Social stratification

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
BY BRIG (PROF) HEMANT KUMAR
PROF & HOD
DEPTT OF COMM MEDICINE ,AJIMS,MANGALORE

Social Stratification
Social stratification is a term used in
the social sciences to describe the
relative social position of persons in a
given social group, category,
geographical region or other social unit.
42/17/2018

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
It derives from the Latin strātum (plural strata;
parallel, horizontal layers) referring to a given
society’s categorization of its people into rankings
of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like
wealth, income, social status, occupation and
power
2/17/2018 5

Stratification is the
division of society into
classes that have
unequal amounts of
wealth, power, and
prestige. In a stratified
society, inequality is part
of the social structure
and passes from one
generation to the next.
- Max Weber 62/17/2018

A system by which
a society ranks
categories of
people in a
hierarchy based
on their access to
scarce resources.

Definition
“Arrangement of any
social group or
society into hierarchy
of positions that are
unequal with regard
to power, property,
social evaluation and
psychic gratification” .
Melvin M.
Tumin,
2/17/2018 8

Social Stratification: Ancient
Times
Most ancient societies could be
divided into two large groups:
The “haves” and the “have-nots.”
The “haves,” of course, were the upper
classes, generally consisting of rulers,
nobles, and priests.The “have-nots” was
made up mostly of merchants, artisans, and
peasants.
In every ancient civilization, there was a
large slave class at the bottom of the social
structure
102/17/2018

ANCIENT EGYPT
 In ancient Egypt there were four social
 classes. At the top was the royal family, along
with a large number of nobles and priests.
 Next class was of professional soldiers,
 Middle class comprised of merchants, artisans,
and scribes .
 Lastly the peasants, who were mostly farmers.
And at the bottom, of course, were the slaves,
many of whom had been brought to Egypt as
prisoners of war.
112/17/2018

CHINA
 China had nothing resembling a caste system. At
the top, below the ruler, was a class of great
feudal lords who governed the land in his name.
 Next came a class of knightly gentry, or
landowners, who served at court and fought in the
armies of the feudal lords.
 At the bottom were the peasants on whose labor
everyone relied.
 Merchants and artisans, were not recognized as
belonging to any class. There was no class of
slaves.
122/17/2018

INDIA
 In early India, the society was
divided into three classes consisting of the
rich and powerful, a middle class of merchants
and farmers, and a lower class of workers and
slave.
 Around 1500 BC Aryans moved into northern
India from central Asia. They came into India
as , nomadic tribes led by warrior chieftains.
Over time, they settled down as rulers over the
native Dravidians and formed tribal
kingdoms. This lasted till Maurya Empire till
320 BC
132/17/2018

India ...
They gave re-birth to Urban
Civilisation and class and caste
system. There were some 3,000 sub-
castes, divided into four classes.
The first class consisted of Brahmans,
or priests, followed in order by the
nobles and warriors (Kshatriyas), the
merchants, farmers, and traders
(Vaishyas), and the Shudras.
142/17/2018

Contd...
At the very bottom of
Indian society was a
group not belonging to
any caste. They were
known as the
untouchables and
performed jobs
considered polluting,
such as that of
butchers or street
sweepers
152/17/2018

Global
stratification
162/17/2018

Global stratification
Is social stratification on a global
scale. Where social stratification
draws attention to inequalities
between smaller groups of people,
global stratification draws attention
to inequalities among all the
countries.
172/17/2018

THREE-WORLD MODEL
 For a long time, Americans used three
categories to stratify nations: first, second,
and third-world.
 The First World included the U.S. and other
capitalist nations . Communist nations made
up the Second World.Third World was
everyone else. So the categories were
originally based on political ideology.
182/17/2018

Global Stratification ......
 Global stratification categories today are high-
, middle-, and low-income countries.
 HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES
 Approximately 25% of the nations in the
world, hold most of the world's wealth. Three
examples are the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Japan
192/17/2018

Contd...
 MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES - the largest
proportion of the world's nations - about 42% -
falls into the middle-income category have
average income and a standard of living .
India, Egypt, and Mexico are examples of
middle-income countries.
 LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : This is third
category is which constitute people living with
limited resorces e.g.Bangladesh,Pakistan,and
Afghanistan etc..
202/17/2018

1. Property–associatedwith education, income and
occupation
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION is basedon
Three major premises
2. POWER – ability of one party to
affect the behavior of another party
3. PRESTIGE – thedistinction or reputation and
how people are subjectively evaluatedby others
2/17/2018 21

PROPERTY (WEALTH)
2/17/2018 23Forbes

LIST OF COUNTRIES BY
DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH.
2/17/2018 26

List of countries by distribution of
wealth- 2017
27
1. United States 25.4%
2. JAPAN 09.86%
3. CHINA 08.77%
4. U.K. 04.71
5. GERMANY 04.65%
6. ITALY 04.34
7. INDIA 04.14%
8. FRANCE 03.49%
9. RUSSIA 01.51%
2/17/2018

List of countries by GDP (nominal) 2017
Rank Country/Region GDP (Millions of US$)
World $126.69 trillion
1 United States 19,417.144
2 China 11,795.297
3 Japan 4,841.221
4 Germany 3,423.287
5 United kingdom 2,496.757
6 India 2,454.458
7 France 2,420.440
8 Brazil 2,140.940
9 Italy 1,807.425
10 Canada 1,600.265
282/17/2018

Richest Countries in the World in year 2017
RANK COUNTRY
Current International
Dollar (GDP based on
PPP per capita YEAR
2017in US ($)
1 Qatar 124,930
2 Luxembourg 109190
3 Singapore 90530
4 Brunei Darussalam 76,740
5. Ireland 72,630
6 Norway 70,590
7 Kuwait 69670
8 United Arab Emirates 68250
9 Switzerland 61360
10 Hong kong 61020
12. USA 59500
144 India 1850
292/17/2018

Lowest Per capita
180 Guinea 583
181 Mozambique 579
— Zanzibar 565
182 Guinea 532
183 Gambia, The 512
184 Guinea-Bissau 510
185 Eritrea 507
186 Central African Republic 483
187 Madagascar 447
188 Niger 395
189 Liberia 356
190 Malawi 322
191 Ethiopia 354
192 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 286
193 Burundi 343
302/17/2018

PRESTIGE
Ex-Defence Minister AK Antony
is the poorest minister, with
personal assets worth Rs 1.8
lakh.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine 2010 was awarded to Robert
G. Edwards "for the development of in
vitro fertilization".
Meira Kumari, the first woman Speaker of
Lok Sabha on 3 June 2009
2/17/2018 31

POWER
2/17/2018 32
Coercion
Authority

FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION:
1. It is a characteristic of
society, not simply a
reflection of individual
differences.
2. It persists over generations.
3. It is universal but variable.
4. It involves not just
inequality but beliefs.
2/17/2018 33

MAJOR SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION
Historically, four basic system of stratification
can be distinguished:
1. slavery,
2. caste,
3. Estates &
4. class.
Slavery is an extreme form of inequality, in
which certain people are owned as property
by others.
2/17/2018 34

SLAVERY SYSTEM
Reasons?
1) Birth
2) Consequence of
committing a crime
3) Military defeat
4) Indebtedness
5) Capture and sale
2/17/2018 35

Slavery..
 According to the British Anti-Slavery
Society, "Although there is no longer
any state which recognizes any claim by
a person to a right of property over
another, there are an estimated 27
million people throughout the world,
mainly children, in conditions of
slavery.”
2/17/2018 36

CASTE
• A caste system is a social system in
which ones social status is given for
life.
• Caste system is a closed system. A
person is born into a caste and
remains there for life.
2/17/2018 37

Contd...…
 India made it illegal to
discriminate on the basis of caste in 1949.
 Caste system remains strong in India
though the situation is changing .
 Caste also specifies the rituals people
perform i.e.marriages etc.
 The caste associations may establish
banks, schools, colleges, rest houses and
hospitals in the name and use in the field
of politics.
2/17/2018 38

ESTATES
Were part of European feudalism, but
also existed in many other traditional
civilisations.
2/17/2018 40

Estate System
The stratification system of
medieval Europe, consisting of
three estates -
a) Nobility – the wealthy and powerful families that
ruled the country and owned the land.
b) Clergy – the Roman Catholic Church was a
political power at this time, owning vast tracts of
land and collecting taxes from commoners.
c) Serfs – the commoners, including farmers,
carpenters, harness makers, and servants.
412/17/2018

Social class
 Segment of society
whose members hold
similar amounts of
resources and share
values, norms and an
identifiable lifestyle.
 Ownership of wealth
together with
occupation are chief
bases of class
differences.
432/17/2018

Classes differ from earlier forms of
stratification in four main respects
1. Class system are fluid.
2. Class positions are in some part achieved.
3. Class is economically based.
4. Class system are large scale and
impersonal
2/17/2018 44

RACE – biological attribution of
a group of people
transmitted from one
generation to another
OTHER BASES OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
ETHNICITY – a distinctive
social identity based on
unique cultural traits
- Majority Cultural Groups
-Minority Groups/Cultural
Communities
2/17/2018 45

GENDER – based on the personal
traits and social positions
that members of a society
attach to being male or female
AGE/AGING - can be examine according to 3
processes that affect people as they grow older
3 Processes
Biological
Psychological
Social
2/17/2018 46

DISENGAGEMENT
THEORY – states that
older adults withdraw from
personal relationships,
society and from their
common social roles
ACTIVITY THEORY –
proposes that successful
aging occurs when older
adults stay active and
maintain social
interactions
SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY
2/17/2018 47

Is the movement between or
within social classes. Its of
two Types
• Horizontal mobility refers
to movement within a social
class or stratum.
• Vertical mobility refers to
the movement between
social classes or strata.
SOCIAL MOBILITY
2/17/2018 48

Contd…
• There are two kinds
of vertical mobility:
• Intragenerational
mobility (within a
person’s lifetime)
• Intergenerational
mobility (several
generations of one
family)
492/17/2018

• Individual effort
• Technological change
• Change in merchandising
patterns
• Increase in population’s
general educational level
Causes of
Upward Mobility
SOCIAL MOBILITY
• Personal factors such as
illness, divorce, or
retirement
• Technological change
altering the demand for
labor
• Overall economic health
Causes of
Downward Mobility
2/17/2018 50

SOCIAL MOBILITY -????
Slavery System - possible
Caste System - impossible
Estate System - low but possible
Class System - possible and frequently
occurring
2/17/2018 51

THEORIES OF
SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
522/17/2018

 For both the social categories Marx
used the word “ class” which is
defined in terms of the ownership
and non ownership of the means of
production.
 Thus, class is a social group whose
members share a similar
relationship to the means of
production.
552/17/2018

Contd..
• Marx believes that those who
own the means of production also
exercises political and legal power-
Ruling class.
• Service class- it has to abide by the
laws that the ruling class creates to
protect its interest.
• Marx says that the ideas prevalent in
a given society at a given point of time
are in fact ideas of dominant class.
2/17/2018 56

 According to Marx, the last stage of
class divided society would be
capitalism, where conflict would
take place between ruling and
service class.
 Which would culminate in a society
where there would be no classes.
This society is called the communist
society.
2/17/2018 57

Communism FAILED!
This was because of lack of help from
most people and increase in greed.
(5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher,
sociologist , economic historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist
who developed the socio-political theory of Marxism
582/17/2018

MAX WEBERS THEORY
 Weber believes that besides
class, there are two other
forms namely status and
power.
 The individuals skills determine
his class, which is dependent
upon the market. People who
have no ownership of property but
have skills that are much needed
by the market have good chance
to survive. 2/17/2018 59

INDICATORS OF
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
POSITION
612/17/2018

1. EDUCATION
• Education can be measured as a
continuous variable or categorical
variable.
• Strong determinant of future
employment and income.
• The knowledge and skills attained
through education may affect a
person’s cognitive functioning.
2/17/2018 62

Contd...
Strengths
 Education is comparatively easy to
measure in self administered
questionnaires.
Limitations
 The meaning of educational level varies
for different Cohorts.
 Education outside the country of
residence.
2/17/2018 63

2. INCOME
• Most directly measures the material
resources component.The
mechanisms through which income
could affect health are:
• Buying access to better quality
material
• Allowing access to services, which
may improve health directly.
• Fostering self esteem and social
standing. 2/17/2018 64

limitations...
 Personal income is a sensitive issue
and people may be reluctant to provide
such information.
 Do not share all of their income with the
rest of the household.
 income is variable daily, weekly, or
seasonally.
2/17/2018 65

OCCUPATION
 Occupation is strongly related to
income
 Easier access to better health care,
access to education, and residential
facilities.
 Occupation may also reflect specific
toxic environmental or work task
exposures such as physical demands
2/17/2018 66

Limitations........
 Cannot be readily assigned to
people who are not currently
employed.
2/17/2018 67

HOUSING CONDITIONS AND AMENITIES
Strength
• They are comparatively easy to collect
2/17/2018 68

Limitations
• These indicators may be specific to
the geographical context where they
were developed and thus be difficult to
compare across studies.
2/17/2018 69

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE
Several methods or scales have been proposed for
classifying different populations by socioeconomic
status in India.
1. Rahudkar scale 1960
2. B G prasad 1961
3. Udai Parikh scale 1964
4. Jalota Scale 1970
5. Pareek & Kulshrestha scale 1972
6. Kuppuswamy scale 1976
7. Shrivastava scale 1978.
8. Bharadwaj scale 2001
9. Hollingshed (USA)
2/17/2018 70

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE (RURAL)
By Udai Pareek (1964)
 This scale has nine parameters which
assess the socio-economic status of the
individual:-
1. Caste
2. Occupation
3. Education
4. Social participation
5. Land
6. House
7. Farm powers
8. Material possession and
712/17/2018

Udai Pareek SES Scale ( 2016)
1. Caste :Schedule Caste -1, Lower caste -2 ,Artisan Caste -3 ,Agriculture – 4,
Prestige Caste -5,Dominant Caste -6
2. Occupation: None=0, Labor=1, Caste occupation=2, Business=3, independent
profession=4, cultivation=5, Service=6 .
3. Education: Illiterate=0, Can read only=1, Can read and write=2, Primary=3,
Middle=4, High school=5, Graduate=6 ,Above graduate = 7
4. Social Participation: None=0, Member of one organization=1, Member of more
than one organization=2, Office holder=3, Wider public leader=4
5. Land: 0= no land, 1= < 1 acre, 2= 1-5 acres, 3= 5-10 acres, 4= 10-15 acres,
5= 15-20 acres, 6= >20 acres
6. House: No home=0, Hut=1, Katcha house=2, Mixed house=3, Pucca
house=4, Mansion=5
7. Farm power: No drought animal=1, 1- 2drought animals = 2 , 3-4 drought
animals = 4; 5-6 drought animals = 6
8. Material Possession: Bullock-cart=0, Cycle=1, Radio=2, Chairs=3, Mobile
Phone=4, Television= 5, Refrigerators=6
9. Family Type: Single=1, Joint=2, Extended= 3, Size: Up to 5=2, Distinctive
features=2
722/17/2018

Score
 The reliability of the scale was found
to be very high(r = 0.93).
 Total score Social class
 Above 43 Upper Class (I)
 33-42 Upper Middle Class (II)
 24-32 Middle Class (III)
 13-23 Lower Middle Class (IV)
 Below 13 Lower Class (V)
732/17/2018

The Hollingshead Four Factor SES
Scale
The Hollingshead Four Factor Index of
Socioeconomic Status is a survey designed
to measure social status of an individual
based on four domains:
a) Marital status,
b) Retired/employed status,
c) Educational attainment,
d) Occupational prestige.
742/17/2018

2/17/2018 75
MODIFIED BG PRASAD’S
CLASSIFICATION -2018
1961 Jan 2018
I Rs 100 and above Rs> 6528
II Rs 50-99 Rs>3264-6527
III Rs 30-49 Rs 1959-3263
IV Rs 15-29 Rs 979-1958
V Below Rs 15 Below Rs 978
They have been calculated as: New income
value = 2.86 × (old value × 4.63 × 4.93).
(All-India Average CPI for Industrial Workers in
Jan 2018 = 286)

Contd..
Strength
• The advantage with BG Prasad's classification is that
it takes into consideration only the income as a
variable and is easy to calculate and it is applicable
both for urban and rural families.
Limitation
• As price index value will be updated at frequent
intervals there is need for simultaneous updating of
this socio-economic classification and this is a
limitation.
• Single Variable
• People are reluctant to reveal their income.
2/17/2018 76

KUPPUSWAMY REVISED SCALE
2018
A)EDUCATION OF HEAD SCORE
1.Post-graduate or professional degree 7
2.Graduate degree 6
3.Higher secondary certificate 5
4.High school certificate 4
5.Middle school certificate 3
6.Literate, less than Middle school certificate 2
7.Illiterate 1
B)Occupation of Head Score
1.Professional 10
2.Semi-Professional 6
3.Arithmetic skill jobs 5
4.Skilled worker 4
5.Semi-skilled worker 3
6.Unskilled worker 2
7.Unemployed 1
2/17/2018 77

2/17/2018 78
(C) Monthly family income Jan 2018 (INR)
7. ≥ 44109
6. > 22055 – 44108
5. >16541 – 22054
4. >11027 – 16540
3. >6616 – 11026
2. >2228 – 6615
1. ≤ 2227
Total Score Socioeconomic class
26–29 Upper (I)
16–25 Upper Middle (II)
11–15 Middle/Lower middle (III)
5–10 Lower/Upper lower (IV)
<5 Lower (V)
Current income groups = Original family income groups of Kuppuswamy
(1976) X current consumer price index X 0.0735 (multiplication factor).
* CPI of Jan 2018 =286

Kuppuswamy classification….
Strengths
• Multiple indicators.
Limitations
• Only urban population.
• As AICPI value will be updated at frequent
intervals there is need for simultaneous
updating of all socio-economic classifications
which consider income as a parameter.
• Highest level of income which is shown by
Kuppuswamy is also inconsistent across
various economic groups in the present time.
• Total family income and not per capita
income is considered.
2/17/2018 79

THE WEALTH INDEX
The NFHS-3 wealth index is based on
the following 33 assets and housing
characteristics and is a composite measure of
a household's cumulative living standard.
The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-
collect data on a household's ownership of
selected assets, such as televisions and
bicycles; materials used for housing
construction; and types of water access and
sanitation facilities.
802/17/2018

Contd....
• Uses information on 33 household
assets and housing characteristics, such as
ownership of consumer items, type of
dwelling, source of water, and availability of
electricity etc..
 Combines this information into a single
wealth index, using a scientific method of
assigning weights to individual components
 The household population is divided into five
equal groups of 20% each (quintiles) at the
national level from 1 (lowest, poorest) to 5
(highest, wealthiest)
2/17/2018 81

Wealth index variables NFHS-3
2/17/2018 82

Contd....
STRENGTH
• Multiple indicators. The wealth index is
particularly valuable in countries that lack
reliable data on income and
expenditures, which are the traditional
indicators used to measure household
economic status.
Limitations
• Income not included as indicators.
• Not revised after 1964.
• So not applicable to current time.
2/17/2018 83

POVERTY IN INDIA
 India has two things in abundance:
People and Poverty! We can also call it
PRC – poverty rich country!
 There are poor everywhere – one-third
of world’s poor live here. Add to this the
poor of Pakistan and Bangladesh and
you can discover almost half of global
poverty only in this region of South Asia
852/17/2018

2/17/2018 86
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/infograp
hic/2016/05/27/india-s-poverty-profile

ABSOLUTE POVERTY VS RELATIVE
POVERTY
• Under absolute poverty certain minimum basic standards of
living are defined and people living below these standards are
termed in policy as poor or below poverty line.
• This is done by determining a poverty line basket and
calculating monetary figure of that basket (as in India), which
varies across countries.
• In contrast relative poverty is measured in relation to rich
people of the country. In this method certain percentage of
economically bottom population is always considered below
poverty line.
• In these countries BPL people may have all basic amenities
and reasonable standard of living, but as their incomes are far
below national per capita income they get support of
government.
• Argument that India should focus on absolute poverty need no
further elaboration, given such low consumption of vast part of
population which NSSO and various other studies reveal.
88

POVERTY LINE BASKET
 Determining composition of the basket is among most
debated part of the issue. To make a living people
consume innumerable items.
 Apart from food; housing, fuel, health, education,
communication, conveyance, entertainment/ recreations
are the things which are important.
 It was believed that 2400 kcal in rural areas and 2100
Kcal in urban areas was sufficient to give good nutritious
health to citizens.
 In this sense, number or percentage of people below
poverty line and those of under or mal-nourished people,
should be roughly same.
 But it is known that under-nutrition is more rampant and
widespread than poverty and outscores ratio of BPL
people by huge margin.
2/17/2018 89

NEW POVERTY LINE : JULY 2014
 Rs 32 in villages, Rs 47 in cities Those
spending over Rs 32 a day in rural areas
and Rs 47 in towns and cities should not be
considered poor, an expert panel headed by
former RBI governor C Rangarajan.
 60% of the poor still reside in the states of
Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh,
Chattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and
Uttarakhand.
902/17/2018

REPORT BY RANGARAJAN
COMMITTEE
 The latest report by Rangarajan committee
has added almost 100 million more people
to the list of poor
 The Rangarajan report has added 93.7
million more to the list of the poor
assessed last year as per the Suresh
Tendulkar committee formula. Now the
total number of poor has reached 363
million from 269 million in 2011-12.
912/17/2018

No. of Rural
poor
No. of urban
poor
Total
Percent of
poor
Rangarajan
Committee
260.5 million 102.5 million 363 million 29.5
Tendulkar
committee
216.5 million 52.8 million 269 million 21.9%
Difference 44 million 49.7 million 93.7 million
922/17/2018

Contd...
 The methods also included on
certain normative levels of adequate
nourishment, clothing, house rent,
conveyance, education .
 It also considered average requirements of
calories, protein and fats based on ICMR
norms differentiated by age and gender.
932/17/2018

Contd...
 This means 29.5% of the India
population lives below the poverty line
as defined by the Rangarajan
committee
942/17/2018

BELOW POVERTY LINE
Extreme poverty, absolute poverty, destitution, or
penury, was originally defined by the United Nations in
1995 as "a condition characterized by severe
deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe
drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter,
education and information.
International Criteria
People living below a poverty line don't have
enough to meet their basic needs. Countries
typically define national poverty lines. International
extreme poverty line is < $1.90 per day.
2/17/2018 95
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/201
7/04/14/what-are-poverty-lines

Extreme poverty
 Absolute poverty rates, based on 2011 constant PPP international dollar,
according to The World Bank in 2014.According to World Bank's revised
estimates for extreme poverty coupled with regional economic development,
extreme poverty rates have fallen significantly in China and India. In other
countries, extreme poverty has increased per 2011 benchmarks compared to
2005 benchmarks.
962/17/2018

97http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml2/17/2018

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
AND HEALTH
 Poverty and poor health worldwide
are inextricably linked. The causes of
poor health for millions globally are
rooted in poor socioeconomic
conditions.
 Poverty is both a cause and a
consequence of poor health.
982/17/2018

Contd..
 Poverty increases the chances of
poor health. Poor health in turn
traps communities in poverty.
 Infectious and neglected tropical
diseases kill and weaken millions
of the poorest and most vulnerable
people each year
992/17/2018

MAIN EFFECTS OF POVERTY
Malnutrition is the most common effect of
poverty is malnutrition.This is especially
seen in children of poor families. People
living in poverty rarely have access to highly
nutritious foods.
Health. One of the most severe effects of
poverty are the health effects that are
almost always present. Diseases are very
common in people living in poverty because
they lack the resources to maintain a
healthy living environment.
1002/17/2018

 Education.Education is largely affected by
poverty. Many people living in poverty are
unable to attend school from a very early
age.
 Economy.Among the effects of poverty
includes its impact on the economy of the
country. Mainly, the number of people living
in poverty influences employment rates
heavily. Without an education, people are
unlikely to find a paying job.
1012/17/2018

Social effects. Many people living in
poverty are homeless, which puts them on
the streets. There is also a connection
between poverty and crime.
 When people are unemployed and
homeless and have nothing and no
money to buy necessities, they may be
forced to turn to theft in order to survive.
1022/17/2018

BENEFITS TO BPL
CARD HOLDERS
1032/17/2018

ANTYODAYA ANNA YOJANA” (AAY)
 To make TPDS more focused towards the
poorest of the poor category of the
population, AAY “was launched in
December 2014 to provide wheat and
Rice @ Rs. 2 & 3 per kg (Total 35Kg).
 The States/UTs are required to bear the
distribution cost, including margin to
dealers.
1042/17/2018

AAY - GUIDELINES
Landless agriculture labourers, marginal
farmers, rural artisans/craftsmen, such
as potters, tanners, weavers,
blacksmiths, carpenters, slum dwellers
and persons earning their livelihood on
daily basis in the informal sector like
porters, coolies, rickshaw pullers in both
rural and urban areas.
1052/17/2018

 Households headed by widows or
terminally ill persons/disabled
persons/persons aged 60 years or
more with no societal support
 All primitive tribal households.
 Eligible BPL, families of HIV positive
persons in the AAY list of on priority.
1062/17/2018

Karnataka
1. Green cards and yellow are
cards issued to BPL families who
are living in rural areas and urban slums
2. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) cards are
issued to the poorest of the poor families
who are living in rural area and urban slums.
3. Saffron cards are issued to APL families
living in rural areas and photo cards are
issued to APL families living in urban areas.
1092/17/2018

Contd...
3. For BPL card holders, government provide
1 kg sugar per member
35 kg Rice
5 litres kerosene OIL per member
10 litres kerosene oil for 2 to 3 members
15 litres kerosene oil for more than 3 members
3 litres kerosene oil for a single gas connection holder
1102/17/2018

OTHER BENEFITS TO BPL CARD
HOLDERS ..........
1. The Citizen can with draw 1000/- rupees
credit for a year, where he has to pay
the MONEY back to the government with the
minimum interest rate. If there are late
payments made, all the benefits will be
withdrawn and you cannot further use the
card.
2. BPL card holders can utilize the following
schemes:
> Housing
> Employment
> Small Value Individual Scheme
1112/17/2018

CONCLUSION
 Although many societies worldwide have
made great strides toward more equality
between The “haves” and the “have-nots
in terms of the standard of living and life
chances.
 Still there are large gaps between the
wealthiest and the poorest within a nation
and between the wealthiest and poorest
nations of the world.
2/17/2018 113

Contd....
A January 2014 Oxfam report indicates
that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the
world have a combined wealth equal
to that of the bottom 50% of the
world's population, or about 3.5 billion
people.
1142/17/2018

 Scarce and unequally distributed
resources are the main stratifying factors
and are responsible for huge sufferings for
those “have nots”
 Poverty is not an accident. Like slavery
and apartheid ; it is man-made and can
only be removed by the actions of human
beings.(-Nelson Mandela)
2/17/2018 115

REFERENCES
1. WHO.Poverty.http://www.who.int/topics/poverty/en/
2. Park k. Preventive and social medicine. 22nd edition.
2013.
3. Community Medicine with Recent Advances by
Suryakantha, A.H. 3rd edition.2014.
4. Lal S. Textbook of community Medicine. 3nd
edition(Revised) ; 2014.
5. B.G. PRASAD’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
SCALE – REVISION FOR 2014. The Scientific
Journal for Theory and Practice of Socio-economic
Development 2014, 3(6): 351-354 .
6. KUPPUSWAMY’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
SCALE – A REVISION OF ECONOMIC PARAMETER
FOR 2012.
2/17/2018 118

7. Bruna G. Indicators of socioeconomic position. J Epidemiol
Community Health 2006;60:7–12
8. Agarwal AK. Social classification: The Need to Update in
the present Scenario. IJCM; Jan –Mar; vol 33: Number 1.
9. NFHS- 3 Key findings. Ministry of Health and Family
welfare. GOI; 2005-06. Grusky, David B. (2011). "Theories
of Stratification and Inequality". In Ritzer, George and J.
Michael Ryan (eds.). The Concise Encyclopedia of
Sociology. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 622–624.
10. http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/society/short-essay-on-
indian-social-stratification-system-376-words/4092/.
11. http://study.com/academy/lesson/global-stratification-
definition-differences-in-income-levels-and-poverty.html.
12. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Socioeconomic status.
http:// en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ Socioeconomic _status.
1192/17/2018

13. O.P. Aggarwal, S.K. Bhasin, A.K. Sharma, P. Chhabra, K.
Aggarwal, .P. Rajoura. A New Instrument (Scale) for
Measuring the Socioeconomic Status of a Family:
Preliminary Study. Indian Journal of Community Medicine.
Vol. 30, No. 4 (2005-10 - 2005-12).
14. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.Social stratification.
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_stratification.
15. Inequalities in Health in India: the methodological
construction of indices and measures. / Davey Smith, G;
Gordon, D; Kelly, M; Nandy, S; Subramanian, SV. UK
Department for International Development, 2008.Research
output: Book/Report.
16. NancyE.AdlerandKatherine Newman. Inequality in
education, income, and occupation exacerbates the gaps
between the health “haves” and “have-nots.” ©2009 HOPE–
ThePeople-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.
1202/17/2018

17. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. List of countries by
distribution of wealth. http://en. wikipedia. org/ wiki
/List of countries by distribution of wealth.
18. http://tec-sep.blogspot.in/2013/03/social-stratification.
html.
19. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia List of countries by
income equality. http://en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/ List of
countries by income equality.
20. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jan/19/glo
bal-wealth-oxfam-inequality-davos-economic-summit-
switzerland
21. Giddens A. Sociology. 6th edition; 2011.
22. Adler NE & Newman K. 2007. Socioeconomic Dispari
ties In Health: Pathways and Policies. Health Affairs,
21(2):6076.
1212/17/2018

23. Tulika Singh , Sanju Sharma , Seetharamiah Nagesh. Socio
conomic status scales updated for 2017. International Journal of
Research in Medical Sciences . Int J Res Med Sci. 2017 Jul;5
(7):3264-3267 www.msjonline.org.
24. Zakirhusain Shaikh*, Rambha Pathak. Revised Kuppuswamy
and B G Prasad socio-economic scales for 2016 . Int J
Community Med Public Health. 2017 Apr;4(4):997-999
http://www.ijcmph.com.
25. Kuppuswamy's SES Scale for 2018.
http://scaleupdate.weebly.com/.Accessed on 17.02.2018.
26. BG Prasad's socioeconomic scale for 2018. http://prasadscale
update. weebly.com/. Accessed on 17.02.2018.
27. These Are the Richest Countries in the World. http://fortune.com
/2017/11/17 /richest -country-in-the-world/. Accessed on
17.02.2018.
28. List of Countries by Projected GDP per capita.
http://statisticstimes.com /economy /countries-by-projected-gdp-
capita.php. Accessed on 17.02.2018.
29. Poverty line and its associated concepts and issues. http://www.
the hansindia.com /posts/index/Hans/2017-05-15Accessed on2/17/2018 122

Social stratification

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Social stratification

Similar to Social stratification (20)

More from Dr.Hemant Kumar

More from Dr.Hemant Kumar (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Social stratification