THIS PPT SPEAKS ABOUT SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND INCLUSIVE POLICY IN INDIA AS WELL THE INCLUSIVE STRATEGIES BEING FOLLOWED

1. Social Exclusion and
Inclusive Policy in India
Dr. R. Dakshinamurthy
Associate Professor
Centre for study of social Exclusion and Inclusive
Policy, BDU, Tiruchy.

2. What do you know anent
social exclusion?

3. what does it mean
• Social Exclusion refers
discrimination ,deprivation ,
isolation, segregation, separation
ostracism and excommunication
of Individual and groups in the
society.

4. Origin of the Concept
• The historical roots of the concept’s of
social Exclusion can be traced back to
Aristotle, the contemporary notion of
exclusion emerged in France in the 1970s,
linked to a perceived breakdown in social
cohesion following civil unrest in the late
1960s in the context of growing
unemployment and socio-economic
inequalities.

5. Development of the
Concept
• The exploration of the
contemporary interest in the
concept began in 1974 when
René Lenoir, then Secretary of
State for Social Action in a
French Gaullist government, first
popularized the term.

6. Continued ..
• The term gradually spread over
Europe and in 1989 the
European Commission passed a
resolution to fight 'social
exclusion' and foster 'integration'.

7. Context of the Concept
• Given its origins and rapid
spread across nation states and
global regions, it is perhaps
inevitable that the phrase ‘social
exclusion’ is used in different
ways at different times reflecting
different institutional, political,
historical and geographic
contexts.
•

8. Definition of Social
Exclusion
• Barnes (2005:15): ‘Social
exclusion refers to the multi-
dimensional and dynamic
process of being shut out, fully or
partially, from the economic,
social and cultural systems that
determine the social integration
of a person in Society.’

9. • Landman (2006:19): ‘social exclusion
involves discrimination against individuals
and groups based on one or many different
social attributes or elements of social
identity. Such discrimination can occur as
the result of formal or informal activities of
the state as well as institutions and
organisations in the private sector (including
families, villages, and community
associations

10. • Levitas et al. (2007:25): ‘Social
exclusion is a complex and multidimensional
process. It involves the lack or denial of
resources, rights, goods and services, and
the inability to participate in the normal
relationships and activities, available to the
majority of people in a society, whether in
economic, social, cultural or political arenas.
It affects both the quality of life of individuals
and the equity and cohesion of society as a
whole’.
•

11. • Pierson (2002): ‘Social
exclusion is a process that
deprives individuals and families,
groups and neighbourhoods of
the resources required for
participation in the social,
economic and political activity of
society as a whole

12. • Fleury (1998:13): ‘Exclusion is a cultural
process that implies the establishment of a
norm that prohibits the inclusion of
individuals, groups and populations in a
socio-political community. Thus, the
excluded groups are, in general, prevented
from participating in predominant economic
relationships - the market, as producers
and/or consumers - and in political
relationships, in effect, citizenship rights.

13. • Valencia (2001:18):
“Exclusion is not only
segregation and marginalization;
it is a type of social relationship
that does not recognize the
other’s right of existing.”

14. GIST OF DEFINITION OF SOCIAL
EXCLUSION
• In simple terms “Social
exclusion has been
defined as ‘the process
through which
individuals or groups are
wholly or partially
excluded from full
participation in the

15. Why do we care about
social exclusion
• Social exclusion is a complex and
multi-dimensional process. It
involves the lack or denial of
resources, rights, goods and
services, and the inability to
participate in the normal
relationships and activities, available
to the majority of people in a society,
whether in economic, social, cultural
or political arenas. It affects both the
quality of life of individuals and the
equity and cohesion of society as a
whole.

16. • Nobel laureate Amartya sen
said ,Social Exclusion will
lead to the improvishment of
human life through their
causal sequences

17. Emphasise of Definitions
a. The groups at risk of being excluded
- Mentally &physically handicappped ,
suicidal people ,aged , invalids, abused
children, drug addicts ,delinquenys , single
parents , multi problem house
holds,marginal , a social persons and other
misfits

18. • What people are excluded from
- people are excluded from a livelihood,
secure & permanent employment, earnings,
property, land , housing education , skill.
• Problem associated with social Exclusion
- unemployment , poor skill, low income ,
poor housing, high crime environment , bad
health and family break down.

19. • The process Driving exclusion and levels at which
they operate
-SE … understood as an accumulation of
Confluent process with successive ruptures
arising from the heart of the economy and society ,
which gradually distances and places persons ,
groups , communities and territories in a position of
inferiority.
• The agents and actors Involved
-unjust economic conditions ,compounded
by difficult social Environments and made
worse by insensitive government polices
and government neglect

20. Elements of Exclusion
a. Multidimensional Phenomenon
Garcia Roca(1998)
-structural or economic Dimensions
-a contextual or social dimensions
-Subjective and personal dimensions
b.Dynamic
c. Relational -rupture of social relation ship
d.Participation-civil ,political
,economic and cultural

21. Domains of social Exclusion
• Exclusion from sources of lively hood-
denied access to employment and
other sources of lively hood.
• Exclusion from political organisation
and representation
• Exclusion from access to social
services

22. Causes for Exclusion
• Inequalities created through colonialism
• Slavery
• Control over land and resources
• Inter- ethnic, Inter-regional and inter –
religious tension and conflict
• Ethno-regional and religious militant
• Discrimination and Inter-caste trouble
• Disrespect to diversity
• Production of power domains etc

23. Causes for Exclusion
• Absence of effective Redistributive
policy
• Geographical location
• Quality of Governance(distributive
Capacity)
• Perverted Reward system
• I

24. Domains of social Exclusion
• Exclusion from Sources of Lively Hood.
• Exclusion from access to social services
• Exclusion from political organization and representation
• Family-and community-based Exclusion

25. FORMS OF
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
• VERTICAL VS. HORIZONTAL
• INTENTIONAL VS UN INTENTIONAL
• FORMAL VS INFORMAL
• RECOGNISING AND MAINTAING DIVERSITY
• MULTIPLE AND REINFORCING FORMS OF
SOCIAL EXCLUSION

26. SEN'S CLASSIFICATION
• Active Exclusion
– fostering of exclusion through the deliberate
policy interventions by the government, or by
– any other willful agents (to exclude some people
from some opportunity),
• Passive Exclusion
– works through the social process may results in
exclusion from a set of circumstances.
• Unfavorable Exclusion
– Unequal/differential treatment

27. Caste and Social Exclusion
• Social Exclusion in India can not equated with euro-
centric approach and its labour market frame work.
• Rather caste-exclusions are explicit here as caste
impose restrictions on socio,cututal intercourse ,it
stratifies the people as high or low ,offer no choice to
change the occupation, restrictions on exogamous
marriages, restrictions on commensal and thus
caste serves as the most exhaustive and obnoxious
of all exclusionary systems.
• Social exclusion in India thus dates back more
than three millennia.
• Modern India ,now faces Institutionalised social
exclusion.

28. Effects of Social Exclusion
• Tension
• Violence
• Disruption
• Inequality
• Deprivation
• Dehumanization
• Atrocities
• Discrimination

29. Remedies against
Exclusion
• (a) COMPENSATORY MEASURES OF
ECONOMIC/EDUCATIONAL EMPOWERMENT
• Redistribution of land and non land
assets
• Capital, Entrepreneur skill for
business
• Educational Development,
• Housing, Social amenities etc.
•
•

30. Remedies against Exclusion
• (B) EQUAL OPPORTUNITY POLICY
- Legal safeguards -Anti-discrimination laws
- Equal and fair share in income earning assets
-Employment, education, housing,-affirmative action
- In executive and governance-
-Making Invisible Visible in data system
-Studies on forms and consequences

31. Social Exclusion
• There are lists of extremely excluded and
impoverished people, many of which you have
researched.
• But, what happens to people that are doubly or triply
excluded?
• Example: disabled, old, single women?

32. SOCIAL INCLUSION
• Social Inclusion is a process by
which excluded social groups are
accommodated ,amalgamated
and assimilated with the social
groups placed in top of the social
hierarchy of the social system.

33. Social Inclusion
• Social inclusion, the converse of social exclusion,
is affirmative action to change the circumstances and
habits that lead to (or have led to) social exclusion.
The World Bank defines social inclusion as the
process of improving the ability, opportunity, and
dignity of people, disadvantaged on the basis of their
identity, to take part in society.
• SI is a struggle for equal opportunity and against
marginalization.

34. Forms of Inclusion
• Political Inclusion
• Economic Inclusion
• Inclusion in social service
access

35. Four attributes of
inclusiveness
• Opportunity: should be created to earn a living and
increase their income over time
• Capability: is the economy providing the means for
the people to create or enhance their capabilities in
order to exploit available opportunities
• Access: is the economy providing the means to bring
opportunities and capabilities together
• Security :is the economy providing the people to
protect themselves against a temporary of
permanent loss
•

36. Inclusion under
Indian
constitution
• know and identify the problem first
(Untouchability)
• Find out the possible solution
• Create awareness
• Convince the people to understand the
problems

37. TAKE THE SUPPORT OF
CONSTITUTION
• -IV –Directive principles of state policy
- Equal Justice, Right to work, to education,
to Public assistance , Just and human
condition of work
• Art.14 –Equality before Law
• Art.!5-Prohibition of Discrimination
• Art-16-Equal opportunity
• Art-17- Abolition of untouchability

38. • Art.21-Protection of life and Personal liberty
• Art.23&24 Economic safe guards
• Art.330&332 – provisions Political repres
Protection of civil Rights Act 1955
• Abolition of Bonded labour System Act
1976
• SC/ST prevention of Atrocities Act 1989
• Child Labour prohibition and regulation act
1989

39. How redress
• Change our mind set
• Through the constitutional mandate
• Good governance: based upon the accountability.
People should be accountable and not the
government
• It is also known as equitable allocation of resources
in order to benefit every section of the society.

40. • To bring more insights on the forms &
nature of Social exclusion
• More research is necessary - will
enable to understand the economic
and political processes of exclusions
• Help to develop policies of economic
and political inclusion

41. Recommendations
• Create legal, regulatory and policy frameworks that
promote social inclusion
• Ensure that socially excluded groups still benefit from
public spending as much
• Improve economic opportunities for excluded groups
• Promote their political participation and empower
them to utilize their voices
• Increase acountability of individuals, governments
and groups to protect citizen’s rights
• Tackle prejudice

42. continued
• Inclusive growth: sustainable growth
• distribution of opportunities through investment in
education, health and infrastructure
• Public private partnership in development
• Dream of utopian concept, i.e., ideal community.
• empowerment through education Art.21A

43. Advantages of social
inclusion approach
• Acknowledges and confronts complexity of
‘wicked’ policy issues.
• Focuses on mechanisms for exclusion and
effective inclusionary processes
• Tough on crime, tough on the causes of
crime’
• Breaks down policy ‘silos’ in order to provide
holistic solutions.

44. continued
• Strong belief that policy (government)
can positively address difficult social
issues.
• Has a longer term outlook than
traditional policy processes.
• Implies a ‘bottom up’ as well as a top
down approach.

45. Vision from & beyond
• CSSEIP aims at generating
academic debates &
discussions, formulating them in
a non-partisan and plural manner
within a framework of egalitarian
social solidarity as an ideal.

46. Objectives
• Conceptualizing discrimination, exclusion and
inclusion based on caste/ethnicity and religion.
• Contextualizing and problematizing discrimination,
exclusion and inclusion.
• To develop an understanding of discrimination at an
empirical level.
• Help to formulate policies for protecting the rights of
these groups and eradicating the problem of
exclusion and discrimination.

47. • Empowering the socially excluded
through supportive educative
programmes from the school level to
the university level.
• Preserving the cultural heritage and
diversity of ethnic groups in the
process.
• Creating an atmosphere of communal
harmony by channelizing social
inclusion with the resources available.