The document discusses how poverty is measured in the Philippines. It provides details on: 1) The official poverty line used by the Philippine government to determine if a person is considered poor based on their income. 2) Poverty incidence statistics from 2006 that show approximately 32.9% of Filipinos were living below the poverty line. 3) Perception-based measures from surveys that indicate a higher percentage of Filipinos self-rate as poor compared to official statistics.

1. Measuring Poverty Leland Joseph R. Dela Cruz Development Studies Program School of Social Sciences Ateneo de Manila University

2. Test your knowledge! Name one province where one out of every two individuals is considered poor. How much should a family of 5 persons be earning per month to be considered non-poor? What percent of the Philippine population is considered poor?

3. When is a person considered poor? A poor person is someone who earns income below the official poverty line or poverty threshold. The poverty line measures the income needed to obtain basic and non-basic needs for one year.

4. How does the government compute for the poverty line? The government constructs a menu per region that satisfies basic nutritional requirements. The government computes for the cost of that menu. (ex. P43) The government computes for the proportion of income that is budgeted for food using survey data. (ex. 66%) The figure obtained in #1 is divided by the figure obtained in #2. (ex. P43 / 66% = P65)

5. What is the NCR poverty line (2008)? P328.77 Family/ day* P10,000.00 Family/ month P120,000.00 Family/ year* P65.76 Individual/ day* P2,000.00 Individual/ month* P24,000.00 Individual/ year* *Unofficial, self-computed

6. What is the Philippine poverty line (2006)? P206.29 Family/ day* P6,273.99 Family/ month* P75,287.85 Family/ year* P41.26 Individual/ day* P1,254.80 Individual/ month* P15,057.57 Individual/ year NSCB *Unofficial, self-computed

7. Poverty incidence 2006, NSCB 32.9% or 27.6 million Filipinos are poor. 32.9% of Filipinos earn less than P 15,057.57 a year (Y36,557), P 1,254.80 a month (Y3,046) and P 41.26 a day (Y100.15). 26.9% or 4.6 million Filipino families are poor. 26.9% of families earn less than P75,287.85 a year (Y182,705), P 6,273.99 a month (Y15,232.08) and P 206.29 a day (Y500.78).

8. Poorest Provinces (2006) NSCB Poverty Incidence Tawi-Tawi, Mindanao 78.9% Zamboanga del Norte, Mindanao 63.0% Maguindanao, Mindanao 62.0% Apayao, Northern Luzon 57.5% Surigao del Norte, Mindanao 53.2% Lanao del Sur, Mindanao 52.5% Northern Samar, Visayas 52.2% Masbate, Southern Luzon 51.0% Abra, Northern Luzon 50.1% Misamis Occidental, Mindanao 48.8%

9. Least Poor Provinces (2006) NSCB Poverty Incidence Batanes, Northern Luzon 0% Rizal, Adjacent to NCR 6.4% Bataan, Luzon 6.8% Cavite, Adjacent to NCR 7.8% Benguet, Luzon 8.2% Pampanga, Adjacent to NCR 8.3% Bulacan, Adjacent to NCR 10.0% Laguna, Adjacent to NCR 10.6% Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon 12.7% Quirino, Luzon 15.9%

10. Poverty trends NSCB

11. Philippine Poverty Incidence: Families (Percentage) NSCB 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 %

12. Philippine Poverty Incidence: Individuals (Percentage) NSCB 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 %

13. Income Distribution 2006, NSO

14. Income Distribution

15. Income Distribution

16. Self-Rated Poverty Pulse-Asia June 2004 October 2004 March 2005 Philippines 70% 70% 70% Class ABC 37% 21% 35% Class D 68% 68% 69% Class E 84% 87% 82%

17. Self-Rated Poverty Pulse-Asia June 2004 October 2004 March 2005 NCR 52% 41% 48% Luzon 69% 69% 66% Visayas 71% 82% 80% Mindanao 80% 79% 81% Rural 73% 83% 82% Urban 66% 57% 58%

18. Self-Rated Poverty SWS

19. Summary Official Statistics Perception-based measure Poverty Incidence 25% 50-70% Poverty threshold P6,273.99 a month P10,000 a month

20. Access to basic needs Indicator % of population With access to safe drinking water 80.2% With sanitary toilet 86.2% With access to electricity 79.7% With own house and lot 64.9% With children 6-12 years old in elementary 91.2% With children 13-16 years old in high school 36.1%

21. Inadequacies at the Elementary Level Source: Basic Education Information System, DepEd

22. Inadequacies at the Secondary Level Source: Basic Education Information System, DepEd

23. National Achievement Test Scores Elementary Average: 59.94% High School Average: 46.64%

24. Third International Math and Science Survey Grade 4 Test: Philippines ranked 3 rd lowest among 25 countries (Japan ranked 3 rd highest behind Singapore and Hong Kong) Grade 8 Test: Philippines ranked 6 th lowest among 45 countries (Japan ranked 5 th highest behind Singapore, Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan)

25. Health Personnel by Location Source: Dr. Merceditas Santos-Tuano, former Executive Director, Healthdev Institute Rural Urban Midwives ~30% ~60% Nurses ~20% ~80% Dentists ~10% ~90% Doctors 62% migrate to other countries ~10% ~90%

26. Child Delivery Attendants (2003, NDHS)

27. Child Delivery Attendants by Income Quintiles (2003, NDHS)

28. Location of Child Delivery (2003, NDHS)

29. Location of Child Delivery by Income Quintile (2003, NDHS)

30. Female Life Expectancy 2000, PSY

31. Male Life Expectancy 2000, PSY

32. Life Expectancy 2004, PSY

33. Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 deliveries; 2000, PSY

34. Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 deliveries; 2000, PSY

35. Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 deliveries; 2000, PSY

36. Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 deliveries; 2000, PSY

37. Maternal Mortality Rate per 100,000 live births; 1996-2000, PSY

38. Maternal Mortality Rate per 100,000 live births; 1995, PSY

39. Human Development Index Income per capita Health Life Expectancy Education Mean Years of Schooling Literacy Rate

40. Human Development Index UNDP 2004 Country Rank HDI Country Rank HDI Norway 1 0.956 Philippines 83 0.753 U.S.A. 8 0.939 China 94 0.745 Singapore 25 0.902 Indonesia 111 0.692 Malaysia 59 0.793 Viet Nam 112 0.691 Thailand 76 0.768 Sierra Leone 177 0.273

41. Human Development Index UNDP 2004

42. Human Poverty Index UNDP 2004 Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40. Adult illiteracy rate. Population without access to an improved water source. Children underweight for age.

43. Human Poverty Index UNDP 2004 Country Rank HPI Country Rank HPI Barbados 1 2.5 Philippines 28 15.0 Singapore 6 6.3 Indonesia 35 17.8 Thailand 22 13.1 Viet Nam 41 20.0 China 24 13.2 Burikina Faso 95 65.5

44. Alternative questions for assessing poverty How much income do you have? How much income do you have relative to others? Do you feel poor? Do you have access to basic needs? What is the quality of life you are able to lead?

45. Measuring Poverty Leland Joseph R. Dela Cruz Director, Development Studies Program Ateneo de Manila University