil.List out the points on a flip chart.Prepare the list of characteristics of
healthy soil and summarize it by adding the following points. Trainer should finally explain the
characteristics of healthy soil.
Characteristics of Healthy Soil
• Sufficient depth;
• Adequate supply of nutrients;
• Small population of plant pathogens and insects/pests;
• Good soil drainage;
• Large population of beneficial organisms;
• Low seed pressure;
• Free of chemicals and toxins that may harm the crop; and
• Resistance to degradation.
Attheendofthesession,thetrainershouldsumupthesessionandaskifanythingneedsclarification
that can be taken up for further discussion.
Activity III
Individual Exercise
Ask the participants to develop linkages on:
How healthy soil helps farmers in increasing their income? What are the parameters that will be
affecting positively and how?
Finally, with the help of participants, prepare a complete sketch of relationship as under.
Healthy Soil = Healthy Crops = Less Disease and Pest = Less Expenses on Chemicals and
Labour=LessExpensesonWeedingandCleaning=LessOverallExpensesonCropsProtection
= High Production = High Income and Less Input and Maintenance Cost.
DAY TWO
Session l
14. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 12
Session II
Total Time: 3 hours 30 minutes
Soil Profile/Horizon
Objective
• To understand different soil layers and their functions; and
• Characteristics of each layer,their measurement,identification and functions of each layer.
Ask the participants whether they have seen different layers in the soil while digging the soil,if yes,
what are these layers and what they understand about these layers, how are these layers formed,
their importance and functions.
This is a verbal discussion and trainer should understand what is the participants’ understanding
of soil horizons.
The facilitator should facilitate the session by showing pictures of various soil horizons and
how to measure the depth of each layer and distinguish each profile.The participants should
be able to describe these on their own after this topic.
• In deep soil,the soil profile is generally studied up to 150 cm and in other types of soil it is measured
up to the parent materials.The horizons are generally designated“O,” “A,” “E,” “B,” “C,”and“R.”
• The clarity of each layer depends on the weathering process of the soil. In many soils, the
identification of horizons is very difficult. It is not necessary that all soils have all horizons and
their depth will also vary from one location to another.
Formationoftoponecentimetresoiltakes1000yearsanditiswashedawayinonehour,ifnosoil
conservation measures are taken.
O can be divided into O1 and O2; A can be divided into A1, A2, A3 and same in B horizons.The
characteristics of each horizon should be described in detail and how to differentiate between
different horizons should be done through field exposure.
“O” horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material, consisting of non-decomposed or
partiallydecomposedlitter,suchasleaves,needles,twigs,mossandlichens,whichhaveaccumulated
on the surface;may be on top of either mineral or organic soils.“O”horizons are not saturated with
water for prolonged periods.The mineral fraction of such material is only a small percentage of the
volume of the material and generally is much less than half of the weight.The depth of“O”horizon
varies from place to place. In most agricultural fields it is absent whereas in forest soil it may vary
from 2 cm to 30 cm.In temperate forest,thedepth of“O”horizon is comparatively more than tropical
forests. In tropical forests, it may vary from 5 cm to 10 cm whereas in temperate forest, the depth
may go upto 30-40 cm.
DAY TWO
15. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 13
A horizons: Mineral horizons which are formed at the surface or below an O horizon, where all or
much of the original rock structure has been removed and are characterised by one or more of
the following:
• An accumulation of humified organic matter intimately mixed with the mineral fraction and
not displaying properties and characteristics of E or B horizons;
• Properties resulting from cultivation, pasturing, or similar kinds of disturbance; or
• A morphology which is different from the underlying B or C horizon, resulting from processes
related to the surface.
If a surface horizon has properties of both A and E horizons but the dominant feature is an
accumulation of humified organic matter,it is designated an A horizon.Sometime“O”&“A”horizon
is needed together and is also difficult to identify.
E horizons: Mineral horizons in which the main feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminium, or
combination of these,leaving a concentration of sand and silt particles,and in which all or much of
the original rock structure has been obliterated.
An E horizon is usually, but not necessarily, lighter in colour than an underlying B horizon. In some
soils, the colour is that of the sand and silt particles, but in many soils coatings of iron oxides or
other compounds mask the colour of the primary particles. An E horizon is most commonly
differentiated from an underlying B horizon in the same soil profile by colour of a higher value or
lower chrome,or both; by coarser texture; or by a combination of these properties.An E horizon is
commonly near the surface,below an O or A horizon and above a B horizon,but the symbol E may
be used without regard to position in the profile for any horizon that meets the requirements and
has resulted from soil genesis.
B horizons: Horizons that are formed below an A, E, O or H horizon, and in which the dominant
features are the obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure, together with one or a
combination of the following:
• Illuvialconcentration,aloneorincombination,ofsilicateclay,iron,aluminium,humus,carbonates,
gypsum or silica;
• Evidence of removal of carbonates;
• Residual concentration of sesquioxides;
• Coatings of sesquioxides that make the horizon conspicuously lower in value,higher in chrome,
or redder in hue than overlying and underlying horizons without apparent illuviation of iron;
• Alteration that forms silicate clay or liberates oxides or both and forms a granular, blocky, or
prismatic structure if volume changes accompany changes in moisture content; or
• Brittleness;
• All kinds of B horizons are, or were originally, subsurface horizons; and
• Field exercise for better understanding of soil horizons.
DAY TWO
Session II
16. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 14
C horizons or layers:Horizons or layers,excluding hard bedrock,that are little affected by pedogenetic
processes and lack properties of O, A, E, or B horizons.Most are mineral layers,but some siliceous and
calcareous layers such as shells,coral and diatomaceous earth,are included.Some soils form in material
thatisalreadyhighlyweathered,anddoesnotmeettherequirementsofA,EorBhorizonsisdesignated
C. Changes not considered pedogenetic are those not related to overlying horizons. Layers having
accumulations of silica,carbonates,or gypsum,even if indurated,may be included in C horizons,unless
the layer is obviously affected by pedogenetic processes; then it is a B horizon.
R layers: Hard bedrock underlying the soil.
Granite, basalt, quartzite and indurated limestone or sandstone are examples of bedrock that are
designated R. Air dry or drier chunks of an R layer, when placed in water, will not slake within 24
hours. The R layer is sufficiently coherent even when moisture makes hand digging with a spade
impractical,although it may be chipped or scraped.Some R layers can be ripped with heavy power
equipment.The bedrock may contain cracks, but these are so few and so small that few roots can
penetrate.The cracks may be coated or filled with clay or other material.
Before the field demonstration/exposure, ask participants if they haven’t understood something
and need more clarification.
DAY TWO
Session II
Source: FAO web site
17. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 15
DAY TWO
Session II
Underlying Consolidated Bedrock
Organic, Slightly Decomposed
Organic, Moderately Decomposed
Organic, Highly Decomposed
Mineral, Mixed with Humus, Dark Coloured
Horizon of Maximum Eluviation of Silicate Clays Fe, Al Oxides, etc.
Transition to B, More like E than B
Transition to E,More like B than E
Most Clearly Expressed Portion of B Horizon
Transition to C,More like B than C
Zone of Least Weathering, Accumulation of Ca and Mg Carbonates,
Cementation, Sometimes High Bulk Density
Source: Internet
Source: K. A. Lemke (klemke@uwsp.edu) Source: Internet
18. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 16
DAY TWO
Activity I – Field Visit
After the session, the trainer should take all participants to field with equipment. A location needs
to be identified where all the horizons are clearly visible without digging the soil much in depth.
Material Required
The trainer should explain in detail and show the different soil horizons, measuring the depth of
each profile and their characteristics. Form to be filled up in field.
Field exercise:Following is the format that the participants need to fill up in the field.
Please form two groups (Group I & Group II) for two different sites (Site I & Site II).
Session II
Summary
At the end of the day, the facilitator should summarise in brief/or in bullet points what has been
discussed today and ask if there is any query and clarify it.Please remind the documentation group
to prepare the notes for next day recap.
Soil Horizons Characteristics Depth Type of Soil
(colour/hardness/
material, etc.)
* All the forms should be submitted to the trainer for documentation purposes.
19. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 17
DAY THREE
Session I
Total Time: 2 hours
Physical Properties of Soil
Objective
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
• Understand the chemical and physical properties of soil.
Start with“Namaskar”and welcome prayer –“Itni Shakti Hame Dena Data,Man Ka Vishwas Kamzor
Ho Na.”
After the song,invite one person for recap of the previous day's work.At the end of recap,ask
the participants if they want to add something which is not covered in the recap.Say thanks
to the person and start the second day’s programme.Describe in brief what you are going to
discuss today.
Activity I
This is purely a technical as well as subjective session and needs to be explained in a very simple
way.The facilitator should write the properties of soil in separate charts and explain one by one in
brief. Some soil samples could be taken to explain each property.
“Physical properties reflect the appearance of soil particle size, etc.”
Physical properties of soil
List the physical properties of soil
1. Soil texture.
2. Soil structure.
3. Bulk density.
4. Pore space.
5. Soil colour.
6. Soil temperature.
20. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 18
Activity II
Handoutsoffollowingfiguresshouldbedistributedtoeachparticipant.Give15minutesforreading.
After 15 minutes, divide the participants into two/three/four groups and ask the group to give
answers to the following questions. Each group presents the answer and if one group gives the
wronganswer,thesecondgroupgetsachancetoclarifytherightanswer.Eachgroupwillparticipate
equally in the discussion. If something is not clear to the participants, the trainer will clarify it.
What are the percentage constituents of silt, clay and sand in the following soil types?
1. Sandy clay loam.
2. Sandy clay.
3. Silt clay.
4. Silt clay loam.
5. Clay loam.
6. Loamy sand.
7. Sandy loam.
8. Loam.
9. Silt loam.
10. Silt.
DAY THREE
Session I
Soil texture:
• The varying proportions of particles of different size groups in soil constitute soil texture; and
• The principal textural classes are clay, clay loam, sandy clay, silt clay, sandy clay loam, silt clay
loam, sandy loam, silt loam, sand, loamy sand and silt.
21. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 19
DAY THREE
Session I
Soil Particle Size
Soil Separate Fraction Name Size Range (mm)
Very Coarse Sand 2.0 to 1.0
Coarse Sand 1.0 to 0.5
Medium Sand 0.5 to 0.25
Fine Sand 0.25 to 0.10
Very Fine Sand 0.10 to 0.05
Silt 0.05 to 0.002
Clay <0.002
Soil particle size comparison
Soil structure:
• Platy – Horizontal Alignment;
• Prism-like – Columnar Type;
• Block-like – Angular or Sub-angular Types; and
• Spiroidal – Granular and Crumb Types.
Granular: Resembles cookie crumbs and
is usually less than 0.5 cm in diameter.
Commonly found in surface horizons
where roots have been growing.
Prismatic: Vertical columns of soil that
might be a number of cm long. Usually
found in lower horizons.
Blocky: Irregular blocks that are usually
1.5-5.0 cm in diameter.
Columnar: Vertical columns of soil that
have a salt“cap”at the top.Found in
soils of arid climates.
Single Grained: Soil is broken into
individual particles that do not stick
together. Always accompanies a loose
consistence.Commonlyfoundinsandysoils.
Platy: Thin, flat plates of soil that lie
horizontally. Usually found in
compacted soil.
22. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 20
Session I
Soil pores
Pores result from the irregular shape of soil particles or from pushing and aggregation forces.
When pore space is very small, soil charges retain water and impede drainage, resulting in poor
aeration.“Pore size and pore space connectivity in the form of micro-joints is more important
than total pore space.”
Soil pores determine the water holding capacity of soil
DAY THREE
23. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 21
DAY THREE
Session II
Total Time: 1 hour 25 minutes
Chemical Properties of Soil
Activity I
Ask the participants about the relation between the particle size and water holding capacity.
Ask them to fill up the format given below:
Please √ the appropriate
Large Medium Small High Medium Low Large Medium Small 0.05 - <0.002 2.00 -
0.002 mm mm 0.05 mm
Clay
Loam
Sand
Particle Size Water Holding Capacity Soil Pores Particle Size in mm
*Format to be distributed to each participant.
Ask the participants to check each other’s answers.The trainer should finally tell the right answers
for further clarification.
Soil colour
A colour designation system specifies three variables of colour:
Soil temperature
Soil temperature plays an important role in many processes, which take place in the soil such as
chemical reactions and biological interactions. Soil temperature varies in response to exchange
processes that take place primarily through the soil surface.These effects are propagated into the
soil profile by transport processes and are influenced by such things as the specific heat capacity,
thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity.
24. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 22
DAY THREE
Session II
Chemical properties of soil
1. pH.
2. Salinity (EC).
3. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC).
4. Organic matter.
5. C: N ratio (Carbon to Nitrogen).
1 pH
Percentage of hydrogen ion in the soil.This is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil.
• Neutral = 7.0;
• Acidic < 7.0;
• Alkaline > 7.0; and
• Logarithmic scale which means that a 1-unit drop in pH is a 10-fold increase in acidity.
A Soil pH and plant growth:
• Affects availability of plant nutrients (in general, optimal pH is between 5.5-7.5);
• Low pH soils (<6.0) results in an increase in Al. Aluminium is toxic to plants;
• Affects availability of toxic metals (in general, more available in acidic soils);
• Affects the activity of soil micro organisms, thus affecting nutrient cycling and disease
risk; and
• Use litmus paper for classroom demonstration.
B Effect of pH on nutrient availability
2 Soil salinity:
• Potential problem in irrigated soils due to high evaporation rates and low annual rainfall
leaving salts to accumulate;
• Salts can come from irrigation water, fertilisers, composts and manure;
• Salts can be leached by slowly applying excess water;
– Three inches removes about 50% of the soluble salts; and
– Five inches removes about 90%.
25. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 23
A. Soil salinity and interpretation
Conductivity (mmho/cm) Interpretation
4 or Above Severe accumulation of salts. May restrict growth of
many vegetables and ornamentals.
2 to 4 Moderate accumulation of salts.Will not restrict plant
growth, but may require more frequent irrigation.
Less than 2 Low salt accumulation.Will not affect plants.
3 Cation-exchange capacity
A cation is a positively charged ion. Most nutrients are cations: Ca2+, Mg2+, K +, NH4 +, Zn2+,
Cu2+, and Mn2+.These cations are present in the soil solution and are in dynamic equilibrium
with the cations absorbed on the surface of clay and organic matter. CEC is a measure of the
quantity of cations that can be absorbed and held by soil. CEC is dependent upon the amount
of organic matter and clay in soil and on the types of clay. In general, the higher OM and clay
content, the higher the CEC.
4 Soil organic matter
Beneficial impacts of SOM on soil properties:
1. Physical –stabilisessoilstructure,improveswaterholdingcharacteristics,lowersbulkdensity,
dark colour may alter thermal properties.
2. Chemical – higher CEC, acts as a pH buffer, ties up metals, interacts with xenobiotics.
3. Biological – supplies energy and body-building constituents for soil organisms, increases
microbial populations and their activities,source and sink for nutrients,ecosystem resilience,
affects soil enzymes.
Factsheet:Eachyear,about1to4%ofnutrientsinthesoilorganicmatterarereleasedthrough
microbialtransformationstobecomeavailabletoplants.Releaseishighestunderwarm,moist
conditions and slowest in cool dry climates.Microorganisms are the driving force for nutrient
release to plants.
Soil micro flora and fauna
The trainer should explain participants that he/she will not go in depth of this topic and will
cover only in bullet points. A handout should be provided to each participant for reading in
the evening and, in case something is not clear, it can be asked in the next session.
DAY THREE
Session II
26. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 24
DAY THREE
Session II
Activity II
The trainer should explain in detail the following picture and ask the participants to make
observations after seeing the picture and correlate it with the soil, flora and fauna.
The details of flora and fauna, their activities and functions are given in the handouts.
The soil food web
Summary
At the end of this session, the trainer should summarise the session in bullet points and clarify, in
case any doubts persist.
27. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 25
DAY FOUR
Session I
Total Time: 2 hours
Major Soil Types in India
Objective
After this session, the participant will be able to:
• Know the various types of soil existing in India and Haryana;
• Know the characteristics of each soil type; and
• Know the relativity of soil with selection of crop, agronomic practices, etc.
Start with “Namaskar” and welcome prayer – “Itni Shakti Hame Dena Data, Man Ka Vishwas
Kamzor Ho Na.”
After the song, invite one participant for recap of the previous day’s work. At the end of
recap, ask the participants if they want to add something which is not covered in the recap.
Say thanks to the person and start the day’s programme. Describe in brief what is going to
be discussed today.
The trainer should show the following soil map and explain various soil-dominated regions in India.
28. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 26
DAY FOUR
Session I
Classification of Indian soils
• There are eight major group of soils in India which are furnished below:
Red soils:
• Red colour is due to various oxides of iron.They are poor in N,P,K and have pH varying from 7 to 7.5.
These soils are light textured with porous structure.Lime is absent with low soluble salts; and
• Red soils occur extensively in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, parts of Kerala, Maharashtra,
Karnataka,Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Most of the red soils have been classified in the order
“Alfisols.”
Lateritic soils:
• Seen in high-rainfall areas, where silica releases and leaches downwards making the upper
horizons of soils become rich in oxides of iron and aluminium. The texture is light with free
drainage structure; and
• Clay is predominant and lime is deficient.pH 5 to 6 containingmorehumus.Beingwelldrained,they
are distributed in summits of hills of Deccan Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Ghat regions of
Orissa,Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra and also in West Bengal,Tamil Nadu and Assam.
Alluvial soils:
• These are the most important soils from agriculture point of view.The soils are sandy loam to
clay loam with light grey colour to dark colour; structure is loose and more fertile. But the soils
are low in NPK and humus; and
• They are well supplied with lime; base exchange capacity is low, pH ranges from 7 to 8. These
soils are distributed in the Indo-Gangetic plains, Brahmaputra Valley and almost all states of
North and South.
Black soils:
• This is a well-known group of soil characterised by dark grey to black colour with high clay content;
• They are neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction.Deep cracks develop during summer;the depth
of the soil varies from less than a meter to several meters. Poor free drainage results in the
soils, base exchange is high with high pH and rich in lime and potash. Major black soils are
found in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu; and
• Cotton is the most favourable crop to be grown in these soils.
Forest soils:
• This group of soils occurs in the Himalayas.These soils are dark brown with more sub-soil humus
content.They are more acidic.
29. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 27
DAY FOUR
Session I
Desert soils:
• These soils are mostly sandy to loamy fine sand with brown to yellow brown colour, contains
large amounts of soluble salts and lime with pH ranging from 8.0 to 8.5. Nitrogen content is
very low; and
• The presence of phosphate and nitrate makes the desert soils fertile and productive under
water supply.They are distributed in Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan.
Peaty and Marshy soils:
• These soils occur in humid regions with accumulation of high organic matter.During monsoons,
the soils get submerged in water and the water recedes post-monsoon during which rice is
cultivated. Soils are black clay and highly acidic with pH of 3.5. Free aluminium and ferrous
sulphate are present;
• The depressions formed by dried rivers and lakes in alluvial and coastal areas some times give rise to
waterlogged soils and such soils are blue in colour due to the presence of ferrous iron;and
• Peaty soils are found more in Kerala and marshy soils are found more in the coastal tracks of
Orissa,West Bengal and South-East coast of Tamil Nadu.
Saline-sodic soils:
• Saline soils contain excess of natural soluble salts dominated by chlorides and sulphates which
affects plant growth. Sodic or alkali soils contain high exchangeable sodium salts; and
• Both kinds of salt affected soils occur in different parts of India like Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,
Punjab, Maharashtra,Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.
Activity I
A small field trip should be arranged to demonstrate various types of soil.
30. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 28
Session II
Total Time: 1 hour 15 minutes
Soil Micronutrient
Objectives
At the end of this session, the participants will be able to:
1. Understand the different types of macro and micronutrients found in soil.
2. The status of micro and macro nutrient in India and Haryana soils.
3. Understand various myths about role of Soil Micronutrient.
DAY FOUR
1
Available through atmosphere.
2
Available through synthetic fertilisers.
3
Available through application but quantity required is less than the NPK and more than the micronutrient.
4
Required in small quantity and available through application.
5
Functional micronutrient is the MN which is not required for growth of the plant but boosts biochemical activities and works as a catalyst in
chemical reactions.
Micronutrients
Organic 1
Primary 2
Secondary 3
Micronutrients 4
Functional 5
C Carbon N Nitrogen Mg Magnesium Mn Manganese Na Sodium
H Hydrogen P Phosphorus Ca Calcium Zn Zinc V Vanadium
O Oxygen K Potassium S Sulphur Fe Iron Co Cobalt
Cu Copper Si Silicon
B Boron Cl Chlorine
Mo Molybdenum
Activity I
Ask the participants what they use in their soil and or do they know of any micronutrient used in
soil.Prepare a list of micronutrients and finally add if any thing is left.
Thefacilitatorcanexplainbyaskingvitamins/nutrientsrequiredforhumanbeing,whyhuman
beings requirevitamins,micronutrientandwhattheyunderstandaboutthefunction/benefit
of taking such micronutrient. This can be correlated with plants. Like human beings, plants
also require these elements for their growth and development.
Definition of soil micronutrient:The nutrients required by the soil in very small quantities like in
milligram, microgram.
31. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 29
Session II
DAY FOUR
Myth
In Mewat area, farmers are using plenty of gypsum. They consider it as micronutrient.
The fact is that gypsum contains only one micronutrient, calcium, and is primarily used in
saline soil to bring down the soil pH.
Fact Sheet 1 – The Present Condition of Micronutrient Deficiency in Indian Soil.
Explanation
Out of the total sample collected, 50.6% of the sample is deficit in zinc, whereas 10% in iron
and 3 % in manganese. The sample is collected in five states. The deficiency is highest in
Haryana in the entire sample.Except copper,all samples are highly deficit in zinc and iron.We
can say that Haryana soil is highly deficit in zinc and iron.
Extent of Micronutrient Deficiency in the Soils of India
State No. of Soil Percent soil Samples Deficient
Samples Zn Cu Fe Mn
Bihar 19214 54.0 3 6 2
Haryana 21848 60.5 2 20 4
Punjab 16483 48.1 1 14 2
Uttar Pradesh 26126 45.7 1 6 2
West Bengal 6547 36.0 0 0 3
Total 90218 50.6 2 10 3
Source: Singh, 1999
Fact Sheet 2 – Availability of Micronutrient
Total and Available Micronutrient Content of Indian Soils
Micronutrient Total content Available micronutrient
(Mg/kg soil) (mg/kg soil)
Content Mean
Zinc 2 to 1,019 0.2 to 6.9 0.9
Copper 1.9 to 960 0.1 to 8.2 2.1
Iron 2700 to 191.000 0.8 to 196 19.0
Manganese 37 to 11,500 0.2 to 118 21.0
Boron 3.8 to 630 0.08 to 2.6 –
Molybdenum 0.01 to 18.1 0.07 to 7.67 –
Source: Takkar, 1982; Singh, 1999
32. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 30
Soil conditions causing Micronutrient Deficiency:
• Highly leached acidic sandy soils;
• Soils with a high water table;
• Soils with a very high content of organic matter, e. g., peat and muck soils of Kerala;
• Calcareous and saline-alkaline soils very high in pH in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Bihar;
• Intensively cropped soil with high doses of commercial fertilisers; and
• Application of high doses of lime at one time.
Fact Sheet 3 – Range of Micronutrient Concentrations Required for Normal Plant Growth
Trace Elements Concentration in ppm
(parts per million)
Fe (Iron) 0.5 to 5.0
Mn (Manganese) 0.1 to 0.5
B (Boron) 0.1 to 1.0
Z (Zinc) 0.02 to 0.2
Cu (Copper) 1.to 0.05
Mo (Molybdenum) 0.01 to 0.05
Explanation
All the micronutrients are highly deficit, whereas this deficiency is very high in zinc, iron
and manganese.
DAY FOUR
Session II
34. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 32
DAY FOUR
Session II
Application of Micronutrient-based Chemicals
Elements Fertilisers Content Range of Application (kg/ha)
Soil Spray
Iron Ferrous Sulphate – 19% Fe 16.8-56.0 5.6-7.8
Manganese Manganese Sulphate – 30.5% Mn 16.8-33.6 4.5-9.0
Boron Borax –10.50% B 5.5-56.0 2.3-22.4
Zinc Zinc Sulphate – 21% Zn 2.3-56.0 0.56
Copper Copper Sulphate – 24% Cu 5.6-33.6 –
Molybdenum Ammonium Molybdate – 52% Mo 0.07-2.3 0.028-0.035
The common methods of micronutrient application are given below:*
Please explain the practical problems faced in each method.
Soils’application: The required quantity of materials are broadcast or placed by adding dry soil or
fine sand before planting the crop., e.g., B, Cu, Zn.
Foliar application: Low doses of micronutrients are applied through sprays on plant foliage.Crops
in younger stages require less solution, while crops with more foliage or fruit trees like oranges,
require more solution for spraying, e.g., Fe,Mn, B.
Addition through mixed fertilisers: Uniform spreading of micronutrients essential for different
regions is added to the spread fertiliser or to fertiliser mixture used, e.g., phosphates mixed with
boron, molybdenum or zinc.
Seed soaking: Low concentration of micronutrient solution is used to soak the seed for about
12 hours before planting,e.g., Mo.
Seed coating: Micronutrient mixed with a small amount of soil made into a pest is coated around
the seeds, dried and then used for sowing,e.g.,Mo.
At the end of this session,the trainer should explain in brief/bullet points what they have discussed
in this session and, if there is any query, it should be explained.
35. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 33
DAY FOUR
Session III
Total Time: 2 hours
Micronutrient Deficiency Symptoms
Objectives
At the end of this session, the participants will be able to:
1. Understand the functions and deficiency of various types of macro and micronutrient in
vegetable and cereal crops.
Start with“Namaskar”and welcome prayer –“Itni Shakti Hame Dena Data,Man Ka Vishwas Kamzor
Ho Na.”
After the song, invite one participant for recap of the previous day’s work. At the end of the
recap, ask the participants if they want to add something which is not covered in the recap.
Say thanks to the person and start the day’s programme.Describe in brief what you are going
to discuss today.
Nitrogen
Functions
Nitrogen plays an important role in plant metabolism, it being an essential constituent of several
metabolically active compounds.
Deficiency
Nitrogen deficiency is observed in plants grown on soil, low
in organic matter. Symptoms of its deficiency first appear on
theolderleaveswhichthenmovetowardsupperleaves,while
thenewleavesremaingreen.Apaleyellowchlorosisdevelops
near the tip of the leaf blade and advances towards the base
in V shape.
Sorghum Jowar Wheat
36. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 34
Phosphorus
Function
Phosphorus is an essential constituent of nucleic acid RNA and DNA, amino acid and proteins. It is
necessary for cell division, meristematic growth, root, seed and fruit development as well as
stimulating flowering.
Deficiency
Crops grown on acid soil,calcareous soils and coarse textured
soil are low in phosphorus. Plants fail to make quick start,
develop poor root systems and remain stunted. Leaves
become dark to blue-green coloration starting from the tips
towards the base.
Potassium
Function
Potassium is involved in regulating the opening and closing of stomata. It activates nearly 60
enzymes. It is important to regulate the fruit size and many metabolic activities.
Deficiency
The symptoms of chlorosis start from the leaf margins,
followed by scorching and browning of tips and margin in
potato, wheat, barley and maize.
Jowar Wheat Citrus fruit
Sugarcane Wheat Onion
DAY FOUR
Session III
37. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 35
DAY FOUR
Session III
Calcium
Function
Calcium is the essential component of a cell wall that
maintains the integrity of cell membrane. It is involved in
cell division.
Deficiency
It is amply found in soil and generally no deficiency is seen in
the plant.
Magnesium
Function
It is an essential constituent of Chlorophyll. It regulates the activity of several enzyme systems
involved in synthesis of nucleic acid and metabolism.
Deficiency
Magnesium deficiency is observed in plants growing in acid
soils,leached soils and sandy soils.Mg deficient plants usually
lack vigour and are stunted. Its deficiency is first observed in
older leaves and advances upwards to younger leaves as
interveinal chlorosis.
Wheat Sugarcane Corn
38. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 36
DAY FOUR
Session III
Iron
Functions
Helps in chlorophyll formation,absorption of other nutrients.Essential for the synthesis of proteins.
Deficiency
Causes chlorosis between the veins of leaves, although the
veins remain green.
Tomato Corn Citrus
Manganese
Functions
Acts as catalyst in oxidation and reduction reactions within the plant tissues. Helps in chlorophyll
formation, supports movement of iron in the plant, counteracting the bad effect of poor aeration.
Deficiency
Leadstochlorosisintheinterveinaltissueofnetveinedleaves
and parallel vein leaves. In cereals, it produces grey streak,
white streak,dry spot and lip spot,marash spot,streak disease
and pahala blight in sugarcane, yellow disease in spinach
and beans.
Wheat Citrus Sugarcane
39. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 37
Session III
Boron
Functions
It is a constituent of cell membrane and essential for cell division.Acts as a regulator of potassium/
calcium ratio in the plant, helps in nitrogen absorption and translocation of sugars in plant.
Deficiency
In Lucerne yellows and rosetting, snakehead in walnuts,
dieback and corking in fruits,corking and pitting in tomatoes,
hollow stem and bronzing of curd Cauliflower, brown heart
disease in table beets, turnips, etc.
Sugarcane Cauliflower Peanuts
DAY FOUR
Zinc
Functions
Constituent of several enzyme systems which regulate various metabolic reactions in the plant. It
is associated with water uptake and water relation in the plant.
Deficiency
Deficiency symptoms appear in younger leaves starting with
interveinal chlorosis leading to a reduction in shoot growth
and the shorting of internodes. Mottle leaf, little leaf, etc. In
the case of trees, the buds of severely deficient maize plants
become white, interveinal chlorosis and mottled leaf occur
in citrus.
Tomato Corn Citrus
40. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 38
Session III
Copper
Functions
Acts as "electron carrier" in enzymes,helps in utilisation of iron in chlorophyll synthesis.It neutralises
the harmful conditions in certain peat soils when applied in large quantity.
Deficiency
Variationindeficiencysymptomsoccursincaseofcopper,e.g.,
multiplebudformation,stainingandsplittingoffruits,dieback
of shoots, the marginal or spotted necrosis and chlorosis of
leaves. The images of various micronutrient deficiencies will
be shown to make this clear to the participants.All the images
should be shown through LCD projector.
Citrus Wheat Onion
DAY FOUR
At the end of the session,the trainer should explain in brief/ bullet points what they have discussed
in this session and if there is any query, it should be explained.
41. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 39
Session I
Total Time: 3 hours
Field Visit
Activity I
A small field trip will be made nearby to explore the deficiency in plants/vegetable crops.
DAY FIVE
42. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 40
Session II
Total Time: 30 minutes
Chemical Methods of Improving Soil
Health – Chemical Fertilisers
At the end of this session, the participants will be able to:
1. Understand the different types of chemical fertilizers used in agriculture.
2. The availability and application of chemical fertilizers in plants.
Start with the“Namaskar”and welcome again words.All the participants will stand for the prayer –
“ Itni Shakti Hame Dena Data ,Man Ka Vishwas Kamzor Ho Na.”
After the song,invite one participant for recap of the previous day’s work.At the end of the recap,
ask the participants if they want to add something which is not covered in the recap.Say thanks to
the person and start the day’s programme.Describe in brief what you are going to discuss today.
Methods of Improving Soil Health
There are three ways to improve soil health, viz., chemical, physical and biological.
Activity I
Ask the participants what fertilisers they have heard of used in the field.Write down the names on
a flip chart and categorise them into the following five categories.
Five types of chemical fertilisers:
a. Nitrogenous fertilisers – urea, CAN, ammonium chloride.
b. Phosphatic fertilisers – SSP, DAP,TSP, rock phosphate.
c. Potassic fertilisers – MOP, potassium sulphate.
d. N-P complex fertilisers – DAP MAP.
e. N-P-K mixed fertilisers – 10-26-26, 12-32-16, 19-19-19, 15-15-15.
NPK Contents in Different Fertilisers
N P K S Ca Mg
Urea 46
CAN 25 10.2 7.5
Ammonium Chloride 25
SSP 18 11 25
DAP 18 46
Rock Phosphate 20-38
MOP 60
Potassium Sulphate 50 17.5
DAY FIVE
43. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 41
DAY FIVE
Session II
Pros and cons of using chemical fertilisers: Chemical fertilisers greatly enrich the soil over the
short term, but they also have downsides, especially when used in excess:
• They pollute the air and the groundwater, which, in turn, harms human beings and animals;
• They reduce soil fertility over time;
• They contain only one or two macronutrients, and no secondary or micronutrients;
• They create salinity and alkalinity in the soil;
• They affect nutrient assimilation;
• They damage soil texture and reduce aeration; and
• They affect the keeping quality of fruits and vegetables.
Chemical Fertiliser Requirement
Fact Sheet – I
Fertiliser Requirements of Cereals in kg per acre
DAP Urea Zinc Gypsum
Mustard 25 60 10 4
Chick Pea 35
Wheat 50 100 10
Fact Sheet – II
Fertiliser Requirements of Vegetable Crops in kg per acre
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
Tomato 80 80 80
Cauliflower 60 40 38
Cabbage 60 40 38
Okra 50 30 30
Brinjal 80 80 80
Chilli 60 30 30
Ridge Gourd 20 20 10
Bottle Gourd 20 20 15
Capsicum 100 60 50
Coriander 20 20 15
Rice 40 25 25
Wheat 40 25 15
Mustard 12 12 8
44. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 42
DAY FIVE
Session III
Total Time: 2 hours
Organic Measures to Improve Soil Health
Objective
At the end of this session, the participant will be able to understand:
1. The importance and role of organic manure/FYM in enriching soil health.
2. Various types of organic manure.
3. Methods of preparing vermicompost.
Activity I
The trainer will ask the participants for various types of organic manures they have seen in the
village and advantages of using FYM, and finally prepare a list of locally available organic compost
in villages and explain some of them in details.
Organic manures
Any decomposed materials having minimum level of nitrogen and phosphorus with some amount
of micronutrient and with pH ranges of 6-8 can be used and called as organic manures.
The properties and role of organic manures
1. Reduce the surface runoff thereby helping in reducing soil erosion through water.
2. Increase soil aeration and permeability by binding soil particles.
3. Increase water holding capacity of soil.
4. Organicmatterservesandaddsasareservoirofessentialnutrientswhicharereleasedinharmony
with the needs of plants.
5. It produces organic acids that help in dissolving unavailable potassium, phosphorus,
micronutrients, etc., in soil.
6. Reduce evaporation loss.
7. Maintain soil temperature.
8. Reduce the termite attack in soil.
9. Reduce weed growth, etc.
Types of organic compost available in village
1. Cow dung heap.
2. Sewage and sludge.
3. HH waste heap.
45. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 43
Compost preparation – Vermicompost
Vermicompost: To carry out composting with worms,which eat organic material and leave behind
fertile excreta.
DAY FIVE
Session III
Benefits of Vermicompost:
Compared to traditional compost, vermicompost:
• Is faster to produce, taking only 45 to 50 days compared to 12 months needed for
traditional compost;
• Is richer in nutrients; and
• Requires a smaller preparation area.
However,vermicompostdoesnotreplacechemicalfertilisers.Itisonecomponentofintegratednutrient
management and must be used in conjunction with other methods,including chemical fertilisers.
Economic arguments:
• Cheap source of fertiliser;
• Savings on chemical fertilisers;
• Source of income as vermicompost and earthworms can be sold;
• Little labour required; and
• Earthworms reproduce and their number can triple in 12 months. Vermicompost production
can thus be increased without having to buy more worms.
One vermicompost bed
Rs 1200 to 1500 investment
Produces 40 to 50 kg of vermicompost in 50 days
Sells at Rs 3 to 4 per kg of vermicompost
Earns Rs 120 to 200 per bed production
Selling of worms: Rs1 per worm
46. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 44
DAY FIVE
Session III
Vermicompost in practice:
The initial investment costs Rs 1200 for a simple vermicompost bed,and Rs 1500 for a vermicompost
bed with a shed.There are no running costs.
Making vermicompost
• Find a shaded location (under a tree or shed) near a source of water, and close enough to the
house to be able to keep watch on potential predators such as lizards and hen;
• Build a 10 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 to 2.5 feet deep bed with cement, with a thin layer of
cement at the bottom;
• Put in the bed a 3 inch thick layer of cow dung and wheat straw slurry;
• Add50kgofcowdunginthebed,andletitcoolforthreetofivedays,keepingitwetbysprinkling
water on it.When the dung does not feel warm at a depth of six inches, it is cool enough;
• Release 1 kg, or 1000 earthworms into the bed;
• Add crop residue, dried leaves and organic garbage, all the way to the top of the cement bed.
The worms will eat this layer, so refill it as it goes down;
• Cover the bed with a jute bag,a thin layer of rice straw,any other straw,and,if possible,a shed to
protect the worms from the sun, rain, hens, birds and other predators;
• Splash a little water evenly over the last layer of bags or straw to maintain some moisture in the
bed.The moisture level is right if a bit of liquid drips down when the cow dung is picked up and
squeezed. Do not flood the bed;
• Every 15 days, turn over all the contents of the vermicompost bed;
• After 50 days, the worms will have digested the organic matter;
• Stop watering the bed and wait for two to three days for the worms to go down;
• Push all the bed's content to one side, so as to leave a 2 feet wide empty slot;
• Put in the empty slot a 3 inch thick layer of cow dung and wheat straw slurry;
• Add a 1 feet thick layer of fresh cow dung in the empty slot, and keep it moist;
• In three days, the worms will have migrated to the fresh cow dung;
• Remove the vermicompost from the side of the bed where it had been piled up;
• Gently sieve the vermicompost to ensure it contains no worms.Any worms found should be put
back in the bed; and
• You can now start over the process, by putting the cow dung and wheat stock slurry.
47. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 45
DAY FIVE
Session III
Activity II
The trainer should take all the participants to the community centre and prepare a small compost
pit as a practical learning lesson.
Material Required
Worms, cow dung, green leaf, jute mat,Fowda, water, etc.
Using Vermicompost:
Crop Quantity Timing
Tomatoes 2 to 3 q/acre Before Transplanting
3 to 4 q/acre One Month after Transplanting
Cereals 1.5 q/acre Before Sowing
Maize 2 q/acre Before Sowing
Oil Seeds 1.5 q/acre Before Sowing
Mango, Lemon and Other Fruit Trees 4 to 5 kg per plant Between First and Fifth Year
8 to 10 kg per plant Fifth to Tenth Year
Bulb Crops (onion, garlic, turmeric 4 q/acre Before Sowing
and ginger)
Papaya 300 g/plant 1 to 1.5 Months afterTransplanting
250 g/plant 3 Months after Transplanting
Pomegranate, Orange, Sweet Lime 10 q/acre Before Transplanting
4 q/acre One Month after Transplanting
Precautions:
• Never mix vermicompost with chemical fertilisers, as the beneficial bacteria contained in
vermicompost would be killed. Apply chemical fertilisers at least eight days after applying
vermicompost; and
• When applied on the field, the vermicompost should be immediately ploughed into the soil. If
given time to dry up, it will loose all efficiency.
At the end of the day, the trainer should explain in brief what they have discussed during the
day and summarise the day’s work in bullet points.The trainer should also ask the participant if
any topic needs clarification, that can be discussed again. Please remind the documentation
group to prepare the notes for next day’s recap.
48. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 46
Session I
Total Time: 2 hours
Biological Measures to Improve Soil Health
DAY SIX
Objective
At the end of this session, the participants will be able to know how to:
1. Use various measures like Green manuring, crop rotation and biofertilisers to improve the
soil quality.
Start with“Namaskar”and welcome prayer –“Itni Shakti Hame Dena Data,Man Ka Vishwas Kamzor
Ho Na.”
After the song, invite one participant for recap of the previous day’s work. At the end of the
recap, ask from the participants if they want to add something which is not covered in the
recap.Say thanks to the person and start the day’s programme.Describe in brief what you are
going to discuss today.
Green Manures:
Benefits of crop rotation:
• Replaces and holds nutrients in the soil;
• Reduces soil compaction from rain;
• Keeps soil moist, reducing the need for watering;
• Maintains a more even soil temperature;
• Less weed when the following crop is grown; and
• Improves soil condition.
Economic arguments:
• Reduces the need for fertilisers;
• Reduces the need for pesticides; and
• Improves yields.
Green manure in practice:
• Plant sun hemp, daincha, cow pea, horse gram, gliricidia and jayanti;
• Wait about 40 days for the crops to be two to three feet high. Do not wait longer as the crop
must be cut when the stem is still soft, so that it decomposes easily; and
• Turn the crops into the soil with a tractor and a disc harrow.
49. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 47
DAY SIX
Session I
Daincha sowing for Green manuring
Crop rotation
Many farmers practice sequential planting.They alternate between two field crops,one for the cool
season, and one for the monsoon season. However, the same crop is always planted in the same
season. Over time, the soil loses its fertility, and pest attacks and diseases increase.
Crop rotation: Growing different crops in the same location in successive seasons or years.
Crop rotation helps tackle these problems. It limits nutrient depletion by alternating crops that
require different kinds of nutrients, or in some cases,by planting crops that return nutrients to the
soil. It also disrupts pests and diseases, which no longer find their preferred food.
Benefits of crop rotation:
• Improves or maintains soil fertility;
• Reduces pest attacks;
• Limits the risk of diseases;
• Limits soil erosion;
• Maintains soil moisture; and
• Deters weed.
Economic arguments:
• Reduces the need for fertilisers;
• Reduces the need for pesticides; and
• Improves yields.
Timing:
Yearly, in the pre-monsoon season
50. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 48
Crop rotation in practice:
Vegetables
Vegetables can be divided into four main categories:
• Leaves, such as spinach, deplete the soil of nitrogen;
• Fruits, such as tomatoes, deplete the soil off phosphorus;
• Roots, such as onions, deplete the soil off potassium; and
• Soil builders (legumes) and cleaners (corn and potatoes) fix nitrogen into the soil and use
leftover fertilisers.
These categories can further be broken down into families:
• Squash family (melons, squash, cucumbers, pumpkins);
• Mustard family (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi, kale, mustard,
radishes, turnips);
• Tomato family (tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, potatoes);
• Beet family (beets, spinach, chard);
• Legume family (beans, peas);
• Onion family (onions, leeks, scallions, garlic, shallots);
• Carrot family (carrots, dill, parsnips, parsley);
• Daisy family (chicory, lettuce, artichoke); and
• Miscellaneous (corn, buckwheat, grazing rye).
In crop rotation, the combination of crops are designed taking into account each crop's nutrient
requirements, depth of roots for water intake, and pest, disease and weed specifications. The
vegetable plot is divided into sections that each hosts one family of crop over a set amount of time
(season or year).The next season or year, the crops are rotated to the next plot.
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Section 1 Cabbage Family 1 Legume Family 2 Onion Family 3 Tomato Family 4 Carrot Family 5
Section 2 Legume Family Onion Family Tomato Family Carrot Family Cabbage Family
Section 3 Onion Family Tomato Family Carrot Family Cabbage Family Legume Family
Section 4 Tomato Family Carrot Family Cabbage Family Legume Family Onion Family
Section 5 Carrot Family Cabbage Family Legume Family Onion Family Tomato Family
DAY SIX
Session I
Field Crops Rotation:
Cool Season Monsoon Season
Year 1 Wheat Corn
Year 2 Mustard Pigeon Pea
51. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 49
Nitrogen
Fixer
Azolla Phosphate
Solubilising
Microbes
Vesicular
Arbuscular
Mycorrhzes
Plant Growth
Promoting
Rhizobacteria
(PGPR)
Sulphur
Solubilising
Microbes
Azolla
filiculoides
Azolla rubra
Blue-greenBacteria
Rhizobium
Azotobacter
Azospirillum
Bacillus, etc.
Mycobacterium Tolypothrix
Nostac
Anabaena
Anabaenopsis
Biofertiliser
Benefits of biofertilisers:
• Enriches the soil with nitrogen or phosphorus;
• Stimulates microbial activity around the root, thus improving plant health;
• Reduces incidence of diseases;
• Improves soil aeration and moisture; and
• Does not pollute the soil or water.
DAY SIX
Session I
Biofertilisers
Biofertilisers are natural products including bacteria, algae, or fungi that provide plants
with nutrients.
52. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 50
DAY SIX
Session I
Economic arguments:
• Cheaper than chemical fertilisers; and
• Reduces the need for chemical fertilisers.
Major Biofertilisers
Biofertiliser Target Crop Effect
Rhizobium Leguminous Crops Increases nitrogen uptake
(pulses, oilseeds, fodder) when associated with legumes
Azatobacter Wheat, Rice, Vegetables Increases nitrogen uptake
Azospirillum Rice, Sugarcane
Blue Green Algae (BGA) Rice
Azolla Rice
Phosphate Solubilising All Increases phosphorus uptake
Micro-organisms (PSMs)
Biofertilisers in practice:
• Check the expiry date on the package before buying it;
• Check the storage conditions specified on the package;
• Buy biofertilisers from known manufacturers only,for instance,NAFED,Zuari Agro,Cadilla;and
• Biofertilisers do not replace chemical fertilisers, they only help to reduce their use.
Precautions:
Never mix biofertilisers with chemical fertilisers, as the beneficial bacteria, algae or fungi would be
killed. Apply chemical fertilisers at least one week after applying biofertilisers.
53. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 51
DAY SIX
Session I
Total Time: 2 hours
Objective
Attheendofthesession,theparticipants’willbeabletounderstand:
• The importance of chisel application; and
• How chisel helps in improving the physical health of the soil.
Chiselling
When the soil becomes too hard, root growth is slowed and water, air and soil organisms can no
longer circulate, the result is slow-growing, weak and small-sized plants. Such soil conditions can
be improved with chiselling.
Chiselling:
Deep tilling that breaks hardpan without disturbing organic matter and farm residues.
Benefits of chiselling:
• Improves water penetration;
• Aerates root zone;
• Reduces erosion;
• Increases product quality;
• Increases root zone depth; and
• Increases water retention capacity.
Economic arguments:
• Increases product yield; and
• Saves water as frequency of irrigation is reduced.
Chiselling in practice:
A field must be chiselled twice. Although a chisel theoretically ploughs the soil 12 inches deep, in
practice, it often goes no deeper than 9 or 10 inches.
Cost:
Rs. 600 to hire the tractor and chisel machine to chisel twice on one acre.
Timing:
• Chisel every three years, once the hardpan has formed.
54. IRRAD: Soil Health Manual 52
DAY SIX
Session II
Wrap-up Session
At the end of the day, the trainer should explain in brief what they have discussed during the day
and summarise the days’ work into bullet points. The trainer should also ask the participants if
some topic is not clear, that can be discussed again.
At the end of the day, the trainer should explain in brief what they have discussed during the day
and summarise the day’s work into bullet points.
Trainer should take about one hour to recap the subjects that have been taught in the last five
days.The trainer should advise the participants to make use of the knowledge and skill they have
gained from here and apply that in their respective fields. Handouts should be read regularly to
update their knowledge.
All the participants should be requested to fill up the feedback form without mentioning their
name on the form.The trainer should also explain the objective of the feedback form so that each
participant fills up the form without bias.
The trainer can see the chart where the expectations and worries of participants are listed and ask
the participants whether their expectations have been met and their worries disappeared after
this training.
Finally, the trainer should thank all the participants for giving their time and patience and say
GOOD LUCK to all.The trainer can give his contact number to participants for future reference.