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1. AYUB KHAN’S ERA
A Presentation
Why Martial Law?

2. Military Intervention in Politics
Jawahar Lal Nehru’s Views
“It’s not the inordinate ambition in the
special taste for the politics but the failure of
political classes to govern effectively that the
military intervention takes place in
Pakistan.”
Powerful Pakistan Army
“It’s true that there has been a section of
powerful Pakistan Army who consider itself
the guardian of national interests and
therefor intervene in Political system.”

3. Ayub Khan’s Views about Politicians
Military Intervention in Politics
In his diary of May 22, 1958, Ayub Khan
claimed that politicians were self-centred
and greedy.
They wanted to reach the corridors of power
by any means and then begin looting
without thinking about the future of the
country; that unscrupulous politicians ‘…
would not even hesitate to demolish the
institution of Army.

4. Military Intervention in Politics
Military Syndicalism
Military syndicalism occurs when the military
believes that the civilian government is too
incompetent to govern and the military itself
is the sole deciding factor about what is
good or bad for a country.
Cohen’s research shows that Pakistani army
officers also claim power because “they
consider themselves more patriotic to the
nation than the civilians.”
Patriotism
Finer, Horse Back, 3 and 40

5. Military Intervention in Politics
Class and Corporate Interests
Finer points to the importance of social class
in the military. He argues that the “military
supports the civilian power when it is drawn
from the same social class and overthrows it
when it is drawn from different social class.”
He also argues that corporate interests are a
strong cohesive force that binds the military
together.
Finer, Horse Back, 71.

6. Politicization
Military Intervention in Politics
Moskowitz argues that the politicization may
be of two types, overt and induced. Overt
politicization occurs once the army gets
directly involved in the decision-making
processes,
whereas induced politicization arises as a
result of civil-military relations in a country.
Moskowitz, Content Analysis of Civilian and Military Journals,
13–15.

7. Military Intervention in Politics
Lack of Institutionalism and Economic Causes
Professor Robert Looney and Shahid Javed
Burki throw some light on military
interventions.
They argue that democracy failed in Pakistan
because politicians were not able to design a
set of institutions that could prevail over the
interests of the narrow elite.
Robert Looney, Failed Economic Take offs and Terrorism in Pakistan and
Budgetary Consequences of Defense Expenditures in Pakistan, 2004,

8. Military Intervention in Politics
External Influence
Scholars of military interventions are divided
over the role of external players or the
international environment in shaping the
local environment. Huntington, in Political
Order in Changing Societies argues that “no
convincing evidence exists of a correlation
between American military aid and military
involvement in politics.”
Huntington, Political Order, 193.

9. Military Intervention in Politics
External Influence
Scholars from developing countries see a
strong relationship between external
influences, such as military aid, which may
have an effect on military intervention.
Rizvi, Shuja Nawaz, and Ayesha Jalal argue
that the quest for modern technology
brought the military leadership closer to the
West. Ayesha says that the “U.S. role in
Pakistan directly encouraged the military
leaders to dominate their control over the
civilians.” Jalal, 6.

10. Military Intervention in Politics
External Influence
Shuja Nawaz stated that the U.S.-Pakistani
friendship, after independence, was “more
of civil to military rather than military to
military.”
Interplay of the regional, domestic, and
international factors are required to
understand. Both arguments hold merit
when it comes to understanding what
happened during the first coup.
Shuja, Crossed Swords, 98–101.

11. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
October 7, 1958
Iskandar Mirza abrogated the 1956
constitution, dismissed the central and
provincial governments and dissolved
assemblies.
Martial law was proclaimed and Ayub Khan
was appoint the CMLA.

12. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
Reforms by Ayub
Khan

13. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
ECONOMICAL REFORMS
Ayub Khan's era was known as the "decade of
development". As it saw a rapid growth for about
5.82%.
• Have no economic weapon to fight the battle of
recovery.
• No industries, no raw material and no significant
industrial commercial groups.
• The 1950's was the period of apparent stagnation
and mounting economic problem.
• Between (1958-62) Ayub khan introduce a number of
reforms that improve the economic condition of

14. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
ECONOMICAL REFORMS
• Economic Strategy
The commitment to rapid industrialization.
The benefits of economic growth would drop down
to the poorest segments of the society.
• Key Priority
To achieve rapid rates of economic growth and
price stability.
To develop the agricultural & industrial sector of
Pakistan.

15. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
AGRICULTURAL REFORMS
• Before Ayub Khan agriculture was badly
neglected.
• A series of reforms strengthened the agriculture
sector of Pakistan.
• Rural infrastructure was increased to improve to
improve the overall availability of irrigation
water & the amount of cultivated land.
• Agricultural development bank was established,
loans for farmers with low markup.

16. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
AGRICULTURAL REFORMS
1. The Green revolution characterized by the
introduction of high yielding rice & wheat. It
increased the growth rate by 6.3%.
2. The improved technology system in agriculture.
• Quality of seeds improved
• High yielding varieties of seeds
• Better Irrigation system.
• use of chemicals & pesticides
• Installation of tube wells.
Due to these factors the overall growth rate between
1959 and 1964 is 3.7% and between 1965 to 1970 it
becomes 6.3%

17. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
INDUSTRIAL REFORMS
• Focus on construction and development of
agriculture-based industries
• Priorities of Ayub’s administration was to
achieve the rapid rate of economic growth and
develop Pakistan’s industrial capacity
• Emphasize on private sector
• Removal of administrative control and price
stability to provide a macro economic
environment conducive to private investment

18. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
INDUSTRIAL REFORMS
• Among the major steps taken in the promotion of
industrialization were
i. Establishment of financial and development
corporations
ii. Industrial trading states
iii. Price controls
iv. Investment promotion bureau
v. Encouragement of private enterprises

19. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
Political reforms
Constitution of Pakistan (1962)
• The constitution of 1962 consist of 250 sections
and 3 schedules.
• Pakistan was declared Democratic Islamic
Republic.
• Urdu and bangali were declares two ntional
languages of Pakistan.

20. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
Political reforms
• 1965 War
Pakistan army started operation Gibraltar in
Kashmir and in the reaction of this Indian army
attacked Pakistan.
Pakistan army won the war by giving many
sacrifices.
• Tashkant treaty
This treaty was signed by Ayub Khan and Indian
prime minister. The aim of this treaty was to cease
fire in 1965 war.
The war between India and Pakistan was ended
after 17 days.

21. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
BASIC DEMOCRACY
• Ayub Khan issued an ordinance of Basic
Democracies on October 27, 1959 and introduced
the system of local goverments in Pakistan.
• The basic democracies system was designed to
accomplish multiple political objectives.
• It was expected both to mobilize the mass of the
people , especially for the rural areas to
development activities and to give them a sense of
active participation of local affairs.

22. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
BASIC DEMOCRACY ORGANIZATION
It was a four tiered hierarchical structure of
consisting
• The Union Council
• The Tehsil Council
• The District Council
• The Divisional Council

23. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
DOWNFALL OF AYUB KHAN
• Criticism Against Ayub khan
• Government corruption and nepotism
• Criticism of his son and his family’s personal
wealth
• Presidential elections against Fatima jinnah
• Gohar Ayub’s corruption
• Increasing price of sugar

24. 1st
Martial Law in Pakistan
BASIC DEMOCRACY ORGANIZATION
• Conclusion
• Man of great determination but lacking the
quality of listening others
• He always did what he though better in the light
of his experience
• His regime can be characterized with some
development but he could not maintain the
national harmony among the distant provinces
of pakistan