Sociology is the scientific study of social interaction and social organization. It examines how people construct attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviors in groups, and how these influence social interaction and organization. Sociologists seek to identify social problems and suggest strategies for social change. The sociological perspective views most human issues and behaviors as socially influenced rather than innate or individual. This chapter introduces key sociology concepts and the sociological imagination tool for understanding social phenomena from a broad social context.
An Introduction to Social Psychology.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Social psychology is the study of how individual or group behavior is influenced by the presence and behavior of others. The major question social psychologists ponder is this: How and why are people's perceptions and actions influenced by environmental factors, such as social interaction?
Social psychology focuses on three main areas: social thinking, social influence, and social behavior. Each of these overlapping areas of study is displayed . The circles overlap because, in our everyday lives, these three forces blend together as they influence us.The discipline of social psychology began in the United States at the dawn of the twentieth century. The first published study in this area was an experiment by Norman Triplett (1898) on the phenomenon of social facilitation.Topics examined in social psychology include: the self concept, social cognition, attribution theory, social influence, group processes, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal processes, aggression, attitudes and stereotypes. It is clear that social psychology is worth appreciating, because it provides us with a framework by which we can understand how we identify ourselves, how we interact in groups. This field essentially assesses our willingness to improve the environments in which we are immersed.
Social psychologists study interpersonal and group dynamics and social challenges, such as prejudice, implicit bias, bullying, criminal activity and substance abuse. They research social interactions and the factors that influence them, such as group behavior, attitudes, public perceptions and leadershiSocial Psychologists work to study an individual's behavior, including actions, thoughts and choices and how they are influenced by the larger society. Many Social Psychologists are employed in academia (collegiate or university level), private sector research or public, governmental agencies (public school districts).There are four key characteristics of social psychology including broad scope, cultural mandate, scientific methods, and search for wisdom.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Ashford 2: - Week 1 - Instructor Guidance
Source:http://www.palomar.edu/sociology/
SOC 120 Ethics & Social Responsibility
Week 1 Guidance
Source: http://www.skillsandethics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ethics-paid-for.jpg
Weekly Activities
Here is what you will be doing this week:
· Post your Introduction (Day 1, Tuesday),
· Read Chapter 1 in the text: Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility
· Read Chapter 2 in the text: Ethical Questions in the Public Square
· Post to Discussion Board 1 on Theory, Evidence, Beliefs and Bias (Day 3, Thursday)
· Post to Discussion Board 2 on Three Classical Ethical Theories (Day 3, Thursday)
· Respond to two discussion posts by classmates in each discussion (by Day 7, Monday)
· Week One Quiz (due by Day 7, Monday)
Brief Introduction to Sociology
For those who have not taken a Sociology course previously, here is a brief introduction to the discipline...
Sociology is the study of the relationship between individuals and their social contexts (Mills, 1959). Like other social scientists, sociologists are interested in understanding human behavior, and Sociology is focused on the social causes of human behavior. Humans are by nature social beings; we cannot survive unless we interact with other humans. But our interactions are not random, they are shaped by our social context, which consists of our relationships with others, our cultural values and beliefs, the rules of institutions (e.g., family, religion, government, economy) we participate in, our position in social hierarchies, and our experiences in previous interactions, among other things. All of these exert influence over our decisions and actions, by shaping how we perceive and interpret the actions of others around us.
Our relationships, social groups, organizations, social class, institutions, and culture―which taken together form the structure of our society―are created as we interact with others. Our experiences within our social structures always guide us as we interact with others, and by “acting normally” within the parameters of our social context, we reinforce all of the structures that constitute the context. Thus, our interactions are both shaping our social context, and also shaping us at the same time. Our social context and structures influence our own personalities, identities and worldviews. And these guide us in making decisions and in acting.
People experience interaction within these social structures over the course of a lifetime, beginning with interaction in the family, then among their neighbors, then with their teachers and classmates at school, perhaps in their church, later in the workplace, and so on. So, most of us do not think of ourselves as constructing the institutions―they are already in place when we are born and we live our lives within their rules. But, in fact, every time we adhere to time-honored means of interaction, we are essentially recreating that rule, and thus recreating the institution.
So.
An Introduction to Social Psychology.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Social psychology is the study of how individual or group behavior is influenced by the presence and behavior of others. The major question social psychologists ponder is this: How and why are people's perceptions and actions influenced by environmental factors, such as social interaction?
Social psychology focuses on three main areas: social thinking, social influence, and social behavior. Each of these overlapping areas of study is displayed . The circles overlap because, in our everyday lives, these three forces blend together as they influence us.The discipline of social psychology began in the United States at the dawn of the twentieth century. The first published study in this area was an experiment by Norman Triplett (1898) on the phenomenon of social facilitation.Topics examined in social psychology include: the self concept, social cognition, attribution theory, social influence, group processes, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal processes, aggression, attitudes and stereotypes. It is clear that social psychology is worth appreciating, because it provides us with a framework by which we can understand how we identify ourselves, how we interact in groups. This field essentially assesses our willingness to improve the environments in which we are immersed.
Social psychologists study interpersonal and group dynamics and social challenges, such as prejudice, implicit bias, bullying, criminal activity and substance abuse. They research social interactions and the factors that influence them, such as group behavior, attitudes, public perceptions and leadershiSocial Psychologists work to study an individual's behavior, including actions, thoughts and choices and how they are influenced by the larger society. Many Social Psychologists are employed in academia (collegiate or university level), private sector research or public, governmental agencies (public school districts).There are four key characteristics of social psychology including broad scope, cultural mandate, scientific methods, and search for wisdom.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Ashford 2: - Week 1 - Instructor Guidance
Source:http://www.palomar.edu/sociology/
SOC 120 Ethics & Social Responsibility
Week 1 Guidance
Source: http://www.skillsandethics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ethics-paid-for.jpg
Weekly Activities
Here is what you will be doing this week:
· Post your Introduction (Day 1, Tuesday),
· Read Chapter 1 in the text: Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility
· Read Chapter 2 in the text: Ethical Questions in the Public Square
· Post to Discussion Board 1 on Theory, Evidence, Beliefs and Bias (Day 3, Thursday)
· Post to Discussion Board 2 on Three Classical Ethical Theories (Day 3, Thursday)
· Respond to two discussion posts by classmates in each discussion (by Day 7, Monday)
· Week One Quiz (due by Day 7, Monday)
Brief Introduction to Sociology
For those who have not taken a Sociology course previously, here is a brief introduction to the discipline...
Sociology is the study of the relationship between individuals and their social contexts (Mills, 1959). Like other social scientists, sociologists are interested in understanding human behavior, and Sociology is focused on the social causes of human behavior. Humans are by nature social beings; we cannot survive unless we interact with other humans. But our interactions are not random, they are shaped by our social context, which consists of our relationships with others, our cultural values and beliefs, the rules of institutions (e.g., family, religion, government, economy) we participate in, our position in social hierarchies, and our experiences in previous interactions, among other things. All of these exert influence over our decisions and actions, by shaping how we perceive and interpret the actions of others around us.
Our relationships, social groups, organizations, social class, institutions, and culture―which taken together form the structure of our society―are created as we interact with others. Our experiences within our social structures always guide us as we interact with others, and by “acting normally” within the parameters of our social context, we reinforce all of the structures that constitute the context. Thus, our interactions are both shaping our social context, and also shaping us at the same time. Our social context and structures influence our own personalities, identities and worldviews. And these guide us in making decisions and in acting.
People experience interaction within these social structures over the course of a lifetime, beginning with interaction in the family, then among their neighbors, then with their teachers and classmates at school, perhaps in their church, later in the workplace, and so on. So, most of us do not think of ourselves as constructing the institutions―they are already in place when we are born and we live our lives within their rules. But, in fact, every time we adhere to time-honored means of interaction, we are essentially recreating that rule, and thus recreating the institution.
So.
Sociological Concepts Essay
What is Sociology? Essays
Sociology Essay
Sociology Major Essay
Sociology In Sociology
Reflection In Sociology
Sociological Theories Essay
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to .docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply t.docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Sociological Concepts Essay
What is Sociology? Essays
Sociology Essay
Sociology Major Essay
Sociology In Sociology
Reflection In Sociology
Sociological Theories Essay
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to .docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply t.docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
What is sociology and use.pdf
1. Chapter 1.1: What is Sociology?
1
Section 1: What is Sociology and How Can I Use It?
CHAPTER 1.1: WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
If you are going to apply sociology, you first need to know what sociology is! In this section, we
will introduce you to sociology and identify some general ways to use sociology. In each
chapter of this book, we will provide 1) definitions to some basic terms, 2) a brief overview of
the topic, 3) tools for applying the terms and topics, and finally 4) some tasks for you to do on
your own to further clarify the terms, topics and tools of each chapter. So, each chapter will
contain the following sections: Terms, Topics, Tools, and Tasks. Additionally, we will begin
each chapter with a quick start list that summarizes the main take home points of the chapter.
QUICK START: In this chapter, you will learn
• What sociology is, and why you should care.
• How sociology is similar and different from other sciences.
• How you can use sociology.
• The sociological perspective.
TERMS
In order to follow along with the material in the rest of this chapter, you need to have some
terminology under your belt. In each chapter, we will introduce and define new terms.
Sociology The study of social interaction and social organization.
Social Interaction How people interact in groups or how they interact with
themselves as a result of group influences.
Social Organization How groups arrange, coordinate and control social
interaction.
Group People who share, and are linked by, a similar race, gender,
sexuality, family, work, church, neighborhood, etc.
2. Chapter 1.1: What is Sociology?
2
Attitudes Ways of thinking, feeling and intentions to behave that set
the stage for our action. Sociologists contend that these are
learned and are expressed through collective action.
Beliefs Things that we contend that we “know” exist. These are
viewed individually and collectively.
Values Beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that groups collectively
determine to be of worth.
Behavior The things people say or do as a result of their attitudes,
beliefs or values; in other words, as a result of the influence
or expectation of other people.
Sociologist A scientist who is formally trained to employ the
sociological imagination and the scientific method to
understand human interaction and groups.
Social Problem Problems, created by collective attitudes, beliefs, values
and behavior, that affect groups.
Social Change Change in a society’s social structure that results in change
in social behavior.
Sociological Imagination An ability to be critical of the world around you, to see how
the world influences you and others, and how you and
others influence the world.
Culture Shared attitudes, beliefs, values, meanings, and behaviors.
Society Groups of people who interact often and who depend on
these interactions for survival.
Scientific Method A research process for solving problems and testing
research questions that usually includes the statement of a
problem, a way to research it, collect information about it
and make sense of the information.
3. Chapter 1.1: What is Sociology?
3
TOPICS
What is sociology? Sociology is a science of social interaction and social organization. In
explaining social interaction and social organization, sociologists look at how people in groups
construct attitudes, beliefs, values and behavior, and how these in turn influence social
interaction and social organization. An understanding of social interaction and social
organization allows sociologists to identify social problems and to suggest strategies for social
change.
Some people find it easier to understand what sociology is by comparing and contrasting it to
other social science disciplines. Below is a table that summarizes other social sciences. These are
crude summaries. Each discipline is much more complex than what is depicted below.
Discipline Focus Contrast
Anthropology Studies cultures of past
communities and present day
non-industrialized communities.
Focuses on small group
dynamics.
Sociology includes cultural studies, but
also goes beyond culture into other
aspects of societies. Sociology focuses
on small group dynamics as well as the
larger society.
Social Work Studies individual experiences
within modern day social
problems. Focuses on individual
symptom management of
problems.
Sociology includes solutions to and
causes of social problems. Sociology
focuses on group experiences of and
group solutions to problems, not
individual experiences or solutions.
Psychology Studies personality, identity, and
neurology to explain individual
experiences and problems.
Provides individual solutions.
Sociology includes the social influences
on personality and identity. It does not
explore neurological or physiological
influences. It offers solutions that target
societal level changes, not individual
change.
Economics Studies how large groups can
allocate social and natural
resources efficiently. Focuses on
large groups.
Sociology includes the study of how
groups distribute resources, but also
explains why they do so and what
influences why they do so.
4. Chapter 1.1: What is Sociology?
4
What all these disciplines share is a focus on how people interact with other people. As you can
see, many of the topics of other social science disciplines would also be of interest to
sociologists. However, sociologists would often take a different perspective on the topic.
Sociologists explain most issues, experiences, and problems as social. That is, they think these
issues, experiences, and problems are largely shaped or caused by the influence that groups of
people have on each other. That is a very abstract distinction. Let’s look at an example.
Let’s say a large corporation is concerned about the amount of money their medical plans are
spending to treat depression among their employees. How do you think each discipline listed
above would address this client’s problem? At first glance, it might seem that depression would
be outside the realm of Sociology. But there are definite patterns among groups of people in the
incidence of depression. For example, men and women differ in their experience of and reaction
to depression. Sociologists would look at this and other social patterns in depression such as
differences among races, social class, religion, and education. A sociologist might find higher
rates of depression among women in the corporation, and among people with lower income or
lower social status within the corporation. A sociologist might argue that the corporation needs
to examine its opportunities for success within the company, including raise structures,
promotions, mentoring, and privileges.
Anthropologists might look at cross-cultural differences in the incidence and experience of
depression. They might find that it is more common among societies today than it was in the
past. Social workers might look at ways we can change our behavior to manage the symptoms of
depression. Like sociologists, psychologists would try to explain why depression occurs.
However, unlike sociologists, psychologists would likely point to innate, individual
characteristics that are causing the depression such as problems in an individual’s thought
processes, or specific problems in an individual’s childhood. Hence, a psychologist would try to
treat depression one individual at a time with therapy or drugs. In contrast, most economists
probably would not be too interested in the experience of depression. They might be interested in
how groups differ in how they distribute resources to treat depression, such as medication or
therapy, and how effective those distributions are. For example, they might look to see if a
country with socialized medicine had lower costs for treating depression than did a country with
privatized medicine. Finally, the physical sciences such as biology or chemistry might look at the
physiological causes of depression.
So you see, sociologists understand most things as social. Sociologists would say most of who
you are is because of the influences of your family, your peers, your religion, your education,
etc. There are many other disciplines we could have listed such as political science and
communications, which are very similar to Sociology in their perspective and explanations. They
just focus on one type of social interaction, whereas sociology includes all social interaction.
This is why August Comte (an early sociologist) referred to sociology as the “queen of the social
sciences.”
5. Chapter 1.1: What is Sociology?
5
TOOLS
Throughout this book, in the Tools section, we are going to look at sociological tools. Tools are
methods for applying sociology in order to understand social reality. In general, we can divide
these tools up into two categories. One group of tools involves tools of perspective, or how
sociologists look at social problems, issues, and phenomenon. The other set of tools involves
tools of action, or ways of doing things. Let's take these two sets of tools one at a time.
Perspective: The primary tool at this level of introduction to sociology is the sociological
imagination. This is your ability to be critical of the world around you, to see how the world
influences you and others, and how you and others influence the world. This perspective enables
you to understand why people behave as they do. In turn, that understanding enables you to solve
social problems. Using your sociological imagination, you see that people create many aspects of
our lives and our world. For example, sociologists would say that marriage is a “human-made”
product. We created the idea of legally linking romantic partners together. Why? How? Who?
These are the kinds of questions that the sociological perspective drives you to answer.
Applying the Sociological Perspective
“Studying Sociology turned out to be an oddly personal experience for me. I became more aware
and understanding not only of society, but of my peers, my family and myself. I found that, in
building the sociological imagination, I not only learned to pick out possible social problems but
I also found an understanding of how to go about finding possible solutions. Aside from giving
me the general knowledge that I had hoped to get, I also found another pleasant side effect of
studying Sociology. I feel like I have found a new voice in Sociology, one that I may be able to
use to help make positive changes in society, one that will help me in all my future goals, and
one that has brought me back to an old passion for writing that I was sure I had lost. Sociology
is a knowledge that is powerful and, like knowledge, Sociology is power!”
Housewife, mom and Introduction to Sociology Student
The sociological imagination looks at the influence of culture and society on human interaction.
We will use the sociological imagination throughout this book to explore other dimensions of
social life, such as deviance, gender, race and ethnicity, social class, sexuality, education, family,
religion, health, economics, law, the military, the environment, and work and occupations. What
the sociological imagination tells us is that all of these things are sets of social behaviors--
behaviors that are strongly influenced by the expectations of others.
6. Chapter 1.1: What is Sociology?
6
People often think of tools as physical objects designed to help accomplishsome purpose. A
hammer is a tool. A screwdriver is a tool. And now you're aware that ways of looking at things
are tools. Methods and procedures are also tools. Sociology, like other sciences, uses the
scientific method to solve problems. In this way, the scientific method is a tool. You have been
exposed the scientific method throughout most of your years of formal education. But how often
have you actually thought of it as a problem-solving device?
The scientific method is a series of steps used to solve a question or problem. Below we
summarize the steps involved. Each step is a tool.
1. Identify a question or problem
2. Learn what else is known on this question or problem
3. Choose a way to observe the question or problem to gain new insight
4. Collect, analyze and interpret observational data
5. Disseminate findings
In the next chapter, we are going to introduce you to different uses of sociology. Then we will
review ten tools for applying sociology including: the sociological perspective, concepts,
applying theories, creating theories, data collection methods, measurement, data analysis,
program planning, needs assessment and evaluation, and communication.
TASKS
Below are some exercises to help get you started in applying sociology. Think through your
answers and write them down. This will help develop your communication skills. You should be
able to complete all these tasks after reading this chapter.
• Write a business letter or email summarizing and applying sociology
• Use a basic sociological perspective to “make sense” of a situation
• Interview a client
• Your neighbors are constantly complaining to you about each other. Each family has
different skin colors and different religions. How can you use your new sociological
perspective to improve your neighbor’s relations?