3. SOCIALACTION
is the individual or group behavior that involves interaction with other
individuals or groups.
For example
When the passengers collectively push the bus to get it started it is called social
action.
The people build a dam around a village to save it from floods.
A leader of a village gets the people motivated towards building a mosque. The
people collect contribution and the mosque is built.
Delivering speech, raising slogans, leading a procession and holding out
banners.
4. DEFINITION
1. According to Philip Kotler, “ Social action is defined as an
understanding of collective action to mitigate or resolve a social
problem.”
2. According to Max Weber, “An Action is social if the acting
individual takes account of the behavior of others and is thereby
oriented in its course.”
5. SOCIAL INTERACTION
In sociology, social interaction is a dynamic, changing sequence of
social actions between individuals or groups.
A social interaction is an exchange between two or more individuals
and is a building block of society.
Definition
According to Dawson and Gettys, “Social Interaction is a process by
which men interpenetrate the minds of each other.”
According to Merrill, “Social-interaction is the general process
whereby two or more persons are in a meaningful contact, as a result of
which their behavior is modified however slightly.”
6. FORMS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
1. Between individual to individual
2. Between individual and group
3. Between groups and groups
7. SOCIAL PROCESSES
Social processes are the ways in which individuals and groups
interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships and
pattern of behaviour which are again modified through social
interactions.
Without social interaction social processes is not possible, Social
interaction usually takes place in the forms of cooperation,
competition, conflict, accommodation and assimilation. These
forms of social interaction are called “social processes”
8. MEANING OF SOCIAL PROCESS
Social processes refer to forms of social interaction that occur
repeatedly. By social processes we mean those ways in which
individuals and groups interact and establish social relationships
9. Classifications of Social Process
Dissociative / disjunctive Process
Associative / Conjunctive Process
10. 1. Associative / Conjunctive Process
Co-operation
1. Direct Co-operation
2. Indirect Co-operation
3. Primary Co-operation
4. Secondary Co-operation
5. Tertiary Co-operation
Accommodation
Assimilation
2. Dissociative / Disjunctive Process
Competition
1. Personal Competition
2. Impersonal Competition
3. Cultural Competition
4. Social Competition
Conflict
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Types/forms of social processes
1:Co-operation
Cooperation is one of fundamental processes of social life. It is a
form of social process in which two or more individuals or groups
work together jointly to achieve common goals. Cooperation is
the form of social interaction in which all participants benefit by
attaining their goals.
According to Merrill, “Cooperation is a form of social interaction
wherein two or more persons work together to gain a common
end”.
12. Types of Co-operation
Cooperation is of different types. Maclver and Page have divided cooperation into two
main types namely, (i) Direct Cooperation (ii) Indirect Cooperation.
Direct Cooperation
Under direct cooperation may be included all those activities in which people do like
things together. For example, playing together, working together, carrying a load
together.
This type of cooperation is voluntary e.g., cooperation between husband and wife, teacher
and student, master and servant etc.
13. Indirect Cooperation
Under indirect cooperation are included those activities in which people do unlike tasks
together towards a common end. For example, when carpenters, plumbers and masons
cooperate to build a house. This cooperation is based on the principle of the division of
labour
14. Role of Co-operation
Co-operation is the most elementary form of social process without which society
cannot exist. Co-operation is the foundation of our social life. For human beings its
both a psychological and social necessity. It is needed at every step in our life. If one
does not cooperate with others, he is left to live a solitary life. Cooperation helps
society to progress. Progress can better be achieved through united action.
15. 2 .Competition
Competition is one of the dissociative from of social processes. It is actually the most
fundamental form of social struggle. It occurs whenever there is an insufficient supply
of anything that human beings desire, in sufficient in the sense that all cannot have as
much of it as they wish. But people compete for power, name, fame, glory, status,
money, luxuries and other things which are not easily available.
16. Forms of competition
o Personal and impersonal competition
o Cultural competition
o Social competition
Personal competition
In this competition, the competitions are well known to each other personally.
Competition between the two students in a class-room or competition between two
players in a particular game is the bright example of personal competition.
17. Impersonal competition
Impersonal competition, on the other hand, takes place among the groups not among the
individuals. In this competition, the competitors compete with one another not one
personal level but as members of groups such as business, social and cultural groups.
Cultural competition
Cultural competition is found among different cultures. It occurs when two or more
cultures try to establish their superiority over others.
18. Social Competition
Social competition is mainly found in modern societies.
It is the basic feature of present day world. For
acquiring a high status, popularity, name and fame in
society people compete with each other. Social
competition plays a vital role in the determination of
individual’s status in society.
19. Conflict in sociology is a process or situation in which
two or more human beings or groups seek actively to
threat each other purposes.
The distinction between competition and conflict has
already been indicated. Both are forms of interaction,
but competition is a struggle between individuals, or
groups of individuals, who are not necessarily in contact
and communication; while conflict is a contest in which
contact is an indispensable condition.
Conflict
20. Accommodation is social adaptation it is the process by
which the individuals and groups make the necessary
internal adjustments to social situations which have been
created by competition and conflict. E.g. War and
elections change situations.
Assimilation is the process whereby persons and groups
acquire the culture of other group in which they come to
live, by adopting its attitudes and values, its patterns of
thinking and behaving, in short, its way of life.
21. Co-operation is the basic form of human interaction in
which men strive jointly with each other for a good
goal. Competition as a form of interaction occurs when
two or more persons or groups struggle for some goal.
Conflict takes the form of emotionalized and violent
opposition in which the major concern is to overcome
the opponent as a means of securing a given goal or
reward.
Co-operation, Conflict and Competition, Interrelations
