This document discusses social interaction and social processes. It begins by defining social interaction as an exchange between two or more individuals that is a building block of society. Methods for studying social interaction include symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology. The document then discusses associative social processes like cooperation, accommodation, and assimilation that integrate society and dissociative processes like competition and conflict that can lead to social disintegration. It provides examples and characteristics of different social processes.

1. By: Group 4

2. 
Hunain Muneer------028
Arooj Fatima----------015
Syeda Maheen Ali --023
Adil Fayyaz-----------035
Kainat Safdar---------002
Group Members

3. SOCIAL INTERACTION

4. 
A social interaction is an exchange between two
or more individuals and is a building block
of society. Social interaction can be studied
between groups of two , three or larger social
groups.
The empirical study of social interaction is one of
the subjects of microsociology. Methods
includes symbolicinteractionism and ethnometh
odology.
Social Interaction

5. 
 Symbolic interactions: Reality is seen as social,
developed interaction with others.
 Ethno-methodology: People's interactions can create
the illusion of a shared social order despite not
understanding each other fully and having differing
perspectives.
Conti…

6. 
Any conversation, be it a lengthy conversation
between intimate friends or casual chatter
around the office water cooler, is a social
interaction. Social interactions can also be
nonverbal, like eye contact made between two
people.
Example

7. 
 Social processes refer to forms of social interaction
that occur repeatedly.
 By social processes we mean those ways in which
individuals and groups interact and establish social
relationships.
 According to Horton and Hunt, “The term social
process refers to the repetitive form of behavior
which are commonly found in social life”.
SOCIAL PROCESSES

8. 
Social process are divided in two categories ;
 Associative Process:
i. Cooperation
ii. Accommodation
iii. Assimilation
 Dissociative Processes:
i. Competition
ii. Conflict
Types of Social Processes

9. ASSOCIATIVE PROCESS

10. 
 The associative or conjunctive social processes are positive.
 The associative process is always worked for the integration and benefit of society.
 Associative processes are those patterns in which people help one another. They
share in one or more aspects of social life.
 These processes bring progress and stability in society. Associative processes are also
called as conjunctive processes
 the associative processes include
 cooperation,
 accommodation
 adaptation
 adjustment
 integration
 assimilation.
Associative Process

11. 
 The work "Cooperation" has been derived from the two Latin words. 'Co',
means 'together' and 'Operate' means 'to work'.
 Co-operation is the first fundamental social process
 co-operation means working together for the achievement of a common goal
or goals.
 It is goal oriented and conscious form of social interaction.
 It involves two elements
 (i) common end
 (ii) organized effort
For example
 Teacher cooperate with students
 Followers cooperate with imam
 Parents with childern

12. 
1) it takes place between two or more individuals or groups.
2) its conscious process in which individuals or groups have to work
consciously.
3) its a personal process in which individuals and groups personally meet
and work together for a common objective.
4) its a continuous process. There is continuity in the collective efforts in
cooperation.
5) its a universal process which is found in all groups, societies and
nations.
6) its based upon two elements such as common end and organized effort.
7) Common ends can be better achieved by cooperation and it is necessary
for the progress of individual as well as society.
Characteristics of Co-operation

13. 
Cooperation is of different types.
Maclver and Page have divided cooperation into two main types namely
1. Direct Cooperation
 In direct cooperation included all those activities in which people
perform task together.
 For example, plying together, working together, carrying a load
together or pulling the car out of mud together.
 The essential character of this kind of cooperation is that people do
such identical function which they can also do separately.
 This type of cooperation is voluntary e.g., cooperation between
husband and wife, teacher and student, master and servant etc.
Types of co-operation

14. 
 In it people perform different functions but for the attainment of the common
objective. In indirect cooperation are all those activities in which perform unlike
tasks together for a common end.
 For example, when carpenters, plumbers and masons cooperate to build a house.
 This cooperation is based on the principle of the division of labor.
 In the modern technological age, specialization of skills and function are more
required for which indirect cooperation is rapidly replacing direct cooperation.
2. Indirect co-operation

15. 
A.w. Green has classified cooperation into three main categories such as
(i) Primary cooperation
 This type of cooperation is found in primary groups such as the family. In
this form The achievement of the interests of the group includes the
realization of the individual’s interests.
(ii) Secondary cooperation
 Secondary cooperation is found in secondary groups such as Government,
industry, trade union and church etc. In this form of cooperation there is
disparity of interests between the individuals.
 (iii) Tertiary cooperation
 This type of cooperation is ground in the interaction between the various
big and small groups to meet a particular situation.
 For example, two political parties with different ideologies may get united
to defeat their rival party in an election.
Classification of A.W

16. 
i. General Cooperation
When some people cooperate for the common goals then there is cooperation,
which is known as general cooperation
ii. Friendly Cooperation
When we want to attain the happiness and contentment of our
group we give cooperation to each other
iii. Helping Cooperation
When some people work for the victims of famine or flood then
this type of cooperation is known as helping cooperation.
Ogburn and Nimikoff classification

17. 
 It is the key of social process without which society cannot, it is the need of
all living organism.
 Cooperation is the foundation of our social life. Cooperation for human beings
is both a psychological and social necessity. It is needed at every step in our
life.
 Cooperation helps society to progress.by cooperation we can improve
economy, we can solve social problems. Progress can better be achieved
through united action.
 The outstanding progress in science and technology, agriculture and industry,
transport and communication would not have been possible without
Cooperation.
 Cooperation is an urgent need of the present- day world. It is not only needed
among the individuals and groups but also among the nations. It provides
solutions for many international problems and disputes.
Roleof Co-operation

18. ACCOMMUDATION &
ASSIMILATION

19. 
 A state of balance between cooperation and conflict
 Accommodation helps to ensure social stability
 Gillin and Gillin (1948), 'accommodation is a process by which
competing and conflicting individuals and groups adjust their
relationships to each other in order to overcome the difficulties which
arise in competition, contravention or conflict'.
 It can take a number of different forms:
i. Compromise
ii. Truce
iii. Mediation
iv. Arbitration
Accommodation

21. 

22. 
Methods of Accommodation

23.  Form of social adjustment.
 It is a process whereby persons and groups acquire the culture
of other group in which they come to live, by adopting its
attitudes and values, its patterns of thinking and behaving, in
short, its way of life.
 It is more permanent than accommodation.
 Bogardus, “Assimilation is a process whereby attitudes of
many persons are united and thus develop into a united
group.”
 Ogburn and Nimkoff defines assimilation, “As the process
whereby individuals or groups once dissimilar become similar,
that is, become identified in their interest and outlook.”
Assimilation

24. 1. Universal Process : Assimilation as a process of integration is present in
every society, all the times. So, universal in nature.
2. Unconscious Process: Usually the individuals or groups involved in the
process of assimilation are unconscious of what is taking place.
Unconsciously one assimilate himself with others.
3. Slow and Gradual Process: The process of assimilation cannot take
place suddenly. Rather it takes time. It depends upon the nature of
contacts. If it is primary, assimilation is natural and rapid. If it is
secondary assimilation is slow.
4. It is a two-way Process: It is based on the principle of give and take.
When one cultural group is in contact with another, it borrows from it
certain cultural elements and incorporates them into its own culture. So it
affects both.
5. It is confined to multiple fields: The process of assimilation is
not confined to a single field but it is confined to multiple fields. In
the religious field,
Characteristics of Assimilation

25. 
1. Toleration
2. Close social contact
3. Amalgamation
4. Equal economic opportunity
5. Common physical traits
6. Cultural similarity
Factors Conducive for Assimilation

26. 
1. Physical differences
2. Cultural differences
3. Prejudice
4. Sense of superiority and inferiority
5. Domination and subordination
6. Isolation
Factors hindering Assimilation

27. DISSOCIATIVE PROCESSES

28. 
 Social process which leads to negative results is
called dissociative processes.
 result in disintegration of society
 Competition and conflict are examples of
dissociative social processes.
 also known disjunctive social processes
Dissociative Processes

29. 
 Dissociative from of social processes
 Ogburn and Nimkoff say that competition occurs
when demand out turns supply
 People compete for power, name, fame, glory, status,
money, luxuries etc.
 Biesanz and Biesanz, “Competition is the striving of
two or more persons for the same goal with is
limited so that all cannot share it”.
Competition

30. 
 It is Universal:
 found in every society and in every age and in every group.
Universal struggle for existence.
 It is Impersonal:
 ‘interaction without social contact.”
 do not compete with each other on a personal level.
 It is an Unconscious Activity:
 Achievement of goal or the reward is regarded as the main
object of competitors.
 Continuous Process
 never comes to an end.
 It is not an intermittent process.
Characteristics of
Competition

31. 
 1. Economic Competition
 economic competition takes place in the field of production,
consumption, distribution and exchange of wealth.
 2. Cultural Competition
 It occurs when two or more cultures try to establish their
superiority over others.
 3. Social Competition
 For acquiring a high status, popularity, name and fame in
society people compete with each other.
 4. Racial Competition:
 It takes place when one race tries to establish its superiority
over the other.
 5. Political Competition:
 competition is inevitable among the various political parties
Functions Of
Competition

32. 
Positive Functions
 Assignment of right individual to proper place
 Source of motivation
 Conducive to progress
Negative Functions
 Competition may lead to frustration
 Competition may lead to monopoly
 Competition may lead to conflict
Roles Of Competition

33. 
 Conflict arises only when the attention of the
competitors is diverted from the object of
competition to themselves.
 A.W. Green, “Conflict is the deliberate attempt to
oppose, resist or coerce the will of another or others”.
 K. Davis defines, “Conflict is u codified form of
struggle”.
Conflict

34. 
 It is a Universal Process
 ever-present process & It exists at all places and all times.
 It is a Personal Activity
 Conflict is personal and its aim is to eliminate the opposite
party.
 It is a Conscious Activity
 Conflict is a deliberate attempt to oppose or resist the will
of another
 It is an Intermittent Process
 There is no continuity in conflict. It is occasional.
Characteristics of
Conflict

35. TYPES OF
CONFLICT

36. 
 Conflict expresses itself in thousands of ways and various degrees and
over every range of human contact.
 Two fundamental types of conflict
 Direct conflict.
 Indirect conflict.
 (i) Direct Conflict:
 When a person or a group injures, thwarts or destroys the opponent in
order to secure a goal or reward, direct conflict occur.
 Example: such as litigation, revolution and war.
Types Of Conflict

37. 
 In indirect conflict, attempts are made by individuals or groups to
frustrate the efforts of their opponents in an indirect manner.
 Example : when two manufacturers go on lowering the prices of their
commodities till both of them are declared insolvent, indirect conflict
in that case take place.
 George Simmel, Types of conflict
 1. War:
 When all the efforts to resolve the conflict between two States fail,
war finally breaks out.
 War provides only means of contact between alien groups
(ii) Indirect Conflict:

38.  2. Feud:
 Feud or factional strife does not take place among the states or
nations.
 It usually occurs among the members of the society.

 3.Litigation:
 Litigation is a form of conflict which is judicial in nature.
 4. Conflict of Impersonal ideals:
 It is a conflict carried on by the individuals not for themselves but
for an ideal.
 Example: the conflict carried on by the communists and capitalists
to prove that their own system can bring in a better world order.
Conti…

39. 
 Personal conflict is a conflict between two persons within the
same group.
 Racial conflict is conflict between the two races-whites and
Negroes in South Africa.
 Class conflict is a conflict between two class such as poor
and rich or the exploiters and the exploited.
 Political conflict between the two political parties for power
is the political conflict.
 International conflict is the conflict between two nations
such as between India and Pakistan over Kashmir issue.
Gillin ,Five types of conflict

40. Latent and Overt Conflict:
 Sometimes individuals or groups do not want to express their feeling of
conflict due to some reasons. The unexpressed or hidden conflict is known as
the latent conflict.
 When the individuals or groups feel bold enough to take advantage of a
particular situation, they express their feeling of conflict openly. Such open
conflict is known as overt conflict.
Personal and Corporate Conflict:
 Personal conflict arises among people within a group. It occurs due to
various personal motives like hostility, envy, treachery etc.
 Corporate conflict, arises among groups within a society or between two
societies. It is both inter-group and intra-group conflict.
Other types

41. 
Role of Conflict
Positive Functions
 It promotes the solidarity and
fellow-feeling.
 It enlarges the victorious
group.
 It leads to redefinition of value
system.
 It acts as a cementing factor in
the establishment of intimate
relations.
 It changes the relative status of
the conflicting parties.
Negative Functions
o It causes social disorder,
chaos and confusion.
o It disrupts social unity and
cohesion.
o It causes a lot of
psychological and moral
damage.

42. 
1) Conf Conflict takes place on a conscious level, competition is
unconscious.
2) conflict involves contact, competition does not.
3) Conflict may involve violence, competition is non-violent.
4) Conflict is personal, competition is impersonal activity.
5) Conflict lacks continuity, competition is a continuous process.
6) Conflict disregards social norms, competition does care for
norms.
7) Conflict diverts members attention from group objectives,
competition keeps members alert to the goal or objective.
Distinction between Conflict & Compitition

43. 
 According to Cooley, conflict and cooperation are not
separable things, but phases of one process which always
involves something of both. Even in the most friendly
relations and in the must intimate associations there is
some point where interest diverge.
 According to Davis, there is no group whether family or
the friendly group which will not contain the seeds of
suppressed conflict. . Elements of conflict exist in all
situations.
 Conflict also involves cooperation. In very conflict, there
is some hidden basis of compromise or adjustment.
Cooperation, Conflict and Competition Inter-
relation

44. 
 There is no competition which will not contain the
seeds of conflict. As competition becomes more
personal, it shades into conflict. Conflict does not
always occurs when competition become acute
 Competition also involves cooperation. A
competitive struggle implies some agreement among
the competitors. Members of football teams compete
according to rules prescribed for them.
CONTI…

45. THE END.
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