This document discusses the capability approach and its use in multidimensional poverty analysis. It begins with an abstract that introduces the capability approach and how it can be used to evaluate well-being, inequality, and poverty. The document then provides details on:
1) The key concepts in the capability approach including means, ends, functionings, and capabilities. It distinguishes between capabilities (opportunities) and achieved functionings (outcomes).
2) How the capability approach frames multidimensional poverty, looking at a person's attainment across multiple dimensions like health, education, standard of living.
3) The document provides an example to illustrate the differences between capabilities, achieved functionings, well-being
This document summarizes a literature review of articles on culture published in the Engineering Management Journal between 1989 and 2014. It finds that while over 575 articles were published, few addressed cultural issues. Those that did often focused on understanding how globalization and multicultural teams impact engineering management. The review aims to help engineering managers enhance their cultural knowledge and leadership skills for diverse, global environments. It provides background on definitions of culture from anthropology and discusses some of the major researchers in the field of organizational culture.
Cultural intelligence (CQ) refers to an individual's ability to adapt to new cultural settings. It has four dimensions: metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral. CQ can be measured using scales and increased through training that targets the specific skills needed for a cultural setting. Cultural and creative industries are important economically and have grown due to infrastructure, policy support, networks, and global markets. CQ is valuable for international projects and cultural industries to succeed across cultures by enhancing collaboration, aligning strategies with markets, and reducing burnout among multinational executives.
Role of hotels in the social development of a countryRahim Somani
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to social development including sociology, social structure, development, community development, asset-based community development, and sociocultural evolution. It discusses how social development leads to the transformation of social structures in a way that improves society's capacity to fulfill its aspirations. The document also reviews the history of theories of social and cultural evolution from early thinkers to modern approaches.
The Ethical Practices Among Tourism Workers in The First and Second Congressi...YogeshIJTSRD
The study aimed to determine the significant difference between the profile and the ethical practices of tourism workers in the first and second congressional districts of Zamboanga del Norte as basis for a proposed intervention program. To find out the significant difference between the profile of tourism workers of first and second congressional districts of Zamboanga del Norte and their ethical practices. Data were collected from 110 respondents from various cities and municipalities police stations in Zamboanga del Norte using purposive sampling, frequency count percentage, weighted mean, chi square, and standardized Residual Analysis. On the other hand, based on the findings, the study established an intervention program for tourism workers in Zamboanga del Norte to maintain their practices of high ethical standards, and educational institutions may conduct appropriate pieces of training and programs on ethical principles. Furthermore, findings revealed that there was no significant difference when the demographic profile of tourism workers in the first and second congressional districts of Zamboanga del Norte and their ethical practices were analyzed, and no residual analysis of the study was discovered. Shaizilou B. Labadan | Leo C. Naparota "The Ethical Practices Among Tourism Workers in The First and Second Congressional Districts of Zamboanga Del Norte A Basis for Proposed Intervention Program for Local Tourism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/40061/the-ethical-practices-among-tourism-workers-in-the-first-and-second-congressional-districts-of-zamboanga-del-norte-a-basis-for-proposed-intervention-program-for-local-tourism/shaizilou-b-labadan
The document provides background information on the rational choice theory. It discusses the key assumptions of rational choice theory, including that individuals are rational actors who make choices to maximize their own benefits based on their preferences, resources, and costs/benefits of different options. The document also outlines some of the main influences on rational choice theory, such as utilitarian economics, Weber's views on rationalization in modern society, and the work of Pareto. It notes rational choice theory has been applied in fields like sociology, criminology, and economics to explain social and individual behaviors.
Citizenship, Democracy, and ProfessionalismJay Hays
This document presents a curriculum for citizenship, democracy, and professionalism. It discusses six interdependent elements - citizenship, democracy, professionalism, empowerment, community, and sustainability. It argues these elements form a complex adaptive system and must work together synergistically. The curriculum is designed to develop the capabilities and dispositions that these elements require to build and sustain healthy communities. It involves learning through doing, working collaboratively, and engaging in critical reflection.
Exploring Pesse Na Siri’ Values in Budgetary Preparation Process: An Ethnogra...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes an ethnographic study that explored the values of Pesse na siri' in the budget preparation process at the Regional Work Device Unit (RWDU) level in East Luwu, Indonesia. The study found that several Pesse na siri' values were present in the budgeting process, including tongeng (truth), lempu' (honesty), getteng (firmness), adele' (justice), and lalambate tarantajo or siwolong polong (cooperation). Tongeng value was reflected in adhering to policies, procedures and regulations, while being accountable to the community. Lempu' value involved preparing budgets based on objective source documents without exaggeration
Community development aims to create economic and social progress for communities through their active participation and initiative. It places responsibility for development on community members, with external support as a complement. Community development views underdevelopment as rooted in unequal international systems and supports people's resistance and pursuit of human rights through organizations and self-reliance. It is not a welfare approach but aims to transform society for the benefit of disadvantaged groups.
This document summarizes a literature review of articles on culture published in the Engineering Management Journal between 1989 and 2014. It finds that while over 575 articles were published, few addressed cultural issues. Those that did often focused on understanding how globalization and multicultural teams impact engineering management. The review aims to help engineering managers enhance their cultural knowledge and leadership skills for diverse, global environments. It provides background on definitions of culture from anthropology and discusses some of the major researchers in the field of organizational culture.
Cultural intelligence (CQ) refers to an individual's ability to adapt to new cultural settings. It has four dimensions: metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral. CQ can be measured using scales and increased through training that targets the specific skills needed for a cultural setting. Cultural and creative industries are important economically and have grown due to infrastructure, policy support, networks, and global markets. CQ is valuable for international projects and cultural industries to succeed across cultures by enhancing collaboration, aligning strategies with markets, and reducing burnout among multinational executives.
Role of hotels in the social development of a countryRahim Somani
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to social development including sociology, social structure, development, community development, asset-based community development, and sociocultural evolution. It discusses how social development leads to the transformation of social structures in a way that improves society's capacity to fulfill its aspirations. The document also reviews the history of theories of social and cultural evolution from early thinkers to modern approaches.
The Ethical Practices Among Tourism Workers in The First and Second Congressi...YogeshIJTSRD
The study aimed to determine the significant difference between the profile and the ethical practices of tourism workers in the first and second congressional districts of Zamboanga del Norte as basis for a proposed intervention program. To find out the significant difference between the profile of tourism workers of first and second congressional districts of Zamboanga del Norte and their ethical practices. Data were collected from 110 respondents from various cities and municipalities police stations in Zamboanga del Norte using purposive sampling, frequency count percentage, weighted mean, chi square, and standardized Residual Analysis. On the other hand, based on the findings, the study established an intervention program for tourism workers in Zamboanga del Norte to maintain their practices of high ethical standards, and educational institutions may conduct appropriate pieces of training and programs on ethical principles. Furthermore, findings revealed that there was no significant difference when the demographic profile of tourism workers in the first and second congressional districts of Zamboanga del Norte and their ethical practices were analyzed, and no residual analysis of the study was discovered. Shaizilou B. Labadan | Leo C. Naparota "The Ethical Practices Among Tourism Workers in The First and Second Congressional Districts of Zamboanga Del Norte A Basis for Proposed Intervention Program for Local Tourism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/40061/the-ethical-practices-among-tourism-workers-in-the-first-and-second-congressional-districts-of-zamboanga-del-norte-a-basis-for-proposed-intervention-program-for-local-tourism/shaizilou-b-labadan
The document provides background information on the rational choice theory. It discusses the key assumptions of rational choice theory, including that individuals are rational actors who make choices to maximize their own benefits based on their preferences, resources, and costs/benefits of different options. The document also outlines some of the main influences on rational choice theory, such as utilitarian economics, Weber's views on rationalization in modern society, and the work of Pareto. It notes rational choice theory has been applied in fields like sociology, criminology, and economics to explain social and individual behaviors.
Citizenship, Democracy, and ProfessionalismJay Hays
This document presents a curriculum for citizenship, democracy, and professionalism. It discusses six interdependent elements - citizenship, democracy, professionalism, empowerment, community, and sustainability. It argues these elements form a complex adaptive system and must work together synergistically. The curriculum is designed to develop the capabilities and dispositions that these elements require to build and sustain healthy communities. It involves learning through doing, working collaboratively, and engaging in critical reflection.
Exploring Pesse Na Siri’ Values in Budgetary Preparation Process: An Ethnogra...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes an ethnographic study that explored the values of Pesse na siri' in the budget preparation process at the Regional Work Device Unit (RWDU) level in East Luwu, Indonesia. The study found that several Pesse na siri' values were present in the budgeting process, including tongeng (truth), lempu' (honesty), getteng (firmness), adele' (justice), and lalambate tarantajo or siwolong polong (cooperation). Tongeng value was reflected in adhering to policies, procedures and regulations, while being accountable to the community. Lempu' value involved preparing budgets based on objective source documents without exaggeration
Community development aims to create economic and social progress for communities through their active participation and initiative. It places responsibility for development on community members, with external support as a complement. Community development views underdevelopment as rooted in unequal international systems and supports people's resistance and pursuit of human rights through organizations and self-reliance. It is not a welfare approach but aims to transform society for the benefit of disadvantaged groups.
Social science is the study of society and human behavior, with the goal of understanding society and improving the human condition. The main social science disciplines are anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Applied social science uses knowledge from these basic social sciences to understand and address real-world social problems. It includes fields like counseling, social work, and communication that aim to create social change and solve problems in human relationships.
This document discusses the use of structuration theory in information systems research. It covers several key points:
1) Structuration theory examines the relationship between individuals and society, and how the two are interdependent rather than independent.
2) While Giddens did not focus on technology, structuration theory is believed to have potential for understanding the role of technology in society.
3) Studies using structuration theory in IS research have often misinterpreted or selectively used Giddens' original ideas, failing to consider his full theoretical perspectives.
Structuration theory examines how social structures and human agency interact and influence each other through communication within social systems like small groups. It posits that (1) social structures, like rules and norms, both enable and constrain human interaction and behavior, and (2) human actions and interactions simultaneously reproduce these social structures and produce the systems through which people coordinate. This recursive relationship between structure and agency is called the duality of structure.
Nancy Fraser's view of social justice has evolved from a two-dimensional view of redistribution and recognition to a three-dimensional view that also includes representation. She argues that globalization requires considering how political structures frame issues of redistribution and recognition beyond the nation-state. Her current view is that achieving participatory parity requires addressing unfair social arrangements in all three dimensions through affirmative or transformative approaches depending on the issue.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Anthony Giddens' Structuration Theory. It begins with an introduction to Giddens and his rejection of views that see social structures as either completely determining human agency or views that see humans as completely free. It then examines key aspects of Giddens' theory, including the duality of structure, the types of social structures, and the concepts of agency and the relationship between micro and macro levels of analysis. Finally, it discusses connections between Structuration Theory and human geography, particularly in understanding urban environments and the complex relationships between individuals and social forces within cities.
CULTURAL DISTANCE: HOW IS IT MEASURED AND HOW DOES IT IMPACT ON GLOBAL MARKE...Maxie Tran
Cultural distance is a well-known terms which been used in Business in general and in the field of Marketing in particular; and when it has been recognized to be as a dimension that means it can be measured. In a few decades, there were a several pioneers who have researched and invented some different methods to
measure this distance. For instance, the model of Hofstede and Trompenaars based on extrapolating the data a set of distributed questionnaires among the employees; whereas Shalom Schwartz’s frameworks focused on the nature of basic human values by a survey among people from cross-cultural countries. This essay assignment firstly aims to evaluate those methods critically to compare some methods of the cultural
measurement and also figures out the strengths and weakness as the influences which they have. In addition to this, because the cultural gap creates an enormous impact on the inevitability of global marketing operations; therefore, the rest of this assignment will focus on analyzing and identifying that issue by explaining the reason Coca-Cola failed on the international market by a crisis itself in 1999. It also
interprets the awareness off the importance of the cultural distance by the way Coca-Cola changed their marketing activities to have been adapted to fit the diverse culture from different countries as restored the Coca-Cola’s prosperity and keep being successful.
This document provides an overview of politics. It begins with definitions of politics and introduces its history. It then discusses different types of political systems like democracy, socialism, and monarchy. It also examines levels of politics from macro to micro. Key political values like democracy, equality, and socialism are defined. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding a country's political socialization and culture. Online courses and movies related to politics are also recommended.
This document provides information about economic institutions and systems. It begins by defining economy as a social institution organized around production, consumption and distribution of goods and services. It then discusses different types of economic systems throughout history from pre-industrial to industrial to post-industrial societies. It also explains key concepts in economics like production, distribution, transfers, market transactions, and consumption. Different economic theories and systems like capitalism, socialism, communism are also summarized. References are provided at the end.
This document discusses India's middle classes and their relationship to environmental issues. It argues that the middle classes have a significant environmental impact through their consumption and waste production. They also exert disproportionate influence over environmental debates and policy through their representation in media, politics, and institutions. Recent evidence suggests the middle classes are becoming more concerned about urban pollution and environmental issues. However, their environmentalism could potentially be regressive or promote "armchair environmentalism". A better understanding of middle class environmental values and behaviors is needed to move beyond models drawing on Western experiences or idealizing traditional Indian attitudes. It is important to recognize the diversity of the middle classes and how their understanding of environmental issues reflects wider social and political debates.
Capability approch by Amorto Shen.pptxMahiMozumder
The capability approach is a comprehensive tool that gives economics a "sociological turn." An interdisciplinary technique known as the capability approach is used to research social concerns like wellbeing, justice, inequality, and public policies
A Study on migrated Students and their Well - being using Amartya Sens Functi...ijbuiiir1
This paper deals with the multidimensional analysis of well-being from the theoretical point of views suggested by Dr. Amartya Sen. Sens Functioning Multidimensional Approach is broadly recognized as one of the most satisfying approaches to well-being. The Capability approach and the Functioning approach of Sen have found relatively many pragmatic applications mainly for its strong informational and methodological requirements. An attempt has been made to realize a multidimensional assessment of Sens concept of wellbeing with the use of the Fuzzy Set theory. The methodology is applied to the evaluative space of Functionings, with an experimental application to migrated students studying in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
A Study on migrated Students and their Well � being using Amartya Sen�s Funct...ijcnes
This paper deals with the multidimensional analysis of well-being from the theoretical point of views suggested by Dr. Amartya Sen. Sens Functioning Multidimensional Approach is broadly recognized as one of the most satisfying approaches to well-being. The Capability approach and the Functioning approach of Sen have found relatively many pragmatic applications mainly for its strong informational and methodological requirements. An attempt has been made to realize a multidimensional assessment of Sens concept of well being with the use of the Fuzzy Set theory. The methodology is applied to the evaluative space of Functioning, with an experimental application to migrated students studying in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
The document introduces part 2 of a module on development. It will discuss the importance of normative judgments in development debates and relate development concepts like human development, capabilities, and freedom. It will introduce Amartya Sen's human development and capability approach and thesis of "Development as Freedom." Development can be legitimated through normative, empirical, and predictive analyses, which are interconnected. Normative approaches shape what data is collected, analyses, and policies by influencing definitions of concepts like poverty. Different views of development lead to different policy choices and trade-offs.
Rational choice theory proposes that people make rational decisions based on weighing costs and benefits to maximize personal utility. It is used to explain social change as resulting from individuals making utility-maximizing choices. Critics argue people do not always make decisions through strict cost-benefit analysis. The theory assumes humans are goal-oriented and make rational calculations to optimize pleasure or profit when choosing between alternatives. However, it cannot fully explain phenomena like altruism that are not self-interested.
effects of applied social sciences processes.pptxmarites leanillo
Applied social sciences aim to improve well-being and social functioning through advocacy, counseling, case management and other skills. Professionals in this field can work in roles like caseworkers, counselors, and community social workers. They observe standards of social justice, dignity, and competence. Self-awareness and understanding how social and individual factors influence behaviors are important for professionals to effectively facilitate individual and social change. Changes in attitudes, behaviors, and structures over the long term are needed to achieve equity and sustainability.
This document discusses slum relocation issues in India and interventions by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to help slum dwellers. It examines infrastructure provision for slum dwellers after relocation and various NGO programs aimed at poverty reduction. Specifically, it focuses on applying Amartya Sen's capability approach, which judges well-being based on human freedoms and abilities rather than income or possessions. It analyzes how slum relocation can affect slum dwellers' control over their environment, which is one of Martha Nussbaum's core human capabilities.
Use Of Pictographs Can Improve Cross Cultural CommunicationKatherine Alexander
Here are a few key strategies I would employ to effectively engage and build rapport with Mr. Fahza:
- Use a professional translator to communicate directly with Mr. Fahza without interference from family. This will allow him to express his own wishes freely.
- Be respectful of Mr. Fahza's cultural and religious background as an Iranian Muslim. Approach him and his situation with empathy, patience and cultural sensitivity.
- Speak to him in a calm, reassuring manner to make him feel at ease. Convey that his wellbeing and autonomy are the top priorities.
- Thoroughly explain his medical condition and options for care clearly and simply. Allow time for the translator to ensure full understanding on his
This document discusses allocation and provisioning in economics. It begins by introducing the concepts of scarcity and wants, and how economics deals with allocating scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It then discusses several questions around provisioning, including the nature of wants, social institutions, technology, and their role in the economic system. The document outlines three approaches to addressing the allocation problem: increasing output, altering the mix of goods produced, and altering wants/preferences. It introduces concepts like ceteris paribus, opportunity cost, and property rights and their role in allocation mechanisms.
This document discusses constructing validity for indicators related to capabilities and agency freedom in Amartya Sen's capability approach. It aims to develop and validate an indicator rooted in a freedom-related metric by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of a survey module measuring agency and empowerment. Specifically, it assesses the validity of questions measuring empowerment as the power to change and autonomous choice. The empirical investigation analyzes data from a survey of 136 women in a rural Indian village, testing whether achievements differ across domains and if empowered and disempowered individuals can be distinguished. Results indicate agency freedom varies across domains and that empowerment and social inclusion do not always coincide. The study aims to inform policy approaches to enhance collective capabilities and accommodate both empower
Discussion 1Supportive Living Retirement Arrangement [WLO 4] [CVinaOconner450
Discussion 1
Supportive Living Retirement Arrangement [WLO: 4] [CLOs: 2, 4, 8]
Based on the assigned readings and additional research, select one supportive living retirement arrangement and critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses as to how effective the arrangement facilitates optimal functioning (cognitive, physical, psychological) and independence for older adults. Identify any modifications or changes you believe may address weaknesses of the arrangement or enhance its overall effectiveness. Respond by Day 3. Post should be at least 300 words.
Week 5 - Journal
Reflection Journal
[WLO: 3] [CLOs: 2, 4, 7, 8]
Reflect on how personal values affect aging, death and dying, sexual intimacy, productivity, and lifestyle choices.
The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate your understanding of the how personal values affect perceptions of aging, death and dying, and sexual intimacy and lifestyle practices in the older adult years. For this assignment, you will write a reflection journal in which you apply the concepts you learned this week in the readings and share your own reflections as to how your personal values influence your perceptions and beliefs about at least two of these domains. Although this is a personal reflection, you must incorporate at least two citations of scholarly sources to support your entry.
Required Resources
Text
Bengtson, V. L., Gans, D., Putney, N. M., & Silverstein, M. (Eds.). (2016).
Handbook of theories of aging (3rd ed.). Springer.
· Chapter 27: Successful Aging
· Chapter 28: Coping, Optimal Aging, and Resilience in Sociocultural Context
· Chapter 29: Religion, Spirituality, and Aging
Articles
Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., & Muraco, A. (2010). Aging and sexual orientation: A 25-year review of the literature.
Research on Aging, 32(3), 372-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027509360355
Jopp, D., & Smith, J. (2006). Resources and life-management strategies as determinants of successful aging: on the protective effect of selection, optimization, and compensation. Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 253- 265. https://doi.org/
North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Act your (old) age prescriptive, ageist biases over succession, consumption, and identity.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(6), 720-734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213480043
Zhang, Y. B., Harwood, J., Williams, A., Ylänne-McEwen, V., Wadleigh, P. M., & Thimm, C. (2006). The portrayal of older adults in advertising: A cross-national review.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 25(3), 264-282. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X06289479
Multimedia
TED. (2012, April 19).
Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier (Links to an external site.) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gkdzkVbuVA
· In the 20th century we added an unprecedented number of years to our lifespans, but is the quality of life as good? Surprisingly ...
Socw 6070 wk 4 responses for discussion 2 SOCW 6070.docxsdfghj21
This document contains two colleagues' posts in response to a discussion prompt about strategies for advocating social change through cultural competence.
Peer 1 discusses two key strategies: being knowledgeable about what is being advocated for and having cross-cultural awareness, as well as being humanely oriented to build rapport. Peer 2 identifies taking an empowerment approach and cause advocacy as effective strategies, and discusses challenges administrators may face in developing cultural competence, such as taking a top-down vs. top-approach and resisting organizational change.
Deactivated
Kelie Hein
2 posts
Re:Topic 4 DQ 1
In considering this question, I have decided that understanding the local health care system to implement EBP is similar to understanding the patient to implement interventions. The nurse must first assess the patient in order to implement appropriate interventions; local health care systems must be assessed in order to know where to start in implementing EBP.
In discussing this concept with my mentor, she seems to agree. One point she made is that we must first know the culture and level of EBP exposure, of the facility and staff. If the facility has not had much exposure, implementation must "start with the basics at a much slower pace" (Rosshirt, 2017, n.p.). After assessment, we can begin to determine interventions that will create staff buy-in, and lead to successful EBP implementation.
In conducting research for this post, sources seem to agree with the position that the system must be understood in order to use relevant strategies and interventions. Individual and organization culture are social systems that must be understood. Change and EBP implementation are complex so communication is essential. We must understand the current relationship between researchers and practitioners. Knowledge gaps are how we determine relevant interventions. Relevance is the first step to creating staff buy-in, and successful implementation. Factors that may effect implementation include organization size, staffing levels, resources, and facility location; we must understand those things before we develop any interventions. Titler (2008) posits that "the strength of evidence alone will not promote adoption" (pg. 11); we must make the evidence relevant to the system. For example, "clinicians tend to be more engaged in adopting patient safety initiatives when they understand the evidence base of the practice" (Titler, 2008, pg. 12), as opposed to adminstrators forcing it upon them.
What works for one agency may not work for another. Warren, et al. (2016) educates that different systems have different barriers, and need different types and levels of support. Demographics, suchs as Magnet designation, staff education level, and employee role, effect successful implementation of EBP practice. We "must consider the work environment and the culture...across the system" (Warren, et al., 2016, pg. 22) as well, when developing strategies to implement EBP.
In my change proposal, I will consider all of the things discussed in this post. Motivators must be considered, and staff will want to know "so what?". In assessing motivators and culture, it will put me in a better position to write a proposal relevant to my audience, which will inspire motivation, and lead to a more successful transition.
Rosshirt, J. (2017). Personal correspondence.
Titler, M. (2008). The evidence for evidence-based practice implementation. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses, Chapter 7.
Warren, e.
Social science is the study of society and human behavior, with the goal of understanding society and improving the human condition. The main social science disciplines are anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Applied social science uses knowledge from these basic social sciences to understand and address real-world social problems. It includes fields like counseling, social work, and communication that aim to create social change and solve problems in human relationships.
This document discusses the use of structuration theory in information systems research. It covers several key points:
1) Structuration theory examines the relationship between individuals and society, and how the two are interdependent rather than independent.
2) While Giddens did not focus on technology, structuration theory is believed to have potential for understanding the role of technology in society.
3) Studies using structuration theory in IS research have often misinterpreted or selectively used Giddens' original ideas, failing to consider his full theoretical perspectives.
Structuration theory examines how social structures and human agency interact and influence each other through communication within social systems like small groups. It posits that (1) social structures, like rules and norms, both enable and constrain human interaction and behavior, and (2) human actions and interactions simultaneously reproduce these social structures and produce the systems through which people coordinate. This recursive relationship between structure and agency is called the duality of structure.
Nancy Fraser's view of social justice has evolved from a two-dimensional view of redistribution and recognition to a three-dimensional view that also includes representation. She argues that globalization requires considering how political structures frame issues of redistribution and recognition beyond the nation-state. Her current view is that achieving participatory parity requires addressing unfair social arrangements in all three dimensions through affirmative or transformative approaches depending on the issue.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Anthony Giddens' Structuration Theory. It begins with an introduction to Giddens and his rejection of views that see social structures as either completely determining human agency or views that see humans as completely free. It then examines key aspects of Giddens' theory, including the duality of structure, the types of social structures, and the concepts of agency and the relationship between micro and macro levels of analysis. Finally, it discusses connections between Structuration Theory and human geography, particularly in understanding urban environments and the complex relationships between individuals and social forces within cities.
CULTURAL DISTANCE: HOW IS IT MEASURED AND HOW DOES IT IMPACT ON GLOBAL MARKE...Maxie Tran
Cultural distance is a well-known terms which been used in Business in general and in the field of Marketing in particular; and when it has been recognized to be as a dimension that means it can be measured. In a few decades, there were a several pioneers who have researched and invented some different methods to
measure this distance. For instance, the model of Hofstede and Trompenaars based on extrapolating the data a set of distributed questionnaires among the employees; whereas Shalom Schwartz’s frameworks focused on the nature of basic human values by a survey among people from cross-cultural countries. This essay assignment firstly aims to evaluate those methods critically to compare some methods of the cultural
measurement and also figures out the strengths and weakness as the influences which they have. In addition to this, because the cultural gap creates an enormous impact on the inevitability of global marketing operations; therefore, the rest of this assignment will focus on analyzing and identifying that issue by explaining the reason Coca-Cola failed on the international market by a crisis itself in 1999. It also
interprets the awareness off the importance of the cultural distance by the way Coca-Cola changed their marketing activities to have been adapted to fit the diverse culture from different countries as restored the Coca-Cola’s prosperity and keep being successful.
This document provides an overview of politics. It begins with definitions of politics and introduces its history. It then discusses different types of political systems like democracy, socialism, and monarchy. It also examines levels of politics from macro to micro. Key political values like democracy, equality, and socialism are defined. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding a country's political socialization and culture. Online courses and movies related to politics are also recommended.
This document provides information about economic institutions and systems. It begins by defining economy as a social institution organized around production, consumption and distribution of goods and services. It then discusses different types of economic systems throughout history from pre-industrial to industrial to post-industrial societies. It also explains key concepts in economics like production, distribution, transfers, market transactions, and consumption. Different economic theories and systems like capitalism, socialism, communism are also summarized. References are provided at the end.
This document discusses India's middle classes and their relationship to environmental issues. It argues that the middle classes have a significant environmental impact through their consumption and waste production. They also exert disproportionate influence over environmental debates and policy through their representation in media, politics, and institutions. Recent evidence suggests the middle classes are becoming more concerned about urban pollution and environmental issues. However, their environmentalism could potentially be regressive or promote "armchair environmentalism". A better understanding of middle class environmental values and behaviors is needed to move beyond models drawing on Western experiences or idealizing traditional Indian attitudes. It is important to recognize the diversity of the middle classes and how their understanding of environmental issues reflects wider social and political debates.
Capability approch by Amorto Shen.pptxMahiMozumder
The capability approach is a comprehensive tool that gives economics a "sociological turn." An interdisciplinary technique known as the capability approach is used to research social concerns like wellbeing, justice, inequality, and public policies
A Study on migrated Students and their Well - being using Amartya Sens Functi...ijbuiiir1
This paper deals with the multidimensional analysis of well-being from the theoretical point of views suggested by Dr. Amartya Sen. Sens Functioning Multidimensional Approach is broadly recognized as one of the most satisfying approaches to well-being. The Capability approach and the Functioning approach of Sen have found relatively many pragmatic applications mainly for its strong informational and methodological requirements. An attempt has been made to realize a multidimensional assessment of Sens concept of wellbeing with the use of the Fuzzy Set theory. The methodology is applied to the evaluative space of Functionings, with an experimental application to migrated students studying in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
A Study on migrated Students and their Well � being using Amartya Sen�s Funct...ijcnes
This paper deals with the multidimensional analysis of well-being from the theoretical point of views suggested by Dr. Amartya Sen. Sens Functioning Multidimensional Approach is broadly recognized as one of the most satisfying approaches to well-being. The Capability approach and the Functioning approach of Sen have found relatively many pragmatic applications mainly for its strong informational and methodological requirements. An attempt has been made to realize a multidimensional assessment of Sens concept of well being with the use of the Fuzzy Set theory. The methodology is applied to the evaluative space of Functioning, with an experimental application to migrated students studying in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
The document introduces part 2 of a module on development. It will discuss the importance of normative judgments in development debates and relate development concepts like human development, capabilities, and freedom. It will introduce Amartya Sen's human development and capability approach and thesis of "Development as Freedom." Development can be legitimated through normative, empirical, and predictive analyses, which are interconnected. Normative approaches shape what data is collected, analyses, and policies by influencing definitions of concepts like poverty. Different views of development lead to different policy choices and trade-offs.
Rational choice theory proposes that people make rational decisions based on weighing costs and benefits to maximize personal utility. It is used to explain social change as resulting from individuals making utility-maximizing choices. Critics argue people do not always make decisions through strict cost-benefit analysis. The theory assumes humans are goal-oriented and make rational calculations to optimize pleasure or profit when choosing between alternatives. However, it cannot fully explain phenomena like altruism that are not self-interested.
effects of applied social sciences processes.pptxmarites leanillo
Applied social sciences aim to improve well-being and social functioning through advocacy, counseling, case management and other skills. Professionals in this field can work in roles like caseworkers, counselors, and community social workers. They observe standards of social justice, dignity, and competence. Self-awareness and understanding how social and individual factors influence behaviors are important for professionals to effectively facilitate individual and social change. Changes in attitudes, behaviors, and structures over the long term are needed to achieve equity and sustainability.
This document discusses slum relocation issues in India and interventions by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to help slum dwellers. It examines infrastructure provision for slum dwellers after relocation and various NGO programs aimed at poverty reduction. Specifically, it focuses on applying Amartya Sen's capability approach, which judges well-being based on human freedoms and abilities rather than income or possessions. It analyzes how slum relocation can affect slum dwellers' control over their environment, which is one of Martha Nussbaum's core human capabilities.
Use Of Pictographs Can Improve Cross Cultural CommunicationKatherine Alexander
Here are a few key strategies I would employ to effectively engage and build rapport with Mr. Fahza:
- Use a professional translator to communicate directly with Mr. Fahza without interference from family. This will allow him to express his own wishes freely.
- Be respectful of Mr. Fahza's cultural and religious background as an Iranian Muslim. Approach him and his situation with empathy, patience and cultural sensitivity.
- Speak to him in a calm, reassuring manner to make him feel at ease. Convey that his wellbeing and autonomy are the top priorities.
- Thoroughly explain his medical condition and options for care clearly and simply. Allow time for the translator to ensure full understanding on his
This document discusses allocation and provisioning in economics. It begins by introducing the concepts of scarcity and wants, and how economics deals with allocating scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It then discusses several questions around provisioning, including the nature of wants, social institutions, technology, and their role in the economic system. The document outlines three approaches to addressing the allocation problem: increasing output, altering the mix of goods produced, and altering wants/preferences. It introduces concepts like ceteris paribus, opportunity cost, and property rights and their role in allocation mechanisms.
This document discusses constructing validity for indicators related to capabilities and agency freedom in Amartya Sen's capability approach. It aims to develop and validate an indicator rooted in a freedom-related metric by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of a survey module measuring agency and empowerment. Specifically, it assesses the validity of questions measuring empowerment as the power to change and autonomous choice. The empirical investigation analyzes data from a survey of 136 women in a rural Indian village, testing whether achievements differ across domains and if empowered and disempowered individuals can be distinguished. Results indicate agency freedom varies across domains and that empowerment and social inclusion do not always coincide. The study aims to inform policy approaches to enhance collective capabilities and accommodate both empower
Discussion 1Supportive Living Retirement Arrangement [WLO 4] [CVinaOconner450
Discussion 1
Supportive Living Retirement Arrangement [WLO: 4] [CLOs: 2, 4, 8]
Based on the assigned readings and additional research, select one supportive living retirement arrangement and critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses as to how effective the arrangement facilitates optimal functioning (cognitive, physical, psychological) and independence for older adults. Identify any modifications or changes you believe may address weaknesses of the arrangement or enhance its overall effectiveness. Respond by Day 3. Post should be at least 300 words.
Week 5 - Journal
Reflection Journal
[WLO: 3] [CLOs: 2, 4, 7, 8]
Reflect on how personal values affect aging, death and dying, sexual intimacy, productivity, and lifestyle choices.
The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate your understanding of the how personal values affect perceptions of aging, death and dying, and sexual intimacy and lifestyle practices in the older adult years. For this assignment, you will write a reflection journal in which you apply the concepts you learned this week in the readings and share your own reflections as to how your personal values influence your perceptions and beliefs about at least two of these domains. Although this is a personal reflection, you must incorporate at least two citations of scholarly sources to support your entry.
Required Resources
Text
Bengtson, V. L., Gans, D., Putney, N. M., & Silverstein, M. (Eds.). (2016).
Handbook of theories of aging (3rd ed.). Springer.
· Chapter 27: Successful Aging
· Chapter 28: Coping, Optimal Aging, and Resilience in Sociocultural Context
· Chapter 29: Religion, Spirituality, and Aging
Articles
Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., & Muraco, A. (2010). Aging and sexual orientation: A 25-year review of the literature.
Research on Aging, 32(3), 372-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027509360355
Jopp, D., & Smith, J. (2006). Resources and life-management strategies as determinants of successful aging: on the protective effect of selection, optimization, and compensation. Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 253- 265. https://doi.org/
North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Act your (old) age prescriptive, ageist biases over succession, consumption, and identity.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(6), 720-734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213480043
Zhang, Y. B., Harwood, J., Williams, A., Ylänne-McEwen, V., Wadleigh, P. M., & Thimm, C. (2006). The portrayal of older adults in advertising: A cross-national review.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 25(3), 264-282. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X06289479
Multimedia
TED. (2012, April 19).
Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier (Links to an external site.) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gkdzkVbuVA
· In the 20th century we added an unprecedented number of years to our lifespans, but is the quality of life as good? Surprisingly ...
Socw 6070 wk 4 responses for discussion 2 SOCW 6070.docxsdfghj21
This document contains two colleagues' posts in response to a discussion prompt about strategies for advocating social change through cultural competence.
Peer 1 discusses two key strategies: being knowledgeable about what is being advocated for and having cross-cultural awareness, as well as being humanely oriented to build rapport. Peer 2 identifies taking an empowerment approach and cause advocacy as effective strategies, and discusses challenges administrators may face in developing cultural competence, such as taking a top-down vs. top-approach and resisting organizational change.
Deactivated
Kelie Hein
2 posts
Re:Topic 4 DQ 1
In considering this question, I have decided that understanding the local health care system to implement EBP is similar to understanding the patient to implement interventions. The nurse must first assess the patient in order to implement appropriate interventions; local health care systems must be assessed in order to know where to start in implementing EBP.
In discussing this concept with my mentor, she seems to agree. One point she made is that we must first know the culture and level of EBP exposure, of the facility and staff. If the facility has not had much exposure, implementation must "start with the basics at a much slower pace" (Rosshirt, 2017, n.p.). After assessment, we can begin to determine interventions that will create staff buy-in, and lead to successful EBP implementation.
In conducting research for this post, sources seem to agree with the position that the system must be understood in order to use relevant strategies and interventions. Individual and organization culture are social systems that must be understood. Change and EBP implementation are complex so communication is essential. We must understand the current relationship between researchers and practitioners. Knowledge gaps are how we determine relevant interventions. Relevance is the first step to creating staff buy-in, and successful implementation. Factors that may effect implementation include organization size, staffing levels, resources, and facility location; we must understand those things before we develop any interventions. Titler (2008) posits that "the strength of evidence alone will not promote adoption" (pg. 11); we must make the evidence relevant to the system. For example, "clinicians tend to be more engaged in adopting patient safety initiatives when they understand the evidence base of the practice" (Titler, 2008, pg. 12), as opposed to adminstrators forcing it upon them.
What works for one agency may not work for another. Warren, et al. (2016) educates that different systems have different barriers, and need different types and levels of support. Demographics, suchs as Magnet designation, staff education level, and employee role, effect successful implementation of EBP practice. We "must consider the work environment and the culture...across the system" (Warren, et al., 2016, pg. 22) as well, when developing strategies to implement EBP.
In my change proposal, I will consider all of the things discussed in this post. Motivators must be considered, and staff will want to know "so what?". In assessing motivators and culture, it will put me in a better position to write a proposal relevant to my audience, which will inspire motivation, and lead to a more successful transition.
Rosshirt, J. (2017). Personal correspondence.
Titler, M. (2008). The evidence for evidence-based practice implementation. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses, Chapter 7.
Warren, e.
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to .docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
This document outlines the course SFM 711 titled "Conservation and Rural Development". It covers development theories and approaches across two units. Unit 2 covers development theories, paradigms of development thinking, trends in development theories, conservation and development, sustainable development and goals. It discusses classical, populist, neo-liberal and livelihood approaches. Theories covered include poverty alleviation, dependency, modernization, neo-liberalization, environmentalism, sustainable development, and feminist theories.
This document discusses a study on the relationship between women's autonomy and children's nutritional status in rural India. It begins by introducing the Capability Approach framework and its focus on freedom of choice and opportunity. It then describes how the study uses a survey to measure women's autonomy in mobility as an indicator of capability deprivation. Regression analysis is performed to examine the association between autonomy and children's underweight status, while controlling for other factors. The results suggest that greater autonomy in mobility is negatively correlated with undernutrition in children. This supports the idea that expanding women's real opportunities and freedoms could help address persistently high rates of undernutrition in India.
SOCW 6070 wk 4 responses for discussion 2Respond to at least.docxsamuel699872
SOCW 6070 wk 4 responses for discussion 2
Respond to at least two colleagues post separately in at least 1 of the following ways @ posts are provided must be different feedback for each peer
State whether you think the strategies your colleague identified would be effective in advocating for social change through cultural competence, and explain why.
Identify a strategy social work administrators might use to address one of the challenges your colleague identified, and explain why this strategy might be effective.
Support your post with specific references to the resources. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references.
Peer 1 post
Nakesha Morgan
RE: Discussion 2 - Week 4
There are several strategies that are important for social workers to use when advocating for social change. When a worker is advocating for social change they must be knowledgeable with what they are advocating for. A person must have cross cultural awareness as they understand how everything act and interact with one another in the cultural environment's (Northouse, 2013). Another strategy a social worker may use to advocate for social change is being humane orientated which help to focus on the worker demonstrating sensitivity behaviors to other people. With displaying sensitivity it allows clients to feel more comfortable and build a rapport as they feel the worker understand their issues and concerns (Northouse, 2013). With utilizing these two strategies it allows the social worker to be open-minded able to understand the social change and focus on the views for future.
There are many challenges that agencies face when it relates to developing cultural competency within their organization. One of the biggest challenges within an organization may face is addressing the needs of different groups or individuals and how it will impact the agency relating to cultural competency (Chun-Chung Chow, 2008). Another challenge the agency may face is with the staff having to change their style of work. With the staff having to switch up to become more culturally competent they may become less efficient with their work ethics (Chun-Chung Chow, 2008). This may cuse the agency to shift in their work performance adapting to new change.
Chun-Chung Chow, J., & Austin, M. J. (2008). The culturally responsive social service agency: The application of an evolving definition to a case study. Administration in Social Work, 32(4), 39–64.
Northouse, P.G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and practice (6th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications
Peer 2
angela slaughter
RE: Discussion 2 - Week 4
Two strategies
Two strategies a social worker may use to become an advocate for social change through cultural competence are taking an empowerment approach to become advocates for social change. Taking an empowerment approach, having self-awareness of my own experience of oppression, and sharing power and responsibility with a client can empower them. Once developed with this techniqu.
Accountability of Local and State Governments in India.pdfunknownx7
This document provides an overview of recent research on accountability of local and state governments in India. It begins with an introduction to the concept of accountability and an analytical framework based on the Downsian model of electoral competition. It then reviews empirical studies on various factors that can lead to failures of accountability in India, including:
1) Limited voter participation and awareness, which can weaken the incentives for politicians to be responsive to citizens' needs.
2) Ideology, honesty and competence of political parties and candidates.
3) Capture by elites, where governments advance the interests of a few elite groups over the majority.
4) Clientelism and vote-buying, where politicians provide targeted private goods
The document discusses various aspects of social work theory, including:
1. Social work theory can be used to guide observation, description, explanation, prediction, and intervention in social work practice. Understanding theory is important for accountability, avoiding discrimination, and making sense of complexity.
2. There are different types of social work theory, including theories about social work, theories of social work, theories contributing to social work, and theories of social work practice.
3. Teaching social work students about theories helps provide a framework for understanding human behavior and social problems, different approaches to social work practice, and the role and purpose of social work in society. However, some argue that social work is also an intuitive practice informed
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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Capability approach and multidimensional poverty analysis
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Capability Approach and Multidimensional Poverty Analysis –
A Theoretical Discussion
Sarkar Shubhabrata1 & Bairagya Ramsundar2*
1 Department of Commerce, Sundarban Mahavidyalaya, Kakdwip, South-24 Pargana, West Bengal, India
E-mail: shubha.sarkar407@gmail.com
2* Department of Economics, SambhuNath College, Labpur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India, Pin-731303
Mobile No. +919474308362 Fax: +913463 266255,
*(E-mail of the Corresponding Author: ramsundarbairagya@gmail.com)
Abstract
Capability Approach is very interesting among the researchers, policy makers and political philosophers. It
can be used for evaluating several aspects of people’s well-being such as inequality, poverty and so on. It is
highly interdisciplinary in nature. It can also be used as an alternative tool for social cost-benefit analysis.
Thus CA is not a theory that can only explain poverty, inequality or well-being, rather it provides a tool and
a framework within which to conceptualize and estimate these phenomena. The capabilities are the freedom
that a person enjoys in terms of functioning. A person is multidimensional poor if he/she has failed to attain
the threshold limit of functioning. The CA gives a philosophical and theoretical platform for measuring
poverty or deprivation in a multidimensional space. Our paper concentrates much on this.
Keywords: Capability, Ends, Functionings, Poverty, Means, Multidimensional, Well-being.
1. Introduction
There is now an explosion of interest in the Capability Approach (CA) among the researchers and policy
makers. The highly interdisciplinary nature of the CA has led to a literature that is the centre of all
attraction. The CA is a broad normative framework for the assessment of individual well-being and social
arrangements, the design of policies and proposals about social change in society. It is used in several
fields, mostly in development studies, welfare economics, social policy and political philosophy. It can be
used for evaluating several aspects of people’s well-being such as inequality, poverty and so on. It can also
be used as an alternative tool for social cost-benefit analysis. Thus CA is not a theory that can only explain
poverty, inequality or well-being, rather it provides a tool and a framework within which to conceptualize
and estimate these phenomena.
The central characteristic of the CA is its focus on what people are effectively able to do and to be; on their
capabilities. This is dissimilar to the philosophical approach that concentrates on people’s happiness or
desire fulfillment on income, expenditures or consumption. Sen (1979, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1990,
1992, 1993, and 1995) argues that our evaluation and policies should focus on what people are able to do
and be, on the quality of their life, and on removing obstacles in their lives so that they have more freedom
to live the kind of life that, upon reflection, they have reason to value.
There are mainly two important aspects in CA, one is the ‘means’ and the other is the ‘ends’ of well-being
and development. ‘Means’ are instrumental to reach the goal of increased well-being, justice and
development, while ‘ends’ have intrinsic importance. In some concrete situations these distinctions often
blur, since some ends are simultaneously also means on other ends. For example, capability of being in
good health is an end in itself, but it is also a means to the capability to work. The ends of well-being and
development should be conceptualized in terms of people’s capabilities to function, that is, their effective
opportunities to undertake the actions and activities that they want to engage in and be whom they want to
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be. This being and doing is referred by Sen as functioning, which makes life valuable. In CA ‘functioning’,
means working, resting, being literate, taking part in democracy etc.
Capabilities and achieved ‘functionings’ are two different things. Capabilities are the freedom or valuable
opportunities to lead the kind of lives they want to lead, to do what they want to do and be a person what
they want to be. Once they effectively have these substantive opportunities, they can choose those options
that they value most. Once these choices are met, it becomes achieved functionings. That is to say that,
every person should have the opportunity to practice a religion, but if someone prefers to be an atheist, they
should also have this option.
2. Capability Approach and Multidimensional Poverty
2.1 Capability approach (CA)
The CA is mainly and primarily a framework of thought. It is a mode of thinking about some normative
issues which can be used for a wide range of evaluative purposes. It focuses on the information that we
need in order to make judgments about individual well-beings, social policies etc. and it consequently
rejects the alternatives that are normatively inadequate. The CA also identifies social constraints that
influence and restrict both well-being and evaluative exercises.
The CA specifies an evaluative space and this does not amount to a Theory of Justice (Sen, 1995, 2004a).
Sen argues or rather stresses that a Theory of Justice must include both aggregative considerations as well
as distributive ones, but the CA does not specify an aggregative principle. Moreover, a Theory of Justice
also requires procedural components, like non-discrimination, which CA is not designed off. CA criticizes,
welfarist approaches as they exclusively rely on utility and thus exclude non-utility information from our
moral judgment (Sen, 1979). It also discourages normative theories, for ex. Ronald Dworkin (1981, 2000),
as they rely exclusively on mental state. Sen argues that mental state is not unimportant but exclusive
dependence in it is not worthy.
The CA is sometimes understood as a formula for interpersonal comparisons of welfare. This approach
may provide a neat recipe or even an algorithm to carry out empirical exercises in welfare comparisons. For
this we need to look into several elements of the approach.
2.2 Means and functioning
Means are goods and services (not necessary be thought of as exchangeable for money), while functionings
are being and doing. A good has certain characteristics that makes it important to people, such as, a motor
bike is not important because of its physical appearance rather it is useful because it can transport anyone
much faster than walking. This trait of good enable a functioning (here mobility). The relation between
good and the functionings to achieve certain beings and doings is influenced by three types of conversion
factors:
i) Personal conversion factor: metabolism, physical condition, sex, reading skills etc. influence how a
person can convert the features of a commodity to functioning. In our example; a handicap or physically
challenged person generally will not find it easy in functioning of mobility by motor bike.
ii) Social conversion factor: public policies, discriminating practices, gender roles etc. for example, if girls
are prohibited to drive motor bike then they cannot attain functioning of mobility. and
iii) Environmental conversion factor: climate, geographical location etc. that is, people may not find
interest in driving motor bike in rain and thunder.
These three conversion factors play an important role in conversion from characteristics of the good to
individual functioning. Knowing that a person owns a good and can use it is not sufficient to know which
functioning is achieved. So we need to look about the person and into the circumstances in which he/she is
living. Hence the CA takes into account the human diversity in two ways:
i) By its focus on the plurality of functionings and capabilities as the evaluative space.
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ii) By the explicit focus on personal and socio-environmental conversion factors of commodities into
functionings.
Goods and services are not the only means to people’s capabilities, there are other means like social
institutions which function like an input in the creation and expansion of capabilities. Thus the material and
non-material circumstances that shape people’s opportunity sets, and the circumstance that influences the
choices that people make from the capability set, should receive the central place in capability evaluations.
Moreover it should be clear that we have tended to judge development by the expansion of substantive
human freedom, not just by economic growth (i.e. GNP), or technical progress, or social modernization.
This is not to deny in any way that advances in the latter fields can be very important (depending on
circumstances) as instruments for the enhancement of human freedom. But they have to be appraised in that
light, that is in terms of their actual effectiveness in enriching the lives and liberties of the people, rather
than taking them to be valuable in themselves (Dre`ze and Sen, 2002).
2.3 Achieved Functioning and Capabilities
In Sen’s earlier work the term ‘capability’ was conceptualized as each capability for each person and vice-
versa. In this terminology a capability is synonymous with a capability set, which consists of a combination
of potential functionings. Thus functionings could be either potential or achieved. A person’s capability is
equivalent to a person’s opportunity set. The capability set consists of a number of capabilities in the same
way as a person’s overall freedom is made up by a number of ‘more specific freedoms’.
The use of capabilities as plural of capability is continuously used in the literature of CA. in Son’s work,
basic capabilities are a subset of all capabilities taken together; they refer to the freedom to do some basic
things that are necessary for survival and to avoid poverty. The relevance of basic capabilities “not so much
in ranking living standards, but is deciding on a cut-off point for the purpose of assessing poverty and
deprivation” (Sen, 1987).
A few things need to be said about the use of functionings and capabilities in the evaluative exercises and
policy design.
i) It should be noted that there are cases and situations where it makes more sense to investigate people
achieved functionings directly, instead of evaluating their capabilities. While considering capability of
‘bodily integrity’, we will not be concerned with a stuntman, who deliberately puts his body at danger of
being hurt. But as far as domestic violence is concerned, we can use the very plausible assumption that no
one wants to be beaten up by another person in the household. If a person’s achieved functioning of bodily
integrity is harmed by domestic violence, then this is an unequivocal or unambiguous sign that the victim
did not have the capability of being safe from bodily harm in the first place.
Other areas where it makes more sense to focus on the achieved level of functionings directly instead of on
capabilities (i.e. being well nourished in the country filled by hunger and famines. So, in these situations it
might be better to focus on functionings rather than capabilities, but we can conceptualize ‘being able to
choose’ as one functioning among others (Stewart, 1995).
ii) In reality two people with identical capability sets are likely to end up with different types and levels of
achieved functionings as they make different choices following their different ideas of the life.
The CA being a liberal philosophical framework respects people’s different ideas of the good life. This is
why in principle capability instead of achieved functioning’s the appropriate political goal. In reality our
ideas of the good life are profoundly by our family, tribal, religious, community or cultural ties and
background. That is why there are very few men and women in Indian family who want to live gay. If
anyone calls it a choice then it is very constraint choice. Not necessarily these constraints always have to be
negative or unjust. On the contrary some may find them very enabling and supporting. These constraints
are much intermingled with a person’s own history and personality, so these cannot be generalized.
Now in relation to the above example ( of living gay) it is important to question, to what extent people have
genuinely access to all the capabilities in there capability set, and whether or not they are punished by
members of the family or community for making such choices of the kind of life they value.
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2.3 Well-being and agency goals
Most often concept of well-being are narrowed to the standard of living which is very personal i.e. well-
being related to one’s own life. If we add the outcome s resulting from sympathies like helping another
person then we are measuring well-being. But when well-being is supplemented with commitments like
some action s not beneficial to the agent then we are focusing on overall agency (Sen, 1987). These
concepts are specific either to achieved outcomes (independent of whether they opt to achieve or not).
Since standard of living primarily focuses on achievement levels so the terms like achievements, freedoms,
agency and well-being are to be understood from the following example.
Suppose two brothers X and Y live in a village in West Bengal (India) and have the same achieved well-
being levels. Both believe that corruption is deafening democracy, and the government should bring a
strong LOKPAL Bill and curve corruption from the system. X decided to travel to Ram Lila Maidan
(New Delhi) to join Anna Hazare and demonstrate in favour of strong LOKPAL, while Y chooses to stay
home. At that moment X is using his agency freedom to voice some of his political concerns. However,
Delhi Police do not like the agitation of the protestors, and violate their civil and political rights by beating
them up in prison. Alike other protestors X was also beaten and thrown to prison. Now X’s achieved well-
being has obviously been lowered considerably. X is offered to sign a piece of paper declaring that he
committed violence (which will bring him a criminal record). If he does not sign, he will be kept in prison
for a further unspecified time. At that time X has a highly constraint option to trade off his agency freedom
for higher achieved well-being. Y had the same agency freedom to voice his concerns and protest against
either the government or the way the Delhi Police abuse their power, but chose not to do so. He is much
concerned about the hollowing of democracy and Human Rights violations but doesn’t want to sacrifice his
achieved well-being for these agency goals. This example shows that that the distinction Sen makes are
important, because while evaluating an exercise one has to ask whether the relevant dimension of
advantage is the standard of living or achieved well-being or agency achievement or well-being freedom or
agency freedom.
The central claim of the CA is that the informational base of judgment must relate to the space of
functionings and/or capabilities, depending on the issue at hand (Robeyns, 2005). Sen argued that well-
being achievements should be measured in functionings, where as well-being freedom is reflected by a
person’s Capability Set. A focus on agency will always transcend an analysis in terms of functionings and
capabilities and will take agency goals into account.
3. Multidimensional Poverty Analysis
In an important contribution, Sen (1976) viewed that the poverty measurement problem has two steps: (i)
the identification of the poor and (ii) aggregation of the characteristics of the poor into an overall indicator.
The first problem is mostly solved by the income (or consumption) method, which requires the
specification of a subsistence income level, referred to as poverty line. That is a person is said to be poor if
his/her income falls below the poverty line. On the aggregation issue Sen (1976) criticized two crude
poverty measures the Head Count Ratio (proportion of person below the poverty line) and the Income Gap
Ratio (the gap between the poverty line and average income of the poor, expressed as a proportion of the
poverty line), as they are insensitive to the redistribution of income among the poor. The former also
remain unaltered if the position of a poor worsens.
The well-being of a population or its poverty (which is insufficient well-being) depends both on monetary
and non-monetary variables. Income as the sole indicator of well-being is inappropriate, as higher income
or consumption cannot always improve the position of person’s monetary or non-monetary attributes and
markets for some non-monetary attributes do not exist. So income should be supplemented by other
attributes like education, life expectancy, housing etc. The need for such a multidimensional approach to
the measurement of inequality in well-being was already emphasized by Kolm (1977), Atkinson and
Bourguignon (1982), Maasoumi (1986) and Tsui (1995).
The basic need approach advocated by development economists regard development as an important in an
array of human needs and not just as growth of income (Streeten, 1981). Well-being is intrinsically
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multidimensional from the point of view of capabilities and functionings, where functionings deal with
what a person can ultimately do and capabilities indicate the freedom that a person enjoys in term of
functioning (Sen, 1985, 1992). In the CA functionings re closely approximated by attributes like literacy,
life expectancy etc. and not by mere income. An example of multidimensional measure of well-being in
terms of functioning achievements is the Human Development Index suggested by UNDP. It aggregates at
the country level functioning achievements in terms of the attributes- life expectancy, per-capita real GDP
and educational attainment rate.
In our multidimensional framework instead of visualizing poverty or deprivation using income or
consumption (as sole indicators of well-being), we go with the term functioning failure, which is shortfalls
from the threshold levels of attributes themselves, and then comes to a Poverty Index by aggregating the
achieved functioning.
3.1 Counting Multidimensional Poverty (Bourguignon & Chakravarty, 2003)
The first question that comes in front is who are poor? That is what should be the way out for identifying
the poor. Multidimensional poverty analysis is based on certain mathematical logics, which are stated
below.
Let, ‘n’ be the size of the population and person ‘i’ possesses an m-row vectors of attributes, such that xi
Rm+, where Rm+ is the non-negative outhunt of the Euclidian m-space Rm.
The vector xi is the i-th row of an nXm matrix and X Mn, where Mn is the set of all nXm matrices whose
entries are non-negative reals.
Xij is the quantity of attribute j enjoyed by person i. j-th column of X gives a distribution of attribute ‘j’
among ‘n’ persons.
Let, M= Un N Mn, where N is the set of positive integers. For any X M we write n(x) or n for the
corresponding population size.
The fundamental point is that a multidimensional approach to poverty defines poverty as a shortfall from
threshold on each dimension/attribute of an individual’s well-being. For calculating the subsistence or
threshold level of attribute m,
Let, z Z is a vector of threshold for different attributes (where Z is a subset of Rm+). Thus the problem is to
determine whether a person ‘i’ is poor or not on the basis of xi and vector z.
Person ‘i’ may be called poor with respect to attribute j if xij<zj or a rich if xij≥zj for all j.
Thus, a simpler way of defining poverty or counting poor is to explicitly account for the possibility of being
poor in any poverty dimensions.
Therefore, possibility being poor Ω (xi, z) = 1 j = 1, 2…m, when xij < zj or 0 otherwise.
Then the no. of poor is simply given by: H = .
4. Conclusion
It can be concluded that CA provides a foundation or base for multidimensional poverty analysis. The
capabilities are the freedom that a person enjoys in terms of functionings. And functionings are close
approximation of functioning’s (i.e. life expectancy, education, health etc.) means are the goods and
services and ends are of intrinsic importance. As functionings are being and doing, the achieved
functionings are realized functionings not the potential. A person is multidimensional poor if he/she has
failed to attain the threshold limit of functioning. Thus CA gives a philosophical and theoretical platform
for measuring poverty or deprivation (in- sufficient well-being) in multidimensional space.
References:
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