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Societal Impact of Hagia sophia
- 3. Location of Hagia Sophia
- 4. Location of Hagia Sophia
- 5. INTRODUCTION 1. Cathedral, Mosque, Museum. The Hagia Sophia (aya sofya) has withstood the ravages of War and .earthquakes, a testament to Istanbul’s tumultuous past 2. The church was twice destroyed by riots, the present building is the third incarnation of Hagia Sophia. 3. One of the Seven ancient wonders was used in the church’s construction. 4. Some of the Islamic features were added to the building. 5. The Sultan ordered to cover frescoes and mosaics present on the walls of Hagia Sophia. 6. Believers say the “weeping column” has healing powers. 7. The founder of modern turkey turned it into a museum. 8. Now it once again host prayers while remaining open for visitors.
- 6. BACKGROUND The complex remained a mosque until 1931, when it was closed to the public for four years. It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum by the secular Republic of Turkey. According to data released by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Hagia Sophia was Turkey's most visited tourist attraction in 2015 and 2019. In early July 2020, the Council of State annulled the Cabinet’s 1934 decision to establish the museum, revoking the monument's status, and a subsequent decree by Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ordered the reclassification of Hagia Sophia as a mosque. The 1934 decree was ruled to be unlawful under both Ottoman and Turkish law as Hagia Sophia's waqf, endowed by Sultan Mehmed, had designated the site a mosque; proponents of the decision argued the Hagia Sophia was the personal property of the sultan.[ This redesignation is controversial, invoking condemnation from the Turkish opposition, UNESCO, the World Council of Churches, the International Association of Byzantine Studies, and many international leaders
- 7. Commissioned the construction of the first Hagia Sophia in 360 AD. It was built with a wooden roof and was soon burned to the ground in riots Byzantine Emperor Constantine II
- 8. Theodosius II built the second version as a grand marble structure in 415 AD, which was razed to the ground for the second time during the Nika Revolt in 532 AD. Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II
- 9. Süleyman Şah bin Selim Şah Han Sultan of Turkey
- 11. ISLAMIC FEATUES(1/2) 2. MIARETS1. CALLIGRAPHIC ROUNDELS
- 13. Q. Why are we studying this monument? A. To understand how scieties remember the past. The social impact of cultural heritage becomes particularly graphic in the cases where heritage is used for stimulating a dialogue between different cultural groups. Fostering intercultural dialogue, cultural and social inclusion and creating an atmosphere of tolerance through heritage projects or heritage institutions form part of a contemporary agenda, though often neglected.
- 14. 2. CIVIL PRIDE AND TOLERANCE 4. SYMBOLIC & CONCEPTUAL TOOL Supporting factor of tourism 1. PUBLIC MEMORY 3. ENHANCES SOCIAL COHESION Shared narrative of “our” history IMPACT ON THE SOCIETY(1/2) Islamic victory over Christianity By an inclusive, coordinated policy- making process
- 15. IMPACT ON THE SOCIETY(2/2) 5. PROMOTES CULTURAL HOMOGENEITY 6.POINT OF CONTENTION 7. COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT 8. FOSTERS SOCIAL INCLUSION Shared relation amongst citizens Political consequences Referring to groups spatially conneted Improving terms within the society
- 16. CONCLUSION/ FINDINGS 1. It was converted by Ataturk in 1935, following politics and religion being split by Turkish Secularism. Since then it has been a meeting point of many faiths. 2. Islamic groups have fought to pray at Hagia Sophia angering neighboring Greece which argues this building to be a part of their orthodox Christian history. 3. UNESCO has warned Turkey that its conversion to a mosque could violate the world cultural heritage convention. 4. Istanbul already has more than 3000 mosques so the city doesn’t need another but since Hagia Sophia is the ultimate symbol of the Muslim Ottoman conquest of Christian Constantinople – Turkish President Erdogan, a conservative Muslim, supports this plan to draw support from his conservative voters. 5. he first prayer service was held on July 24 and that the building still remains accessible to non-Muslims. 6. Following Mr. Erdogan’s announcement, UNESCO, which lists the building as a World Heritage site, said it deeply regretted a decision “taken without prior dialogue.”
- 17. Why was this conversion done now? 11/07/2020
- 19. SOLUTION 1. Proper Management Plan is required 2. Generating Contemporary Awareness on Society’s value of their heritage 3. Updated Legal Framework is required 4. Strict administration on management activities 5. Making decisions focused more on structural conservation 6. Involve NGOs
- 20. Links/websites ● www.livescience.com ● www.mentalfloss.com ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V OmVV6JChxE ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= G2rePZHydl8 ● medium.com ● www.environmentandsociety.org ● monumentsinhistory.wordpress.com ● unesdoc.unesco.org ● www.sciencedirect.com ● www.interarts.net RESOURCES
- 21. THANKS! Does anyone have any questions?
Editor's Notes
- So today we will be discussing about this iconic structure… World’s great wonder know as, Hagia Sophia in Greek…. Santa Sophia in Latin and Aya Sophia in Turkish……. Meaning HOLY WISDOM!!! On 24th July it re-opened as a mosque!
- Situated on a hill overlooking the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus, Hagia Sophia has gone through various transformations since it was built in what is now Istanbul in 537 and it remains one of the most important monuments of the world.
- This map here shows us the location of hagia Sophia, if u look closely ,,, u will understand that majority of Turkey falls in Asian part of the world and is included under middle east zone….. While half of Istanbul is located in Europe….sharing its border with Greece and Bulgaria
- This map again gives u a closer look of the location and it surroundings. Lets get into the case study now…….and understand how this majestic structure came into being and how it functioned over time.
- 1. THE ORIGINAL DOME WAS REPLACED AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE IN 558 CE. Soaring 160 feet high, with a diameter of 131 feet, the grand feature of the Hagia Sophia was its large central dome. The dome and the church were designed by architects Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletos, but unlike the dome of the Pantheon, which has never faltered, an earthquake in 558 CE caused the Hagia Sophia's dome to collapse. It was rebuilt to a height of 182 feet, and the walls were reinforced in 562 CE. The dome's weight is supported by a series of smaller domes, arcades, and four large arches. 2. THE CHURCH WAS TWICE DESTROYED BY RIOTS. First built in Constantinople in 360 CE and dedicated by the Roman Emperor Constantius II (son of Constantine, the founder of Constantinople), the initial, wood-constructed Hagia Sophia burned during a series of riots in 404 CE. In 415 CE, Emperor Theodosius II ordered the church rebuilt, but the Nika Revolt in 532 CE caused widespread death and destruction in the city, and the church was wiped out a second time. 3. ONE OF THE SEVEN ANCIENT WONDERS WAS USED IN THE CHURCH'S CONSTRUCTION. To fortify (and beautify) the interior of the church, columns from the long-abandoned and destroyed Temple of Artemis in Ephesus were used for the Hagia Sophia. Additional building materials may also have come from ancient sites in Baalbeck and Pergamom. 6. BELIEVERS SAY THE 'WEEPING COLUMN' HAS HEALING POWERS. Also called the "sweating column," the "wishing column," and the "perspiring column," the weeping column stands in the northwest portion of the church and is one of 107 columns in the building. The pillar is partly covered in bronze, with a hole in the middle, and it is damp to the touch. The alleged blessing of St. Gregory has led many to rub the column in search of divine healing. 7. THE FOUNDER OF MODERN TURKEY TURNED IT INTO A MUSEUM. Former army officer Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded modern Turkey and served as its first president from 1923 to 1938. In 1934, after banning many Islamic customs and Westernizing the country, Atatürk and the Turkish government secularized the former cathedral and mosque and converted it into a museum.
- And if we dig deep t understand the cause and effect of such cirumstances…. We will have to start with Constantine II….who commissioned…..
- THE FIRST GREAT BYZANTINE RULER ORDERED ITS RECONSTRUCTION. Located in the Eastern Roman Empire region known as Byzantium, Constantinople was ruled for 38 years by the Emperor Justinian, starting in 527 CE. Five years after the Nika Revolt and the church’s destruction, Justinian inaugurated the newly rebuilt Hagia Sophia, the most important religious structure in his empire, on December 27, 537 CE.
- Süleyman Şah bin Selim Şah Han
- 5. THE SULTAN ORDERED TO COVER FRESOES AND MOSAICS. Instead of destroying the numerous frescoes and mosaics on the Hagia Sophia walls, Mehmed II ordered they be whitewashed in plaster and covered in Islamic designs and calligraphy. Many were later uncovered, documented, or restored by the Swiss-Italian architects Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati.
- 4. SOME OF THE ISLAMIC FEATURES WERE ADDED TO THE BUILDING. To use the space as a mosque, the rulers ordered that a mihrab (prayer niche), minbar (pulpit), and a fountain for ablutions be added to the Hagia Sophia. A succession of minarets was added to the exterior, and a school, kitchen, library, mausoleums, and sultan’s lodge joined the site over the centuries.
- To study monuments is to study how societies remember the past. Furthermore, monuments are claim to land and power, regardless of their topic, and that claim is worth studying. Monuments can also convey historical narratives, both accurate and revisionist. It is also worth trying to interpret to whom monuments hold meaning,
- This monument has been successful in creating a sense of public memory, a shared narrative of “our” history, a framework of meaning that has become a source of public identity. And this in turn has converted Hagia Sophia into a sense of collective identity, a changing its purpose for a larger cause, and a sense of commonality with one’s fellow citizens. This monument express and advocate for public values. Whose Heritage? ……Civic pride is defined as having pride in your city, but it's much more than just that. Civic pride brings a community together and makes us feel good about where we live. …. The industry of tourism cultivates inter-cultural interaction. ... When arranged in a sustainable manner and in agreement with locals, it lessens pre-judgment and encourages goodwill. Eventually, it builds understanding and tolerance. Social cohesion is enhanced by an inclusive, coordinated policy-making process: it brings in the views of all stakeholders – from those involved with their implementation to the final beneficiaries. Presiding over an impressive history, Hagia Sophia was a crowning symbol of Christendom under the Byzantine Empire. Under the Ottoman Empire, however, it became a symbol of Islamic victory over Christianity
- 5. a sense of pride in one’s culture, nationality and common background with fellow citizens. 6. because memory, social values, and meanings are not neutral factors. These are contested issues. There are political consequences of one way of telling the story against another. And so monuments are often points of contention. (Just think of the ugly controversy that flared up about the “mosque” at ground zero.) So this monument in history is in one sense typical of the context of other monuments and memorials: there are aggrieved group to whom the presentation is an ugly reminder of felt past injustice. 7. Community empowerment refers to the process of enabling communities to increase control over their lives. "Communities" are groups of people that may or may not be spatially connected, but who share common interests, concerns or identities. 8. Social inclusion is the process of improving the terms on which individuals and groups take part in society—improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of those disadvantaged on the basis of their identity.
- Many critics say he is trying to divert attention from other pressing issues- the corona virus crisis has hit turkey’s economy hard… his approval ratings including those of his parties had dropped so the Hagia Sophia from that perspective is somewhat like a – political joke ….a CARD- aired on place from time t tome, finally used!!! Minutes after the ruling, Mr. Erdogan signed a decree transferring the management of Hagia Sophia from the Ministry of Culture to the Directorate of Religious Affairs. In a televised speech later Friday, he said it was important to restore the building’s status as it had been defined by Fatih Sultan Mehmet upon his conquest of Constantinople, in 1453.
- From Vatican City, Pope Francis said he was afflicted by Turkey’s decision. “I think of Santa Sophia and I am very pained,” the pope said following his noon prayer on Sunday, his first public comment on the matter. Earlier this month, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that Washington would view a change in Hagia Sophia’s status as “diminishing the legacy of this remarkable building and its unsurpassed ability…to serve humanity as a much-needed bridge between those of differing faith traditions and cultures.” The Turkish Foreign Ministry immediately responded that it was “shocked” by Mr. Pompeo’s remarks, adding that “Hagia Sophia, situated on our land, is the property of Turkey, like all our cultural assets.” When Greece protested the planned change last month, urging Turkey to act as a neutral custodian of a site that was once the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and “belongs to all of humanity,” Mr. Erdogan snapped back. “They tell us that Hagia Sophia mustn’t be converted into a mosque. Are you governing Turkey?” retorted Mr. Erdogan,
- UNESCO said on Friday its World Heritage Committee would review Hagia Sophia's status and that Turkey's decision raised questions about the impact on its universal value as a site of importance transcending borders and generations. UNESCO’s questions surrounding Hagia Sophia’s new status included how the decision would affect physical access to the site, the structure of the buildings, the site’s moveable property and the site’s management. A flashpoint of religious and national struggle whatever its future the Hagia Sophia will remain an icon of Istanbul.