This document discusses the evolution of the concept of poverty from a focus on poverty to social exclusion. It outlines Amartya Sen's role in developing the concept of social exclusion and defines it as the inability to participate in the life of a community. The document also examines the forms and causes of social exclusion, including physical exclusion, economic exclusion, and discrimination. Finally, it proposes some approaches for addressing social exclusion such as empowering excluded groups, creating inclusive spaces, and structural policy adjustments.

1. Poverty as Social Exclusion Amartya Sen and the Evolution of the Concept of Poverty Leland Joseph R. de la Cruz Director, Development Studies Program

2. References Sen, Amartya (2000). Social Exclusion: Concept, Application and Scrutiny. Manila: Asian Development Bank Rodger, Gore and Figueredo (1995). Rhetoric, Reality, Responses. Geneva: International Institute for Labor Studies.

3. Unemployment and Exclusion Skill loss: unlearning by not doing Loss of bargaining power Loss of self-esteem, self-confidence Psychological harm and misery Ill-health and mortality Disruptive of human relations Discouragement Breeds cynicism

4. Social Exclusion as a Universal Concept Poverty as a Third World phenomenon; social exclusion as a global phenomenon. Multiple sectors can be considered excluded.

5. Excluded Sectors Poverty groups Women Disabled

6. Social Exclusion Inability to participate in the life of a community.

7. Forms of Exclusion Physical/ Geographic Exclusion Economic Exclusion “Structural” Exclusion Discrimination Legal/ Political Exclusion “Cultural” Exclusion

8. Social Exclusion Social Exclusion is a form of poverty Social Exclusion is a cause of poverty

10. Cause of Poverty To be excluded is to be deprived of access to: A source of entitlements A source of information A mechanism for reducing transactions costs

11. Addressing Social Exclusion Awareness and sensitivity Empowerment of excluded groups Creating spaces for inclusion Structural adjustments

12. Addressing Social Exclusion Awareness and Sensitivity For cultural exclusion: recognition and celebration of differences, efforts at translation Empowerment of excluded groups Cultural empowerment Organizing work

13. Addressing Social Exclusion Creating spaces for inclusion Improving communications, access to information Creating spaces for political participation Creating shared cognitive spaces Democratizing benefits Structural Adjustments Adjusting program design Legislation

14. Poverty as Social Exclusion Amartya Sen and the Evolution of the Concept of Poverty Leland Joseph R. de la Cruz Director, Development Studies Program