Ethics in Psychology CourseDirections This is three-part assi.docx

Ethics in Psychology Course
Directions: This is three-part assignment, with different due
dates. Please pay attention to each individual instruction and
due date.
Part I Discussion Questions Due Date: Responses to questions
#1, #2, #3 are due on 6/15/19 and #4, #5, #5, #7, #8 are due on
6/17/19.
Directions: Respond to the questions in 100 words. You must
cite your references and must provide original work. Please
remember this is a psychology ethics class, therefore; the
responses must reflect the class.
1. Why is the selection of culturally neutral assessment tools so
critical to the ethical practice of psychology?
2. What potential harm can result if assessment materials are
culture-bound?
3. What potential limitations do you foresee encountering with
culturally neutral assessment tools?
4. According to the APA Ethics Code, what conditions would
justify termination of therapy?
5. Do you agree with the prohibitions of termination of therapy?
Why or why not?
6. List another reason why you agree or disagree with the
prohibitions?
7. Provide citation and reference to the material(s) you discuss.
Describe what you found interesting regarding this topic, and
why.
8. Describe what may be unclear to you, and what you would
like to learn.
Part II Individual Assignment ** Due Date: This part of the
assignment is due 6/17/2019**
Directions: Please complete the attached worksheet. You must

use cite references used in-text. Must be original work and cite
all work! The scenario is found below!
***Scenario:Case 7. Handling Disparate Information for
Evaluating Trainees
Rashid Vaji, PhD, a member of the school psychology faculty at
a midsize university, serves as a faculty supervisor for students
assigned to externships in schools. The department has
formalized a supervision and evaluation system for the extern
program. Students have weekly individual meetings with the
faculty supervisor and biweekly meetings with the on-site
supervisor. The on-site supervisor writes a midyear (December)
and end of academic year (May) evaluation of each student. The
site evaluations are sent to Dr. Vaji, and he provides
feedback based on the site and his own supervisory evaluation
to each student. The final grade (fail, low pass, pass, high pass)
is the responsibility of Dr. Vaji.
Dr. Vaji also teaches the spring semester graduate class Health
Disparities in Mental Health. One of the course requirements is
for students to write weekly thought papers, in which they take
the perspective of therapy clients from different ethnic groups
in reaction to specific session topics. Leo Watson, a second-
year graduate student, is one of Dr. Vaji’s externship
supervisees. He is also enrolled in the Health Disparities
course. Leo’s thought papers often present ethnic-minority
adolescents as prone to violence and unable to grasp the
insights offered by school psychologists. In a classroom role-
playing exercise, Leo plays an ethnic-minority student client as
slumping in his chair, not understanding the psychologist, and
giving angry retorts. In written comments on these thought
papers and class feedback, Dr. Vaji encourages Leo to
incorporate more of the readings on racial/ethnic discrimination
and multicultural competence into his papers and to provide
more complex perspectives on clients.
One day during his office hours, three students from the class
come to Dr. Vaji’s office to complain about Leo’s behavior
outside the classroom. They describe incidents in which Leo

uses derogatory ethnic labels to describe his externship clients
and brags about “putting one over” on his site supervisors by
describing these clients in “glowing” terms just to satisfy his
supervisors’ “stupid do-good” attitudes. They also report an
incident at a local bar at which Leo was seen harassing an
African American waitress, including by using racial slurs.
After the students have left his office, Dr. Vaji reviews his
midyear evaluation and supervision notes on Leo and the
midyear on-site supervisor’s report. In his own evaluation
report, Dr. Vaji had written, “Leo often articulates a strong
sense of duty to help his ethnic minority students overcome past
discrimination but needs additional growth and supervision in
applying a multicultural perspective to his clinical work.” The
on-site supervisor’s evaluation states that
Leo has a wonderful attitude toward his student clients. . . .
Unfortunately, evaluation of his multicultural treatment skills is
limited because Leo has had fewer cases to discuss than some of
his peers, since a larger than usual number of ethnic minority
clients have stopped coming to their sessions with him.
It is the middle of the spring semester, and Dr. Vaji still has
approximately 6 weeks of supervision left with Leo. The
students’ complaints about Leo are consistent with what Dr.
Vaji has observed in Leo’s class papers and role-playing
exercises. However, these complaints are very different from
Leo’s presentation during on-site supervision. If Leo has been
intentionally deceiving both supervisors, then he may be more
ineffective or harmful as a therapist to his current clients than
either supervisor has realized. In addition, purposeful attempts
to deceive the supervisors might indicate a personality disorder
or lack of integrity that, if left unaddressed, might be harmful to
adolescent clients in the future.
Ethical Dilemma
Dr. Vaji would like to meet with Leo to discuss, at a minimum,
ways to retain adolescent clients and to improve his
multicultural treatment skills. He does not know to what extent

his conversation with Leo and final supervisory report should be
influenced by the information provided by the other graduate
students.*******
Part III Group Assignment ** Due Date 06/16/2019 before
10:00 am EST**
This is a group assignment, however; I am responsible for only
1 slide. The slide must include detailed speaker notes and must
also include information on the slide. Attached you will find a
copy the group’s PowerPoint. Please add to the PowerPoint and
add the peer-reviewed references to the project.
Directions: Develop 1-Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation
with detailed speaker notes on the selection process of a
culture-neutral assessment.
My Slide: Examples of when culture biased assessments have
been problematic
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Kerry Ferris & Jill Stein
Lecture Slides
Chapter 1:
Sociology in the Real World
Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Question #1
Sociology is

a. the study of individual behavior.
b. the study of personal issues and illnesses.
c. the nonscientific study of small group interactions.
d. the scientific study of society and social behavior.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 2
Getting Warmed Up!
Ashley just got her driver’s license permit. Today is the first
day she
has ever driven a car. Without questioning why, Ashley begins
driving on the right side of the road. In sociological terms,
Ashley
can best be described as a/an
a. everyday actor.
b. social analyst.
c. astute teenager.
d. experienced driver.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 3
Getting Warmed Up!
Sociology, as a discipline, took root with a few key thinkers.
Match
the following three people with the appropriate key term or
idea:
a. Auguste Comte aa. coined the term survival of the fittest, and
his

philosophy is often referred to as “social
Darwinism”
b. Herbert Spencer bb. a precursor to naturalistic sociologists,
he
translated Introduction to Positive Philosophy into
English
c. Harriet Martineau cc. coined the term sociology and
developed
positivism as a theory
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 4
Getting Warmed Up!
Macrosociological theory is the study of grand social behavior
such
as social order, social change, and social inequality.
a. True
b. False
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 5
Getting Warmed Up!
Thomas has a degree in engineering, just as his father and
grandfather
do. His grandfather was able to get a job straight out of college
and stay
with the same company until he retired. But after trying for over

a year,
Thomas was only able to find contracted, hourly engineering
work. He
has decided to pursue a graduate degree with the hopes of
finding full-
time employment when he graduates. Using a sociological
imagination,
how might we better understand this change?
a. Thomas is part of a different economy and workforce than his
grandfather so
his experiences are different.
b. Thomas is not putting out enough effort so he is less
successful than his
grandfather.
c. Engineering is less important than it used to be.
d. Thomas probably interviews poorly.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 6
Getting Warmed Up!
Match each sociological perspective with its assumptions and
approach to understanding society:
a. structural functionalism aa. Meanings are created and
interpreted through interaction.
b. conflict theory bb. Society exists with patterns of
inequality and dominance.

c. symbolic interactionism cc. Society is an orderly and unified
system.
d. postmodernism dd. Social reality is diverse and best
explored via mini-narratives.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 7
What Is Sociology?
Sociology is one of the social sciences—disciplines that
examine the
human, or social, world.
• Everyday actor: someone who approaches the world by using
knowledge that is practical or taken for granted.
• Social analyst: someone who approaches the world by using
reasoning and questions to gain deeper insights.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 8
Sociology and the Social Sciences
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 9
What Is Sociology? Its Definition
• Sociology—the study of society

• According to Howard Becker, sociology is the study of people
“doing things together” because neither the individual nor
society
exist independently of one another.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 10
What Is Sociology? Its Interests
• Sociologists are interested in all aspects of society – a group
of
people who shape their lives in patterned ways that distinguish
their group from other groups
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 11
What Is Sociology? Its Focus
Sociology looks at a broad range of institutions – structures in
our
society, like education, economics, and politics – to better
understand social relationships.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 12
What Is Sociology? Its Perspective
• Sociology can help you develop a sociological perspective—a
way
of looking at the world through a sociological lens.

• Sociologists have developed several approaches for
developing a
sociological perspective:
• The Beginner’s Mind
• Culture Shock
• Sociological Imagination
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 13
The Beginner’s Mind
• Just as it sounds, the “beginner’s
mind” is the opposite of an
expert’s mind.
• Bernard McGrane says that to
explore the social world, it is
important that we clear our
minds of stereotypes,
expectations, and opinions so
that we are more receptive to
our experiences.
14
Culture Shock
• Culture shock is the sense of disorientation you experience
upon

entering a new environment.
• Behaviors that are typical in one society or culture may seem
very
strange in another context.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 15
Sociological Imagination
• Sociological imagination is a term coined by C. Wright Mills.
• Mills says, “To understand social life, we must understand the
intersection between biography and history.”
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 16
Sociological Imagination (cont’d.)
• Sociological imagination is a quality of the mind that allows
us to
understand the relationship between our particular situation in
life and what is happening at a social level
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 17
Levels of Analysis
• Sociologists can use different levels of analysis to explore
social

relationships:
• Microsociology: examines small-group interactions to see how
they impact larger institutions in society
• Macrosociology: examines large-scale social structures to
determine how they impact groups and individuals
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 18
The Micro-Macro Continuum
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 19
Sociological Theories
•Theories in sociology are propositions that seek to explain the
social world and help to make predictions about future
events.
•Theories are also sometimes referred to as approaches,
schools of thought, paradigms, or perspectives.
• Sociological theories typically address social processes at
either
the microsociological or macrosociological level.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 20
Sociology’s Family Tree

© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 21
Sociology’s Roots: Auguste Comte
• Auguste Comte stated that
sociology needed to be treated
like any other scientific
discipline.
• He laid the groundwork for
future sociologists and helped to
establish the discipline.
22
Sociology’s Roots: Harriet Martineau
• Harriet Martineau a social
activist who traveled the United
States and wrote about social
changes that were radical for this
time period.
• Martineau translated Comte’s
work into English, making his
ideas accessible to England and
America.

23
Sociology’s Roots: Herbert Spencer
• Herbert Spencer was the first
great English-speaking sociologist.
• Spencer believed in evolution and
coined the phrase “survival of the
fittest.”
• He believed that societies evolve
through time by adapting to their
changing environment. His
philosophy is often referred to as
social Darwinism.
24
Sociology’s Roots: Émile Durkheim
• Like Comte, Émile Durkheim
worked to establish sociology as an
important academic discipline.
• Durkheim studied the social factors
that bond and hold people

together.
• In Suicide, he studied the
relationship between social
isolation and suicide at the macro-
level.
25
Sociology’s Roots: Karl Marx
• Karl Marx was a German philosopher
and political activist who contributed
significantly to sociology’s conflict
theory.
• Marx theorized that capitalism created
social inequality between the
bourgeoisie, who owned the means of
production (money, factories, natural
resources, and land), and the
proletariat, who were the workers.
• Marx predicted that inequality leads to
class conflict.
26

Sociology’s Roots: Max Weber
• Max Weber also studied how
society was becoming
industrialized.
• He was concerned with the process
of rationalization, applying
economic logic to all human
activity.
• He believed that contemporary life
was filled with disenchantment, the
result of the dehumanizing features
of modern societies.
27
Sociology’s Roots: George Herbert Mead
•George Herbert Mead studied
the connection between
thought and action—or
between the individual and
society.
•Mead suggested that social
processes give meaning to
objects in our society—people
interact, and meanings come
from these interactions.

28
Sociology’s Roots: Erving Goffman
• Erving Goffman studied how the
“self” is developed through
interactions with others in
society.
• Goffman used the term
dramaturgy to describe the way
people strategically
present themselves to others.
29
Schools of Thought
• Your book refers to paradigms, or schools of thought.
Paradigms
are ways of thinking, or “theoretical umbrellas,” meant to
provide
a broad explanation for the way things work.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 30
Schools of Thought (cont’d.)

• Structural functionalism:
• Society is viewed as an ordered system of interrelated parts, or
structures, which are the social institutions that make up
society (family, education, politics, the economy).
• Each of these different structures meets the needs of society
by
performing specific functions for the whole system (society).
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 31
Schools of Thought: Conflict Theory
• Conflict theory:
• Sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 32
Schools of Thought: Symbolic
Interactionism
• Symbolic interactionism:
• Sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes
that meanings are not inherent but rather are created through
interaction
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 33
New Theoretical Approaches: Feminist and

Race Theory
• Feminist theory:
• Looks at both gender inequalities in society and the way that
gender structures the social world and considers remedies to
these inequalities
• Critical race theory: the study of the relationship among race,
racism, and power
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 34
New Theoretical Approaches: Queer Theory
• Queer theory:
• Proposes that categories of sexual identity are social
constructs
and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or
normal
• Queer theory was inspired by gay and lesbian rights
movements
in the 1970s and ‘80s.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 35
New Theoretical Approaches:
Postmodernist Theory
• Postmodernist theory:
• Suggests that social reality is diverse, pluralistic, and
constantly

changing
• Postmodernism was a reaction to Modernism, a paradigm that
trusts in the power of science and technology to create
progress.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 36
Sociology and the Real World –
Concept Quiz Question #1
The social sciences include all of the following except
a. sociology.
b. psychology.
c. anthropology.
d. economics.
e. biology.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 37
Sociology and the Real World—Concept
Quiz Question #2
If you are a researcher interested in knowing how many people
in
your city live below the poverty line, you might get census data
to
find that information. Then, you could count the number of
people
that meet your criteria. What kind of research are you doing?
a. Quantitative

b. Qualitative
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 38
Quiz Question #3
If you are a researcher interested in the relationship between
cultural values and national suicide rates, your analysis will
likely
focus on social processes occurring at which level?
a. Micro
b. Macro
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 39
Quiz Question #4
Structural Functionalist theorists are primarily concerned with
social processes at which of the follow levels of analysis?
a. Micro
b. Macro
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 40
Quiz Question #5
Dramaturgy, a term describing the strategic presentation of
ourselves to others, is related to which school of thought?

a. Structural Functionalism
b. Conflict Theory
c. Symbolic Interactionism
d. Queer Theory
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 41
Quiz Question #6
The sociological imagination gives us a way to look at the
world
beyond our own personal experience.
a. True
b. False
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 42
Quiz Question #7
Abstract propositions that both explain the social world and
make
predictions about future events are known as
a. theories.
b. social inequalities.
c. ideas.
d. social assumptions.
e. means of production.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 43

Quiz Question #8
What are paradigms?
a. Broad theoretical perspectives
b. Specific research methods
c. Dominant sociological applications
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 44
Sociology and the Real World—
Marx believed that there was a class struggle between
a. groups of people who worked alongside one another.
b. groups of people who practiced different religions.
c. people who owned the means of production versus people
who worked for a wage.
d. people who were born rich versus people who earned their
wealth.
e. people who were born poor versus people who fell into
poverty due to a poor work ethic.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 45

Sociology and the Real World—
Which of these sociological paradigms has proved to be the
most
influential of the twentieth century?
a. structural functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionism
d. world-systems theory
e. critical race theory
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 46
Chapter 1: Participation Question #1
Are you a sociology major?
a. yes
b. no
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 47
Have you ever taken a sociology class before?
a. yes
b. no
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 48

After learning a little about the major theories in sociology,
which
of the following seems to appeal to you the most?
a. structural functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionism
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 49
Have you applied your “sociological imagination” since reading
the
text?
a. Yes
b. No
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 50
Chapter 1: Data Workshop Activity
• Refer to the Data Workshop on pages 31 and 32 to prepare for
this
activity.
• Wait for your instructor to assign you to one of the three
theoretical frameworks noted in the exercise

• Answer the questions for your theoretical framework as listed
on
page 32.
• Be prepared to share your thoughts with the class!
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 51
This concludes the
Lecture PowerPoint for
Chapter 1
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 52
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Case Study Seven Worksheet
PSYCH/660 Version 3
1
University of Phoenix Material
Respond to the following questions in 1,250 to 1,500 words.
1. Why is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical
Principles help frame the nature of the dilemma?

2. To what extent, if any, should Dr. Vaji consider Leo’s
ethnicity in his deliberations? Would the dilemma be addressed
differently if Leo self-identified as non-Hispanic White,
Hispanic, on non-Hispanic Black?
3. How are APA Ethical Standards 1.08, 3.04, 3.05, 3.09, 7.04,
7.05, and 17.05 relevant to this case? Which other standards
might apply?
4. What are Dr. Vaji’s ethical alternatives for resolving this
dilemma? Which alternative best reflects the Ethics Code
aspirational principle and enforceable standard, as well as legal
standards and obligations to stakeholders?
5. What steps should Dr. Vaji take to ethically implement his
decision and monitor its effects?

Reference
Fisher, C. B. (2013). Decoding the ethics code: A practical
guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Copyright © XXXX by University of Phoenix. All rights
reserved.
Copyright © 2018 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
Case Study
Seven
Worksheet
PSYCH/660
Version
3
1
Copyright ©
2018
by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
Case Study
Seven
Worksheet

Respond to the following questions in
1,250 to
1,500 words.
1.
Why is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical Principles
help frame the nature of the
dilemma?
2.
To what extent, if any, shou
ld Dr. Vaji consider Leo’s ethnicity in his deliberations? Would
the
dilemma be addressed differently if Leo self
-
identified as non
-
Hispanic
W
hite, Hispanic, on non
-
Hispanic
B
lack?

3.
How are APA Ethical Standards 1.08, 3.04, 3.05, 3.09, 7.04,
7.05, and
1
7.05 relevant to this
case?
Which other standards might apply?
4.
What are Dr. Vaji’s ethical alternative
s
for resolving this dilemma? Which alternative best reflects
the Ethics Code aspirational principle and enforceable standard,
as well as
legal stan
dards and
obligations to stakeholders?
o
o

o
5.
What steps should Dr.
Vaji take to ethically implement
his
Reference
Fisher, C. B. (2013).
Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists
. Thousand Oaks,
C
A
:
Sage.
PSYCH/660 Version 3
1
Copyright © 2018 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.

Respond to the following questions in 1,250 to 1,500 words.
1. Why is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical
Principles help frame the nature of the
dilemma?
2. To what extent, if any, should Dr. Vaji consider Leo’s
ethnicity in his deliberations? Would the
dilemma be addressed differently if Leo self-identified as non-
Hispanic White, Hispanic, on non-
Hispanic Black?
3. How are APA Ethical Standards 1.08, 3.04, 3.05, 3.09, 7.04,
7.05, and 17.05 relevant to this
case? Which other standards might apply?
4. What are Dr. Vaji’s ethical alternatives for resolving this
dilemma? Which alternative best reflects
the Ethics Code aspirational principle and enforceable standard,
as well as legal standards and
obligations to stakeholders?

o
o
o
5. What steps should Dr. Vaji take to ethically implement his
Reference
Fisher, C. B. (2013). Decoding the ethics code: A practical
guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Culture Neutral Assessment Presentation
PSYCH/660
June 17, 2019
Context
2
What are Cultural Neutral Assessments Used for?
Selection process of cultural neutral assessments.

How ethical are cultural neutral assessments?
Cultural biased assessments.
Examples of when culture biased assessments have been
problematic.
Conclusion
Introduction
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_SoVarmhid-
Y/TF1jjPiDHqI/AAAAAAAABZQ/FUe2PDg9p7g/s1600/encuest
a.png
In this presentation we will discuss what are cultural neutral
assessments, and how are they used. This presentation will also
advise on how the selection process of cultural neutral
assessments works. This presentation will cover hos how ethical
cultural neutral assessment maybe. This presentation will advise
on cultural biased assessments. Finally, this presentation will
provide examples of when culture biased assessment have been
a problem.
3

What are Cultural Neutral Assessments Used for?
Medical Needs
Employment
Personality
Intelligence & Skills
Education
The purpose of a cultural neutral assessment is to assess
intelligence or other attributes of an individual without relying
on knowledge specific to any individual cultural group
(Psychology, 2019). The information obtained from an
assessment will help medical staff and the patient develop an
acceptable plan of treatment.
Cultural neutral assessments can be used to determine medical
needs, employment screening, personality type/traits,
intelligence and skills, and education. An assessment can be
used for employers to determine whether or not a candidate is a
good fit for their company, and match their hiring criteria
(Doyle, 2019). An educational assessment can be included with
the intelligence and skills because an educational assessment
helps determine where a child is in regard to their knowledge
level and skills. It also helps determine whether or not the child
is on track in their development, and if they are in the
appropriate grade level. The use of personality assessments
helps to determine aspects of a person’s personality; as well as
their behavioral style. They are also a measurement of
personality characteristics; such as whether a person is more
introverted or extroverted.
https://www.canstockphoto.com/assessment-28697977.html
https://psychology.jrank.org/pages/161/Culture-Fair-Test.html
https://www.thebalancecareers.com/what-are-talent-

assessments-and-how-do-companies-use-them-2059814
4
Selection process of Cultural Neutral Assessments
Cultural Neutral Assessments Ethical?
The Guidelines need to be the same to be considered ethical:
All participants have agreed to partake in the assessment.
It is used for specific aspects.
In order to be ethical the assessments must correspond with
these aspects:
Item Response Theory
Relate to a Person’s Parameters
Itemize Parameters
Differential Item Functioning
They must go beyond factors that only focus on culture.
The use of multiple variable matching methods.
Cultural Neutral Assessments can be ethical but they need to
follow the same ethics guidelines. The study can’ t cause any
one any harm and the participants must understand the use of
their data. The data and participants shouldn’t be used for
specific aspects where cultural differences play a significant
role.
The assessments that are utilized, Item Response and
Differential Item Functioning, need to follow certain aspects.
For item response, the assessments need to relate to person

parameters and item parameters (Bushnell, 2000). This will
ensure that the cultural aspects remain neutral. In addition, the
differential item functioning needs to make sure that during
assessments to go beyond and remove culture from the answers.
This can be done by using the multiple-variable matching
method (Wu & Erickson, 2006).
6
Cultural Biased Assessments
Examples of when culture biased assessments have been
problematic
Conclusion
References
Wu, A. D. 1. [email protected] co., & Ercikan, K. (2006). Using
Multiple-Variable Matching to Identify Cultural Sources of
Differential Item Functioning. International Journal of
Testing, 6(3), 287–300.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0603_5
Donald M. Bushnell, & Marianne Amir. (2000). Evaluation of
the Whoqol-Bref in Six Countries: A Cross-Cultural Evaluation
Using Rasch Item Response Theory (IRT) Analysis. Quality of
Life Research, 9(3), 269. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=
shib&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.4036191&site=eds-live&scope=site

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