The basic sociological concepts and its relevance to health and nursing:
• Definition of Social science/Sociology- pg 2 in Pretoruis & pg 3 in Du Toit
• Sociologist- pg 8 in Pretoruis
• Anthropology- pg 7 in Du Toit
• Definition of a Social perspective- pg 10 in Du Toit
• Sociological imagination- pg 9 in Du Toit.
• Medical sociology.
• Definition of Social interaction- pg 80 in Du Toit
• Society- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Community- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Urban and rural communities (interaction and differences)
• Social structures (Status: ascribed, achieved, master; Position and role: role set, role strain, role conflict)- pg 85 in Du Toit
• Social groups- pg 125 in Du Toit
• The family: functions pf 172, transformation, alternative forms,
• Social institutions - pg 189 in Du Toit
• Social stratification- pg 103 in Du Toit
• Social relationships (Primary & Secondary relationship characteristics) - pg 96-98 in Du Toit
The Sociological Perspective
What is sociology?
Subject Matter of Sociology
Sociology and the Other Sciences
The Historical Development of Sociology
Sexual discrimination in Early Sociology
Sociology in North America
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
Applied Sociology and Clinical Sociology
For sociology papers, visit cutewriters.com
The basic sociological concepts and its relevance to health and nursing:
• Definition of Social science/Sociology- pg 2 in Pretoruis & pg 3 in Du Toit
• Sociologist- pg 8 in Pretoruis
• Anthropology- pg 7 in Du Toit
• Definition of a Social perspective- pg 10 in Du Toit
• Sociological imagination- pg 9 in Du Toit.
• Medical sociology.
• Definition of Social interaction- pg 80 in Du Toit
• Society- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Community- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Urban and rural communities (interaction and differences)
• Social structures (Status: ascribed, achieved, master; Position and role: role set, role strain, role conflict)- pg 85 in Du Toit
• Social groups- pg 125 in Du Toit
• The family: functions pf 172, transformation, alternative forms,
• Social institutions - pg 189 in Du Toit
• Social stratification- pg 103 in Du Toit
• Social relationships (Primary & Secondary relationship characteristics) - pg 96-98 in Du Toit
The Sociological Perspective
What is sociology?
Subject Matter of Sociology
Sociology and the Other Sciences
The Historical Development of Sociology
Sexual discrimination in Early Sociology
Sociology in North America
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
Applied Sociology and Clinical Sociology
For sociology papers, visit cutewriters.com
sociology is a science of society, which according to Peter BERGER is a consciousness. Which tries to make sense in the senseless situation. Simple a subject which is the voice of voiceless.
Define the following concepts
Social institutions
Social organizations
Describe the classification of organization
Discuss the general characteristics of a social organization as applied to the hospital as an organization of a healthcare institution
Division of labour
Authority
Communication
Formality and rigidity
• Definition of Social science/Sociology
• Sociologist
• Anthropology
• Definition of a Social perspective
• Sociological imagination
• Definition of Social interaction
• Society- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Community- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Urban and rural communities (interaction and differences)
• Definition of Culture
• Social structures (Status: ascribed, achieved, master; Position and role: role set, role strain, role conflict)
• Social groups
• Social institutions
• Social stratification
• Social relationships (Primary & Secondary relationship characteristics)
• Definition of Transcultural nursing
All About Sociology >>
Sociology Super-Notes >> Sociology of Development >> The Concepts of Development in Sociology >> Change, Modernization and Development
sociology is a science of society, which according to Peter BERGER is a consciousness. Which tries to make sense in the senseless situation. Simple a subject which is the voice of voiceless.
Define the following concepts
Social institutions
Social organizations
Describe the classification of organization
Discuss the general characteristics of a social organization as applied to the hospital as an organization of a healthcare institution
Division of labour
Authority
Communication
Formality and rigidity
• Definition of Social science/Sociology
• Sociologist
• Anthropology
• Definition of a Social perspective
• Sociological imagination
• Definition of Social interaction
• Society- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Community- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Urban and rural communities (interaction and differences)
• Definition of Culture
• Social structures (Status: ascribed, achieved, master; Position and role: role set, role strain, role conflict)
• Social groups
• Social institutions
• Social stratification
• Social relationships (Primary & Secondary relationship characteristics)
• Definition of Transcultural nursing
All About Sociology >>
Sociology Super-Notes >> Sociology of Development >> The Concepts of Development in Sociology >> Change, Modernization and Development
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to .docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
Human Behavior and the Social Environment I
Human Behavior and the
Social Environment I
SUSAN TYLER
U N I V E R S I T Y O F A R K A N S A S L I B R A R I E S
F AY E T T E V I L L E , A R
Human Behavior and the Social Environment I by Susan Tyler is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
except where otherwise noted.
All content CC BY-NC-SA unless otherwise noted.
Contents
Introduction 1
Attributions 6
Part I. The Person in Environment
Chapter 1: How We Use Our Expectations 25
Part II. The Biopsychosocial Dimension
Chapter 2: Lifespan Theories 79
Part III. The Sociocultural Dimension
Chapter 3: Theoretical Perspectives 105
Chapter 4: The Elements of Culture 120
Part IV. The Social Change Dimension
Chapter 5: Social Categorization & Stereotyping 161
Chapter 6: In-group Favoritism & Prejudice 191
Chapter 7: Reducing Discrimination 210
Chapter 8: Racial & Ethnic Inequality 233
Part V. Pre-Pregnancy & Prenatal Development
Chapter 9: Heredity, Prenatal Development, &
Birth
Heredity 280
Prenatal Development 291
Birth 320
279
Part VI. Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood
Chapter 10: Physical Development in Infancy &
Toddlerhood
347
Chapter 11: Cognitive Development in Infancy &
Toddlerhood
387
Chapter 12: Psychosocial Development in Infancy
& Toddlerhood
Infant Emotions 429
Forming Attachments 433
425
Part VII. Development in Early Childhood
Chapter 13: Physical Development in Early
Childhood
465
Chapter 14: Cognitive Development in Early
Childhood
502
Chapter 15: Psychosocial Development in Early
Childhood
551
Part VIII. Development in Middle Childhood
Chapter 16: Physical Development in Middle
Childhood
603
Chapter 17: Cognitive Development in Middle
Childhood
630
Chapter 18: Psychosocial Development in Middle
Childhood
690
Part IX. Development in Adolescence
Chapter 19: Physical Development in Adolescence 733
Chapter 20: Cognitive Development in
Adolescence
763
Chapter 21: Psychosocial Development in
Adolescence
786
Part X. Development in Early Adulthood
Chapter 22: Physical Development in Early
Adulthood
815
Chapter 23: Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
861
Chapter 24: Psychosocial Development in Early
Adulthood
897
Part XI. Development in Middle Adulthood
Chapter 25: Physical Development in Middle
Adulthood
959
Chapter 26: Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
1023
Chapter 27: Psychosocial Development in Middle
Adulthood
1064
Part XII. Development in Late Adulthood
Chapter 28: Physical Development in Late
Adulthood
1135
Chapter 29: Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
1197
Chapter 30: Psychosocial Development in Late
Adulthood
1245
Additional Resources 1299
Adopt this book! 1302
Why do people do the things they do?
That’s what we are here to find out – Human Behavior and the
Social Environment (HBSE) – How do they connect? How does it
shape us? Why do we thi ...
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply t.docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
The best Careers in Sociology updated 2023 doc 8.docxintel-writers.com
Careers in sociology
offer a wide range of opportunities for individuals interested in studying and understanding human society and social behavior. Here is a discussion on the various career paths within sociology:
Research and Academia: Many sociologists pursue careers in research and academia. They work as professors, researchers, and scholars in universities, colleges, and research institutions. They conduct research, publish academic papers, and contribute to the knowledge and understanding of sociological theories and concepts.
Applied Sociology: Applied sociologists utilize their knowledge and skills to address social issues and provide practical solutions. They work in diverse settings such as government agencies, non-profit organizations, consulting firms, and social service agencies. Applied sociologists may focus on areas like community development, social policy, program evaluation, or social advocacy.
Social Services and Human Resources: Sociologists can find rewarding careers in social services and human resources sectors. They work in roles such as social workers, counselors, program managers, or human resource specialists. Sociological knowledge helps them understand the dynamics of social problems, develop intervention strategies, and create inclusive and equitable workplaces.
Market Research and Data Analysis: Sociologists with expertise in research methods and data analysis can find opportunities in market research firms and organizations. They conduct consumer research, analyze data, and provide insights into consumer behavior, social trends, and market dynamics. Their sociological perspective helps in understanding the social factors that shape consumer choices and preferences.
Policy Analysis and Advocacy: Sociologists can contribute to policy development and advocacy work. They analyze social issues, evaluate policy effectiveness, and make recommendations for social change. Sociologists working in this field often collaborate with government agencies, think tanks, advocacy groups, and public policy organizations.
Co-operative lifestyle - Invitation to come back to RochdaleRyszard Stocki
Co-operatives are organizations that, by definition, adhere to a certain set of values and principles. The values were first formulated in Rochdale, where the first co-operative was founded. These values and principles, as any values and principles, should permeate the lifestyles of all those who identify with them. Individuals' exposure to these values and principles will vary between worker co-ops and other types of co-ops. While members of a co-operative bank or consumer coop may only visit once a week, in a worker co-op, people are exposed to the co-operative values for 8 hours a day. Geof Cox noted on LinkedIn that as such, worker co-ops may be considered a "lifestyle business".
Unlike values, lifestyle can easily be measured. Marketing specialists in the USA or Canada may quite reliably identify your lifestyle if you give them your postal code; doctors can conjecture it from seeing you for just a few seconds. Sociologists may deduce how you live from your taste - i.e. aesthetic choices. We simultaneously expose our lifestyle and are exposed, continuously, to the lifestyle of others. Some lifestyles spread like viruses creating a pandemic of consumerism. However, these product-based lifestyles are in complete opposition to the person-oriented lifestyle of: “self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, solidarity, honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others.” Indeed, to follow the co-operative lifestyle seems more difficult now than it was in Rochdale times.
One of the first and more important reasons is related to our mobility and flexibility. In 1980, futurist Alvin Toffler predicted that as our society's work patterns become increasingly individualized, it would lead to greater social isolation due to a reduction in common "off-work" time (e.g. Sunday church services, evenings at the pub, community gatherings).
Toffler observes that we structure relationships differently now; rather than spending a lifetime getting to know our neighbours in a small village, we might meet and make new friends every week; and yet, we also drift apart more quickly - as we move on to a new sports team, a new job, a new city of residence. This shortening of the duration of our relationships has impacted many aspects of our everyday life - including our relationship to co-operatives. Now, people follow work, and not the other way round. The Rochdale pioneers did not dream about the challenges a community-based business has to face today.
In slide 7 I show the complexity of a modern lifestyle. I would like to investigate to what degree an individual's lifestyle impacts the functioning of a worker co-op. I am conducting a participatory research project of co-operative lifestyles today. I would like to invite co-operatives and their members not just to fill in questionnaires, but work together on developing them, in a true participatory approach.
Social work practice consists of the professional application of social work values, principles, and techniques to one or more of the following ends: helping people obtain tangible services; counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families, and groups; helping communities or groups provide or improve social change
Ethics in Psychology CourseDirections This is three-part assi.docxhumphrieskalyn
Ethics in Psychology Course
Directions: This is three-part assignment, with different due dates. Please pay attention to each individual instruction and due date.
Part I Discussion Questions Due Date: Responses to questions #1, #2, #3 are due on 6/15/19 and #4, #5, #5, #7, #8 are due on 6/17/19.
Directions: Respond to the questions in 100 words. You must cite your references and must provide original work. Please remember this is a psychology ethics class, therefore; the responses must reflect the class.
1. Why is the selection of culturally neutral assessment tools so critical to the ethical practice of psychology?
2. What potential harm can result if assessment materials are culture-bound?
3. What potential limitations do you foresee encountering with culturally neutral assessment tools?
4. According to the APA Ethics Code, what conditions would justify termination of therapy?
5. Do you agree with the prohibitions of termination of therapy? Why or why not?
6. List another reason why you agree or disagree with the prohibitions?
7. Provide citation and reference to the material(s) you discuss. Describe what you found interesting regarding this topic, and why.
8. Describe what may be unclear to you, and what you would like to learn.
Part II Individual Assignment ** Due Date: This part of the assignment is due 6/17/2019**
Directions: Please complete the attached worksheet. You must use cite references used in-text. Must be original work and cite all work! The scenario is found below!
***Scenario:Case 7. Handling Disparate Information for Evaluating Trainees
Rashid Vaji, PhD, a member of the school psychology faculty at a midsize university, serves as a faculty supervisor for students assigned to externships in schools. The department has formalized a supervision and evaluation system for the extern program. Students have weekly individual meetings with the faculty supervisor and biweekly meetings with the on-site supervisor. The on-site supervisor writes a midyear (December) and end of academic year (May) evaluation of each student. The site evaluations are sent to Dr. Vaji, and he provides
feedback based on the site and his own supervisory evaluation to each student. The final grade (fail, low pass, pass, high pass) is the responsibility of Dr. Vaji.
Dr. Vaji also teaches the spring semester graduate class Health Disparities in Mental Health. One of the course requirements is for students to write weekly thought papers, in which they take the perspective of therapy clients from different ethnic groups in reaction to specific session topics. Leo Watson, a second-year graduate student, is one of Dr. Vaji’s externship supervisees. He is also enrolled in the Health Disparities course. Leo’s thought papers often present ethnic-minority adolescents as prone to violence and unable to grasp the insights offered by school psychologists. In a classroom role-playing exercise, Leo plays an ethnic-minority student client as slumping in his chair, .
Develop a 6-8 page reflection on your life, applying the sociologi.docxkhenry4
Develop a 6-8 page reflection on your life, applying the sociological imagination and using specific sociological concepts to better understand your life experiences.
While we may not notice, society is constantly changing. For sociologists, social change is the continual change of society's culture, structure, and institutions over time. Every society experiences change—it is through this change that the norms and understandings in a society become altered. Fashion is a great example of social change, as what we wear is dependent on the culture at the time. One hundred years ago it was not common for women to wear pants. Now it is perfectly acceptable. While most women are in favor of being able to wear pants, social change is sometimes not always welcome by members of a society. Can you think of any groups or organizations in the United States that are actively opposed to some kind of social change?
Most social change is the result of conflict, demographic change, and technology.
Conflict and change: Conflict in a society (such as a war or even an election) can create significant change in a society.
Demographic change: Changes in the make-up of a population can also affect society. As the makeup of our society in terms of sex, race, age, et cetera, changes, so do many structural and cultural elements of society. How would our society be different if most of the population was under the age of 10? Or over the age of 70?
Ideas and Change: Technology is often a driving force behind social change and has brought significant changes to our society. Think back to twenty years ago—how different was society in terms of technology? How did that impact your everyday life? In our current time, our cell phone alarm wakes us up, we check our smart phone, make some coffee in our Keurig, remote start our car, and then use our navigation system to get us to work. This is a significantly different experience than we had twenty years ago.
As you reflect on your life and experiences in Assessment 6, consider how much has changed over the course of your lifetime. What are some major social changes? What do you think had changed for the better? For the worse?
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 3: Explain the significance of social inequality for the individual and society.
Explain one's own educational experience from a sociological perspective.
Competency 4: Analyze the influence of culture on both the individual and society.
Examine the impact of culture and socialization on one's own life.
Competency 5: Analyze the impact of social change on society and social institutions.
Analyze the impact of social structure, social change, and groups on one's own life.
Explain sociological issues that affect one's own field of study.
Analyze the role of technology and med.
Soc100Class discussion question I only need two to .docxMadonnaJacobsenfp
Soc/100
Class discussion question
I only need two to
three sentence per question.
1-Explain what sociologists mean by the social construction of reality. How has the social construction of reality affected you? How does social interaction shape who we are and how we see ourselves?
2-Class, how do you think that social media has influenced our interaction with others? How has it affected our relationships? Do you think that Twitter and Facebook are more supportive of primary group relationships or of secondary group relationships? Overall do we have less tight bonds with others in a society do you think because of social media or more and why?
3-Class, why have some questioned the true efficiency of bureaucracies? In what ways do they create red tape and make things more difficult to actually achieve? What are their benefits? How are rules in these formal organizations different from rules and norms that might govern your interactions with your group of friends?
4-What are some of the various groups discussed in our readings for this week? What groups have you been a part of? What is a bureaucracy and why do they often get labeled as inefficient?
5-Why do we define some acts as deviant? What makes an act deviant? Who determines whether an act is deviant? How do conflict and functional theories explain how an act becomes defined as deviance?
6-Class, one fun way to learn about social norms, deviance, and social control is to break a minor social norm. Try, for example, singing while you are out at a store. How do others look at you? What kind of reaction to they have? While your deviance is not against the law, are others trying to reinforce that you are not following commonly held social norms?
7- What are some of the various groups discussed in our readings for this week? What groups have you been a part of? What is a bureaucracy and why do they often get labeled as inefficient?
.
IGNOU MSCCFT and PGDCFT Exam Question Pattern: MCFT003 Counselling and Family...PsychoTech Services
Study smart! The most important topics for your IGNOU exam are in this document.
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Tips to score more in exams - if you are giving essay type (subjective) exams then this will be useful for you, whether you are in school or university, or a student or arts or science.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
5. Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Version 1.0
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together
the best of learning theories from Psychology, design
principles from the world of visualization, and
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experience, that enables you to:
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6. Sociology Super-Notes
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7. Sociology Super-Notes
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We are here to help you!
If you are a faculty or student of sociology, this document may be just what you need!
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9. Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
10. Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 10
1. How are an individual and the society related?
Neither the life of an individual nor the
history of a society can be understood
without understanding both...
C. Wright Mills, 1959
11. Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
• Society’s Issues
• Matters beyond the local
environment of the individual and
the range of his/her inner life
• Individual’s problems/troubles
• Occur within the character of the
individual and his immediate
relations with others
• They are linked to his self and to
areas of social life of which he is
directly and personally aware
11
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
1. How are an individual and the society related?
• Mills vision of the sociological imagination is set in the unravelling of how the
personal and public are related.
• The individual and society are dialectically linked – with a distinction between:
‘Personal
troubles of
the milieu’
‘Public issues
of social
structure’
12. Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
13. Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 13
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
2.1. What is plurality of society?
• In today’s world, we humans belong to more than one ‘society’
• This diversity leads to difficulty in mapping of society.
• Our reference to ‘our society’ may mean different things depending on the context
– it may refer to ‘Indian society’ or ‘Punjabi society’ or ‘Muslim society’ or anything
else from the following list:
• For example, one person can be:
Country Region Religion
Linguistic
community
Ethnic
Community
Caste Tribe …
Indian Muslim
Keralite
Well-educated
Malayali
Pathan
Urban
Middle-class
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
2.2. What is inequality of society?
• Inequality is the cause of differences amongst societies.
• There are different kinds of inequality, and each of them requires serious
attention, Amartya Sen (2005):
Money Education Lifestyle
Political
Power
Opportunity Respect
Dimension
High
Low
Rich
Poor Illiterate Toiling
hard for
little
money
Can’t
influence
anything
No
opportunities
Treated
like dirt
Well-
Educated
Easy lives
of luxury
Can
influence
national
policies
Great
opportunities
for
advancement
Treated
with
respect
by police
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Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
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Sociology is the study of
human social life,
groups and societies.
Its subject matter is our own
behaviour as social beings.
3. What is the nature of sociology?
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3. What is the nature of Sociology?
1. Only Observes and Understands
• Sociology is concerned with
observation and collection of
data regarding norms and values.
• It is not concerned with prescribing
what they should be like.
2. Concerned with Ethics
• Sociologists have the responsibility
to ask about the goals of his/her
study and the work to which the
sociological findings will be applied
3. Sociology is a Science
• Sociologists are bound to follow
scientific methods
• This ensures that their work can be
validated by others
4. A Structured Profession
• Sociology is more than common-
sense: it has a body of concepts,
methods and data.
• Sociology is reflective, unlike
common-sense.
The Nature of
Sociology
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Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
Theory/
Ideas
Material
Issues
Sociology
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4.1. Intellectual Ideas involved in making Sociology
• Darwin’s ideas about organic evolution were a major influence - Society
was compared with living organisms.
• Findings about pre-modern societies by early travellers and colonial
administrators were another major influence
• Sociologists and anthropologists made efforts to trace the growth of
society through stages, similar to those of organic life – they categorised
societies into types distinguished by their stages of social development
• Example: societies were classified into:
− Pre-modern societies such as hunters and gatherers, pastoral and
agrarian, agrarian and nonindustrial civilisations.
− Modern societies such as the industrialised societies
• This way of looking at society as a system of parts, each part playing a
given function influenced the study of social institutions like the family or
the school and structures such as stratification.
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
4.1. Intellectual Ideas… contd.
• The Enlightenment, an European intellectual movement of the late 17th and
18th centuries, emphasised reason and individualism.
• Thinkers of the early modern era were convinced that progress in
knowledge promised the solution to all social ills.
• They believed that social issues could be studied - social survey was based
on the belief that human phenomena can be classified and measured.
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
4.2. Material issues involved in making Sociology
Industrial revolution and capitalism caused permanent changes to the
social structure, and consequently had a profound impact in shaping
Sociology as several issues related to the changes surfaced:
• Chief occupation changed from agriculture and textiles to factory
workers, marked by degradation of labour
• From villages to urban cities
• From small societies to large cosmopolitans
• From hierarchical setup to mixed free-floating defined by current
economic status
• From close interaction to distanced individuals
• From work-rhythms decided by phase of daylight, constraints of
deadlines and other social duties, to clock time as a basis of social
organisation
23. Sociology Super-Notes
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Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
5. Why do we study European sociology?
Two major reasons:
• The issues and concerns of sociology that came to the fore with the advent
of capitalism and industrialisation in the European society are pertinent
even now, and relevant to all modern societies.
• For Indian sociologists it is even more important to understand the
beginning and growth of sociology in Europe considering India’s modern
history is closely intertwined with that of its colonial ruler England, and
England was the hotseat of most of these changes
25. Sociology Super-Notes
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Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
1
A Colonial Past
• India’s colonial past
impacted the
emergence of
sociology
• Impact of
industrialisation in
India was not the
same as in the west.
• Example: the people
displaced due to
industrialisation were
not necessarily able
to get jobs and a
better urban lifestyle
2
Incorrect Western
Understanding
• Emergence of
sociology in India
was impacted by
incorrect western
writings and ideas.
• The western view of
the Indian village as a
‘remnant or survival’
from ‘the infancy of
society’
3
Social Plurality
• The difference that
exists between
Sociology (industrial
societies) and Social
Anthropology (simple
societies) in the
western world does
not exist in India
considering its
extreme plurality.
27. Sociology Super-Notes
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Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
From the perspective of the content that Sociology is studying i.e., the
focus of its analysis, scope of Sociology includes:
Global Issues
National Issues
Individuals’ Issues
Focus on the examination of global processes.
Example: impact of media on the young, impact
of foreign universities on Indian education
system.
Focus on national issues.
Example: unemployment, caste conflict, effect of
policies on tribal population, rural indebtedness
Focus on meaningful interactions between
individuals. Ex: between shopkeeper and
customers, teachers and students, two friends or
family members.
29. Sociology Super-Notes
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Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
30. Sociology Super-Notes
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• Sociology is one of
a group of social
sciences which also
includes other
disciplines
• These sciences
share common
interests,
concepts, and
methods.
30
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Social
Sciences
Anthropo-
logy
Economics
History
Political
Science
Psychology
Sociology
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8.1. Sociology and Social Anthropology
The Difference
• Content: Sociology is the study of
modern, complex societies while social
anthropology is the study of simple
societies.
• Focus: Social anthropology studies simple
societies in all their aspects, as wholes.
The specialisation is on the basis of area.
Sociologists focus on either parts of
society like the bureaucracy, religion,
caste or a process such as social mobility.
• Research Method: Social anthropology
was characterised by a long field work
tradition, living in the community,
studying and using ethnographic
research methods. Sociologists have
often relied on survey method and
quantitative data using statistics and the
questionnaire mode.
The Change
• Assumption behind studying a simple
society was that it was bounded. Today,
we know this is not true.
• It was feared that with decline of simple
societies, anthropology would lose its
specificity and merge with sociology. But:
• There have been fruitful interchanges
between the two disciplines and today
often methods and techniques are
drawn from both.
• There have been anthropological
studies of the state and globalisation,
instead of the traditional subject matter.
• Sociology started using anthropological
quantitative and qualitative techniques,
macro and micro approaches for
studying the complexities of modern
societies.
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8.2. Sociology and Economics
How Sociology views economics
The sociological approach looks at economic behaviour in the broader context of
social norms, values, practices and interests. The large investment in the
advertisement industry is directly linked to the need to reshape lifestyles and
consumption patterns.
How Economics contributes to Sociology
The defined scope of economics has facilitated its development as a highly focused,
coherent discipline, which can translate the results of theoretical work into practical
suggestions having major implications for public policy.
How Sociology and Economics complement each other
• Economists’ predictive abilities often suffer because of their neglect of
individual behaviour, cultural norms and institutional resistance, things which
sociologists study.
• Sociology unlike economics usually does not provide technical solutions. But it
encourages a questioning and critical perspective.
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8.3. Sociology and History
The Difference
• Content: Historians study the past,
sociologists are more interested in
the contemporary or recent past.
• Focus: Earlier, historians were
content to delineate the actual
events, to establish how things
actually happened, while in
sociology the focus was to
establish causal relationships.
• Level of Depth: History studies
concrete details while the
sociologist is more likely to
abstract from concrete reality,
categorise and generalise.
The Change
• Historians now use sociological
methods and concepts in their
analysis.
• Earlier, history was about the
history of kings and war. Less
glamorous or exciting events as
changes in land relations or
gender relations within the family
were not studied by historians, but
formed the core area of the
sociologist’s interest.
• Now, history is far more
sociological - it looks at social
patterns, gender relations, mores,
customs and important institutions
other than the acts of rulers, wars
and monarchy.
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8.4. Sociology and Political Science
The Difference
• Content: Conventionally, political science was focused primarily on
two elements: political theory and government administration.
Neither branch involved extensive contact with political behaviour.
Sociologists like Max Weber worked in what can be termed as
political sociology which focused on the study of political behaviour.
• Focus: Sociology focuses on interrelationships between sets of
institutions including government, whereas political science focuses
on processes within the government. Studies have also been
conducted in membership of political organisations, process of
decision-making in organisations, sociological reasons for support
of political parties, the role of gender in politics, etc.
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Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8.5. Sociology and Psychology
• The two disciplines complement each other, and Social
Psychology serves as a bridge between the two
• It maintains a primary interest in the individual but concerns
itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social
groups, collectively with other individuals.
• Sociology attempts to understand behaviour as it is
organised in society, that is the way in which personality is
shaped by different aspects of society.
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