The document discusses social interaction and processes, explaining how individuals engage and influence one another in society. It categorizes social interactions into three types (person-to-person, person-to-group, group-to-group) and describes various social processes, including cooperation, accommodation, assimilation, competition, conflict, and isolation. Each process is defined and examples are provided to illustrate their characteristics and functions within social dynamics.

1. SOCIAL INTERACTION
& PROCESSES
Presented by:
Ms Manisha
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Nursing
SGT University, Gurugram
Ms Manisha

2. INTRODUCTION
• As members of society, people have
to act and behave in accordance with
some specific manner.
• They are always engaged in some sort of actions and
interactions in the society.
• When the actions of the individual or individuals are
influenced by the actions of other individual or
individuals in a society and he in turn is exposed to
their action that is called social interaction.
Ms Manisha

3. • Interaction or mutual activity is the
essence of social life.
• Interaction between individuals
and groups occurs in the form of
social process.
• Social processes refers to forms of
social interaction that occur again
and again.
Ms Manisha
INTRODUCTION (Contd…)

4. • Social Interaction refers to the process by which people
mutually or reciprocally influence one another’s attitudes,
feelings, and actions.
• There are three situations for social interaction:
1. Person-to-person (P to P)
2. Person-to-group (P to G)
3. Group-to-group (G to G)
Ms Manisha
SOCIAL INTERACTION : MEANING

5. SOCIAL INTERACTION : DEFINITION
“Social interaction is the
general process whereby two
or more persons are in
meaningful contact as a
result of which their behavior
is modified, however
slightly”.
(Acc. to Eldredge and Merril)
Ms Manisha

6. ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
COMMUNICATION
SOCIAL CONTACT
Ms Manisha

7. SOCIAL PROCESSES : MEANING
Social processes are the ways in which individuals and
groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish
relationships and pattern of behavior which are again
modified through social interactions.
Ms Manisha

8. SOCIAL PROCESSES : MEANING
The social processes means the characteristic ways in
which interactions occurs”.
Social processes means the various modes of
interaction between individuals or groups including
cooperation and conflict, social differentiation and
integration etc.
Ms Manisha

9. • Social Process – refers to the recurrent and patterned social
interactions or responses of individuals to one another
which have attained stability.
“The term social process refers to the repetitive form of
behaviour which are commonly found in social life”.
- Horton and Hunt
“ The social processes are merely the characteristic ways in
which interaction occurs”.
- A.W Green
Ms Manisha
SOCIAL PROCESSES : DEFINITION

10. ASSOCIATIVE PROCESSES
(INTEGRATIVE)
These are the processes
which bring the individuals
& groups together. Such
processes produce unity
among members of group
or society.
DISSOCIATIVE PROCESSES
(DISINTEGRATIVE)
These are the processes
which brings tension,
disunity and disintegration
among individuals and
groups.
Ms Manisha
TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESSES

11. TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESSES (Contd…)
ASSOCIATIVE
PROCESSES
• COOPERATION
• ACCOMODATION
• ASSIMILATION
DISSOCIATIVE
PROCESSES
• COMPETITION
• CONFLICT
• ISOLATION
• WAR
Ms Manisha

12. Ms Manisha

13. 1. COOPERATION : DEFINITION
“ Co-operation is a form of social interaction wherein
two or more persons work together to gain a
common end”.
Ms Manisha

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF COOPERATION:
 It is an associative process.
 It is universal process
 It is boundless and has no limitation.
 It may be conscious or unconscious.
 It is continuous process.
 Two or more than two person involved.
 Common goal or end.
 Joint activities or efforts
Ms Manisha

15. TYPES OF COOPERATION:
• Informal cooperation- It is characterized as spontaneous
and involves mutual give and take. Examples : In
families, friends.
• Formal cooperation- It is characterized as a deliberate
contractual nature and prescribes the reciprocal rights
and obligations of members. Examples : Workplaces,
political parties, different countries.
Ms Manisha

16. INFORMAL COOPERATION FORMAL COOPERATION
Ms Manisha

17. DIRECT
COOPERATION-
Under the direct
cooperation, the individuals
knowingly perform the
identical function or activity
together for common goals.
INDIRECT
COOPERATION –
In this type, the individuals
do unlike tasks together
towards a common end.
Ms Manisha

18. (i) Primary
Cooperation:
This type of
cooperation is found in
primary groups such as
the family, friends
group. All the
members work
together for their
betterment.
Example – Playing,
worshipping,
celebrations etc.
(ii) Secondary
Cooperation:
It is found in secondary
groups such as
Government, industry,
trade union and church
etc. It is formal and
specialised.
Example - Workers in
an industry/Factory/
Hospital. Each may
work in cooperation
with others for his own
wages, salaries,
promotion, profits and
prestige.
(iii) Tertiary
Cooperation:
This type of
cooperation is found in
the interaction
between the various
big and small groups to
meet a particular
situation.
Example-Two political
parties with different
ideologies may get
united to defeat their
rival party in an
election.
Ms Manisha

19. ACCOMMODATION
Ms Manisha

20. 2. ACCOMMODATION
• It is a process of getting along inspite of differences.
• The term accommodation refers particularly to the
process in which man attains a sense of harmony with
his environment”.
• It is resolution of conflicts which generally means
adjusting oneself to the new environment.
Ms Manisha

21. DEFINITION : ACCOMMODATION
• The term refers to the process in which man attains
a sense of harmony with his environment.
(MacIver)
• Accommodation is a process of developing
temporary working agreements between conflicting
individuals and groups.
(Horton & Hunt)
Ms Manisha

22. Park and Burgess classified accommodation
in the following two categories:
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23. i. Adjustment with New Natural Conditions
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24. ii. Adjustment with New Social Conditions:
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25. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCOMMODATION:
 It is a universal process.
 It is a continuous process.
 It is the natural result of conflicts.
 It may be a conscious or an unconscious activity.
 It is used to reduce the conflict between persons or group as
an initial step towards assimilation.
 It may only provide a temporary solution.
 It is essential for peace & harmony in society.
Ms Manisha

26. TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION
CO-ORDINATE
ACCOMMODATION –
This is a form of
accommodation where both
parties are equally popular
or strong. They
accommodate with each
other leaving behind the
competition.
SUPERORDINATIVE
AND SUBORDINATE
ACCOMMODATION –
This is a form of
accommodation where one
party is strong or weak than
the other.
Ms Manisha

27. METHODS OF ACCOMMODATION
1. Coercion.
2. Compromise.
3. Arbitration and
conciliation( third
party mediation).
Ms Manisha

28. 4. Toleration.
5. Conversion.
6. Rationalization.
Ms Manisha
METHODS OF ACCOMODATION (Contd…)

29. ASSIMILATION
Ms Manisha

30. 3. ASSIMILATION
• It is the process by which an outsider,
immigrant or subordinate group become
indistinguishably integrated into the dominant
host society.
Ms Manisha

31. DEFINITION: ASSIMILATION
“ Assimilation is the fusion or blending of two
previously distinct group into one”.
or
“ Assimilation is the process whereby persons and
groups acquire the culture of another group.”
Ms Manisha

32. Ms Manisha

33. ANY EXAMPLES
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34. Ms Manisha

35. Ms Manisha

36. Ms Manisha

37. FORMS AND LEVELS OFASSIMILATION
• The process of assimilation takes place mainly at
three levels:
Individual
Group
Culture
Ms Manisha

38. CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSIMILATION:
Positive or associative process
Universal process.
Slow and gradual process
Continuous process
Unconscious process
Two way process
Ms Manisha

39. TYPES OF ASSIMILATION
a) CULTURAL ASSIMILATION
b) STRUCTURAL ASSIMILATION
Ms Manisha

40. Cultural assimilation is the process in which one
group integrates into dominant culture and society
Ms Manisha

41. HELLO
नमस्ते
‫علی‬ ‫السالم‬
‫کم‬
Ms Manisha
One group learns the language of larger group

42. Structural assimilation is a
process that occurs in the
implementation of the new
policy, the national schools,
political parties etc.
Ms Manisha

43. 4. COMPETITION
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44. COMPETITION COOPERATION
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45. WHY
COMPETITION
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46. Ms Manisha

47. LIMITED REWARDS
Ms Manisha

48. COMPETITION : DEFINITION
“It is the struggle for possession of
rewards, which are limited in supply,
like goods, status ,power and love
anything”
-Horton & Hunt
“ The striving of two or more persons
for the same goal, which is limited
so that all can not share it”
- Biesanz
Ms Manisha

49. Ms Manisha

50. IMPORTANCE OF COMPETITION
Ms Manisha

51. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETITION
• Universal
• Impersonal or personal
• Continuous
• Dynamic
• Constructive or destructive
• Governed by norms, rules and regulations
• Found in all fields
• Sometimes results in negative results
Ms Manisha

52. TYPES OF COMPETITION
• Personal Competition - When two
competitors contest for election to
office, it is called personal competition.
In this competition, competitors know
each other.
• Impersonal Competition - When
contestants are not aware of one
another’s identity as we find in
university or civil service examinations,
it is called impersonal competition.
Ms Manisha

53. SOME FORMS OF COMPETITION:
Political
competition
Economic
competition
Social
competition
Ms Manisha

54. 5. CONFLICT
Ms Manisha

55. It is a deliberate
attempt to oppose,
resist or coerce the
will of others
Ms Manisha

56. CONFLICT
Conflict is a form of emotionalized and violent
opposition
in which the major concern is to
overcome the opponent
as means of securing a given goal or reward.”
Ms Manisha

57. Conflict is normal
&
happens because of scarcity
Ms Manisha

58. DEFINITION : CONFLICT
“Conflict is the social process in which
individuals or groups seek their ends
by directly challenging the antagonist
by violence or threat of violence.”
(Gillin & Gillin)
“It is the deliberate attempt to oppose,
resist or coerce the will of another or
others.” (A.W. Green)
Ms Manisha

59. CAUSES OF CONFLICT
• Individual differences
• Cultural differences
• Social changes
• Clash of interests
Ms Manisha

60. NATURE OF CONFLICT
• Universal process
• An conscious and deliberate action
• Its personal and direct
• An individual process
• Temporary and intermittent
• Disintegrative or dissociative process
Ms Manisha

61. TYPES OF CONFLICT
(Acc to Gillin & Gillin)
1. Personal Conflict : Intrapersonal & interpersonal
2. Racial Conflict
3. Class Conflict
4. Political Conflict
5. International Conflict
Ms Manisha

62. Ms Manisha

63. Any examples
of
Conflict ????
Ms Manisha

64. EXAMPLES OF CONFLICT
War Litigations
Ms Manisha

65. ISOLATION
Ms Manisha

66. 6. ISOLATION
• Dissociative process
• Isolation is a state in which a person loses contact or
communication with society.
• Social isolation describes the absence of social
contacts with others.
Ms Manisha

67. DEFINITION : ISOLATION
Social isolation can be defined
structurally as the absence of
social interactions, contacts, &
relationships with family and
friends, with neighbors on an
individual level, and with
“society at large” on a broader
level.
Ms Manisha

68. CAUSES OF ISOLATION
• Poverty
• Unemployment
• Lack of an adequate social support network
• Loss of loved ones
• Domestic violence
• Physical impairment
Ms Manisha

69. TYPES OF ISOLATION
voluntary &
involuntary
Spatial &
organic isolation
Ms Manisha

70. 1. Voluntary Isolation
• When people choose
not to have any
social contact on
their own.
• When isolation is
imposed by law, court
on people.
Ms Manisha
2. Involuntary Isolation

71. 1. Spatial Isolation
• Enforced by the state • Due to organic factors
such as disabilities in
individuals.
Ms Manisha
2. Organic Isolation

72. Ms Manisha
Social processes
are the various
ways of interaction
that occur again
and again.

73. Ms Manisha