population medicine has been referred to as hygiene, public health, preventive medicine, social medicine or community medicine. All these aim for promotion of health and prevention of disease.

1. POPULATION
MEDICINE
1

2. POPULATION MEDICINE
Knowledge about human health and disease is the
contributions of a large number of disciplines i.e.
(a) basic sciences (b) clinical sciences, and (c)
population medicine.
The basic sciences (e.g., biochemistry, physiology,
microbiology) are primarily sited in laboratories;
Clinical activities are carried out in hospitals, and
Population medicine in the community.
2

3. Contd..
• For Example T.B. - The basic sciences
are concerned with tubercle bacilli; the
clinical sciences with the treatment of
tuberculosis in the individual, and
population medicine with prevention and
control of tuberculosis in the community .
• All these approaches are highly
interrelated
3

4. POPULATION
MEDICINE??
4

5. • In the past , population medicine has been
referred to as hygiene, public health, preventive
medicine, social medicine or community
medicine. All these aim for promotion of health
and prevention of disease.
• Each has originated at a different time, and each
has introduced a new direction to health care.
• So there should be little expectation that
definitions can be other than arbitrary and
imprecise.
5

6. POPULATION MEDICINE ??
• Is defined as “…the specific activities of the
Health care system that, by themselves or in
collaboration with partners, promote
population health beyond the goals of care
of the individuals treated.”
• But how a health care organization, whose day-
today work is closely tied to clinical practice, can
also take action on the broader determinants of
health??
6

7. POPULATION
HEALTH??
7

8. Population health refers to “the health
of a population as measured by health
indicators and as influenced by social,
economic, and physical environments,
personal health practices, individual
capacity and coping skills, human
biology, early childhood development,
and health services”.
8

9. As an approach, population health
focuses on “ interrelated conditions and
factors that influence the health of
population.
It identifies systematic variations in their
patterns of occurrence, and applies the
resulting knowledge to develop and
implement policies and actions to
improve the health of populations”
9

10. HYGIENE
• The world "hygiene" is derived from
Hygeia, the goddess of health in
Greek mythology. She is represented
as a beautiful woman holding in her
hand a bowl from which a serpent is
drinking. In Greek mythology, the
serpent testifies the art of healing which
symbol is retained even today.
10

11. DEFINITION
Hygiene is
defined as "the
science of
health and
embraces all
factors which
contribute to
healthful living".
11

12. HYGIENE – COMMON
ELEMENTS
• Personal hygiene
• Environmental hygiene
Personal
hygiene
Environmental
hygiene

13. PERSONAL HYGIENE -
DEFINITION
Personal hygiene may be described as the
principle of maintaining cleanliness and
grooming of the external body.
Failure to keep up a standard of hygiene
can have many implications. Not only is
there an increased risk of getting an
infection or illness, but there are many
social and psychological aspects that can
be affected.

14. COMPONENTS OF PERSONAL
HYGIENE?
Regular Routine of Personal Care
Washing and Grooming of
 Hair
Face and Skin
 Teeth
 Ears
 Hands
Nails
 Feet

15. PUBLIC HEALTH:
Winslow defined as “The science and art of
preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting health through organized
community efforts".
Efforts are
1. - control of infection.
2. - Sanitation.
3. - Health education.
4. - Provision of health care service.
15

16. 16
Contd….
• Deals with maintenance &
improvement of sanitation,
cleanliness and personal hygiene.
• Largely matter of sanitation- like
proper disposal of waste, provision of
safe water, safe food, AND OVER-
ALL SAFE ENVIRONMENT.

17. Contd…
• Public health includes all organized measures to
prevent disease, promote health, and prolong
life among the population as a whole. Its
activities aim to provide conditions in which
people can be healthy and focus on entire
populations, not on individual patients or
diseases.
• THUS, PUBLIC HEALTH IS CONCERNED
WITH THE “TOTAL SYSTEM AND NOT ONLY
THE ERADICATION OF A PARTICULAR
DISEASE”.

18. PIONEERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
 James Lind -control trial for scurvy.
 Edward Jenner -small pox vaccination.
 Robert Koch-under standing of cause
/epidemiology.
 John Snow: Cause of Cholera out breaks
 Louis Pasteur: Germ theory of Disease
(1873)
18

19. Measures …
• The span of public health is to
look at some notable public health
campaigns:
1. Vaccination and control of infectious
diseases
2. Safer and healthier foods
3. Safe drinking water
4. Healthier mothers and babies and
access to family planning
5. Decline in deaths from coronary heart
disease and stroke
6. Recognition of tobacco use as a health
hazard.
7. Motor-vehicle safety

20. PUBLIC HEALTH MODEL(PHM)
• A model that addresses Public health problems
in a comprehensive way.
• It considers human factors, source of harm, the
environment, identifies causes and suggests
possible interventions.
• The public health model takes a population
approach to health promotion and disease
prevention.

21. Public health model focuses not only on
traditional areas of diagnosis, treatment, and
etiology, but also on
1. Epidemiologic surveillance of the
health of the population at large,
2. Health promotion,
3. Disease prevention, and
4. Access to and evaluation of services
Contd…

22. 22

23. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
• “Art and science of health promotion and
disease prevention”. By definition
preventive medicine is applied to “healthy”
people.
• Preventive medicine focuses on the health
of individuals, communities, and defined
populations. Its goal is to protect, promote,
and maintain health and well-being and to
prevent disease, disability, and death.
23

24. SOCIAL MEDICINE
• Defined as “The study of man in his
social environment and social
factors affecting health and disease”.
• Jules Guerin –first used this term
and, importance of social factors in
the etiology of disease was stressed.
24

25. • It is concerned with all the factors affecting
the health in population, including the use
of health services.
• Social medicine is not a new branch of
medicine, but rather an extension of the
public health idea reflecting the strong
relationship between medicine and social
sciences.
25

26. COMMUNITY
MEDICINE ??
26

27. COMMUNITY MEDICINE
With the development of epidemiology as
a new discipline and a practical tool in
the planning, provision and evaluation of
health services, interest in social medicine
began to wane.
In 1968, the Report of the Royal
Commission on Medical Education {Todd
Report) for the first time referred to a term
called "community medicine"
27

28. Contd..
• It is the successor of what has been
previously known as public health, preventive
medicine, social medicine and community
health.
• Since community medicine is a recent
introduction, it has borrowed heavily from the
concepts, approaches and methods of public
health, preventive medicine and social
medicine.
28

29. 29
Contd….
• MCI in1992 recommended this term.
• Based on the principle…
“prevention is better than cure”
• Prevention is also…..
1. -simpler than cure
2. -safer than cure
3. -cheaper than cure
4. -easier than cure

30. DEFINITION OF
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Branch of medicine which deals with
the preventive, promotive & curative
services, through organized
community efforts.
Aim is to achieve “Health For All”
30

31. 31
• In other words Community Medicine is “Study of
health & diseases in population of a defined
community with an aim to:-
 - To identify health problems & needs.
(Community Diagnosis)
 - To plan & implement measures.
(community health care/ services)
 - To evaluate extent of effectiveness
( health care evaluation)
Contd…

32. ULTIMATE
GOAL OF CM??
32

33. 1.to prevent the disease.
2. to promote the health.
3. to prolong the life. 33