This document discusses the development of socialism and Marxism in response to the problems caused by industrialization in the 19th century. It outlines the ideas of utopian socialists like Fourier and Owen, before summarizing Karl Marx's scientific socialism which argued that capitalism would inevitably lead to revolution as the proletariat grew in size and oppression. It then discusses the varieties of socialism that emerged, including reform socialists, revolutionary Marxists, anarchists and syndicalists, as well as international socialist organizations like the First and Second Internationals. In conclusion, it examines the growth of socialist parties and unions in Germany and Britain in the late 19th century.
Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of PowerA K DAS's | Law
The main theme of Montesquieu doctrine is that each and every organ of the state will exercise of its own power and function, and no one organ will interfere into the functions of another organ. He is the proponent of this theory....
Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of PowerA K DAS's | Law
The main theme of Montesquieu doctrine is that each and every organ of the state will exercise of its own power and function, and no one organ will interfere into the functions of another organ. He is the proponent of this theory....
Federal system of government
Federal system
Federation and confederation
Difference between federation and confederation
Essential condition of federation:
1.Sense of unity
2.common culture
3.Aspiration to regional autonomy
4.Geographical contiguity
5.Equality in federating units
6.political consciousness
7.Uniformity of political institution
8.economic self sufficiency
HI guys I think you loved this presentation
The world was left only with single superpower the US and came to be known as the US Hegemony to show the superiority of its military power. The US hegemony also shaped world economy and emerged in the form of military domination, economic order, political clout and cultural superiority.
Very helpful for UG/PG students about J J Rousseau
Life History; An overview of Work; Views on Human Nature; Views on State of Nature; Views on Social Contract; Views on General Will; Characteristics of General Will; Popular Sovereignty
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
Federal system of government
Federal system
Federation and confederation
Difference between federation and confederation
Essential condition of federation:
1.Sense of unity
2.common culture
3.Aspiration to regional autonomy
4.Geographical contiguity
5.Equality in federating units
6.political consciousness
7.Uniformity of political institution
8.economic self sufficiency
HI guys I think you loved this presentation
The world was left only with single superpower the US and came to be known as the US Hegemony to show the superiority of its military power. The US hegemony also shaped world economy and emerged in the form of military domination, economic order, political clout and cultural superiority.
Very helpful for UG/PG students about J J Rousseau
Life History; An overview of Work; Views on Human Nature; Views on State of Nature; Views on Social Contract; Views on General Will; Characteristics of General Will; Popular Sovereignty
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
1 he bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the .docxmercysuttle
1 he bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It
has created enormous cities, greatly increased the urban population as
compared with the rural, and thus rescued a considerable part of the pop-
tilation from the idiocy of rural life... .
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarcely one hundred years, has
created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have X11
preceding generations together... .
Brit not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death
to itself; it 1-ias also called into existence the mein who are to wield those
weapons —the modern working class. —the proletariat.
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, develops, in the same
proportion the proletariat, the modern vc%orking class, develops — a class of
laborers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only
so long as their labor increases capital. These laborers, who must sell
themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other article of com-
merce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes ofcomPetition,
to all the fluctuations of the market... .
Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the
proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes decay
and finally disappear in the face of modern industry; the proletariat is its
special and essential product... .
The socialist and communist systems I~roperly so called,. those of
Saint Simon, Fourier, Ou~en;5 and others, spring into existence in the early
undeveloped Period, described above, of the struggle between proletariat
and bourgeoisie....
Such fantastic pictures of future society, painted at a rime when the .
proletariat is still in a very undeveloped state and has but a fantastic con-
ception of its own position, correspond with the first instinctive yearnings
of that class for a general reconstruction of society.
But these socialist and communist publications contain also a critical
element. They attack every principle of existing society... .
5Saint-Simon, I'ourier, Owen: Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Splint-Simon
(1760-1825), «gas an early advocate of socialism, as w1s Charles Fourier (1772-1837).
Robert Owen (1771-1858) was an industrialist, utopian socialist, and trade union
advocate. These socialist predecessors believed that capitalists and workers could
overcome their antagonism and work cooperatively for the common good. As Nlarx
and Engels believed "class struggle" to be the engine that drove history, they imply
that these other soci~llists were naive to the point of delusiorlary, hence the "fant~lstic
pictures" jibe that follows.
The Communists fight for the attainment of the
immediate aims, for
the enforcement of the momentary [i.e., current]
interests of the working
class; but in the movement of the Present, they also
represent and take care
of the future of that movement... .
The Communists turn their attention chiefly to
Germany, because
that countr ...
Anarchism has many meanings - it means chaos, quirky individuality and a school of political thought and a social movement, born in 19th century. As a movement, anarchism has both over- and underperformed during its history. Overperformed, because no-one questions importance of individuality. Underpeformed, because promised future without state and capital has failed to materialize.
Its classical thinkers are simultaneously completely out of date, and clairvoyants of the present reality and struggles. As Max Stirner wrote, people of the future will yet fight their way to many a liberty that we do not even miss.
What is anarchism as a social movement, and its relevance in the 21th century?
Lecture recording from Wednesday 14th of April 2021. Lecture was part of the Anarchy, Art and Anachrony 12.4.-16.4. intense week in Aalto University in Helsinki.
First part: https://www.slideshare.net/AnttiRautiainen5/actuality-of-anarchism
Check out this lecture as a podcast: https://soundcloud.com/arautiainen/actuality-of-anarchism-22
Check out this lecture as a video: https://youtu.be/NbYLpY8ffyU
Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/arautiainen
Twitter: https://twitter.com/ARautiainen
Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/arautiainen
Spotify: https://sptfy.com/arautiainen
Blog: https://avtonom.org/en/people/antti-rautiainen
Google podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/Arautiainengoogle
Itunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/fi/podcast/antti-rautiainen/id1512789511
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/antti.i.rautiainen
Instagram: anttiraut
Ask: https://ask.fm/AnttiR
Bio: https://anttirautiainen.livejournal.com/profile
Lecture slides on Karl Marx theory of society. Set at a very basic level, this is ideal for newcomers to social theory, or students working below undergrad level.
2. Jim Connell, ‘The Red Flag’
(1889)
The people’s flag is deepest red,
It shrouded oft our martyred dead,
And ere their limbs grew stiff and cold,
Their hearts’ blood dyed its every fold.
Then raise the scarlet standard high.
Within its shade we live and die,
Though cowards flinch and traitors sneer,
We'll keep the red flag flying here.
3. Industrialisation:
Some Problems & Responses
Consequences of Industrialisation => Problems
Poor living and working conditions
Fear of radicalism, disease, immorality …
State Intervention from the 1830s and 1840s –
especially in Britain and France
Poor Law Amendment Act (1834)
Development of “Working Class Consciousness”
The Luddites (1811-12)
Workers Associations, Trade Unions, Co-
operatives
4. “Utopian” Socialism: Some Examples
Charles Fourier - Phalanxes - The Theory of
Social Organisation (1820)
Robert Owen - New Lanark - Villages of Co-
operation
Henri de Saint-Simon & the Saint Simonians
5. Karl Marx and ‘Scientific’ Socialism
b. Trier, 1818;
d. London, 1883
The Communist
Manifesto (1848)
Capital (Das Kapital),
volume 1 (1867)
Important as a savage
critique of Capitalism
and pointed towards a
revolutionary alternative:
Communism
6. Karl Marx & Class Struggle
The economic development of society creates class struggle.
‘The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of
class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian,
lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word,
oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to
one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now
open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a
revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the
common ruin of the contending classes.’ (Marx, The
Communist Manifesto)
7. Karl Marx & Revolution
By the nineteenth century, in Capitalist
societies, class struggle involved the
Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat.
The growing size, oppression and misery of
the Proletariat under capitalism would
inevitably produce revolution.
Revolution would result in the ‘Dictatorship
of the Proletariat’, which would give way to a
classless society.
8. Varieties of Socialism in the later
Nineteenth Century
Reform Socialists
work within the existing political system
Revolutionary Socialists - Marxists
overthrow the existing system, create a new
one based on the ‘proletariat’
Anarchists
destroy the state completely
Syndicalists
opposition to the state via trade unions and
strike action
9. Organising Socialism
The International Workingmen’s Association (‘First
International’) - 1864
Opposition forum
Dissemination of Marxism
The Second International -1889
Less eclectic > Marxism dominated
Based on Socialist parties from different nation-states
Problems
Reform or Revolution?
Should socialists collaborate with middle-class
radicals?
Internationalism & Nationalism?
10. Socialism in Nation States: Two examples
Germany
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 1875; win 20% of
the vote at the 1890 election
Eduard Bernstein initiates the ‘revisionist’ debate,
1896-1898.
Great Britain
‘New’ Unionism, 1880s: emergence of more broadly
based, militant and socialist trade unions
Fabian Society (1884).
Labour Representative Committee (1900); the
‘Labour Party’ (1906).