This document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body. It also discusses how drugs act on different parts of the nervous system, including the brain and neurotransmitters. Specific neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and GABA are explained in terms of their functions and how they relate to drug actions and effects. The document also covers concepts like drug classifications, dose-response relationships, routes of administration, distribution and tolerance.
The document discusses several key aspects of pharmacology and drug actions in the human body. It defines pharmacology as the interaction between drugs and living organisms. It describes how drugs are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body. It then discusses how drugs can affect the nervous system, including the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It provides details on the different neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate and endorphins. It explains the lifecycle of neurotransmitters and how drugs can alter their availability. Other topics covered include drug classifications, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, and concepts of tolerance
The document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs affect the nervous system, different neurotransmitters and their functions, chemical pathways in the brain, the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs can alter neurotransmitter availability, classifications of drugs, drug effects, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, distribution of drugs in the body, and concepts of tolerance. The document provides an overview of the basic science underlying how drugs interact with the body and brain.
This document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs affect the nervous system, different neurotransmitters and their functions, chemical pathways in the brain, the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs act on the brain by altering neurotransmitter availability, classifications of drugs, drug effects, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, distribution and metabolism of drugs in the body, and concepts of tolerance.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It discusses how drugs interact with the body and nervous system, including how they are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted. It describes the major neurotransmitter systems and how drugs can impact them. Threshold doses, therapeutic indices and interactions between drugs are also covered.
The document discusses addiction and the brain pathways involved. It describes how drugs of abuse hijack the brain's reward system by stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This leads to compulsive drug seeking behavior even as tolerance and dependence develop. Imaging studies using PET scans show how drug use changes brain activity patterns and how memory of drug cues can trigger craving even after recovery.
The document discusses how drugs affect the brain. It describes the brain's major regions including the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. It explains how neurons communicate through neurotransmitters and how drugs can mimic or block these neurotransmitters. Many drugs activate the mesolimbic dopamine pathway which is involved in motivation and is implicated in addiction. Brain imaging techniques can provide information about brain anatomy, biochemical processes, and how drugs are distributed and affect the brain.
The document discusses the neurobiology of drug addiction. It describes how drugs of abuse act on the brain's reward system and other neurocircuitry to produce rewarding and reinforcing effects that lead to compulsion and addiction. Key areas discussed include how drugs increase dopamine and activate opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala during the acute phase, and later recruit stress systems like CRF to drive compulsive use associated with withdrawal.
This document provides an overview of major neurotransmitters in the brain and how drugs can affect them. It discusses the 5 most studied neurotransmitters - norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and GABA. It then explains several ways drugs can influence neurotransmitters, such as by blocking synthesis, interfering with storage or release, inhibiting breakdown, or blocking receptors. The location in the brain where a drug acts is also important, as each neurotransmitter has multiple effects throughout the brain.
The document discusses several key aspects of pharmacology and drug actions in the human body. It defines pharmacology as the interaction between drugs and living organisms. It describes how drugs are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body. It then discusses how drugs can affect the nervous system, including the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It provides details on the different neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate and endorphins. It explains the lifecycle of neurotransmitters and how drugs can alter their availability. Other topics covered include drug classifications, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, and concepts of tolerance
The document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs affect the nervous system, different neurotransmitters and their functions, chemical pathways in the brain, the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs can alter neurotransmitter availability, classifications of drugs, drug effects, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, distribution of drugs in the body, and concepts of tolerance. The document provides an overview of the basic science underlying how drugs interact with the body and brain.
This document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs affect the nervous system, different neurotransmitters and their functions, chemical pathways in the brain, the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs act on the brain by altering neurotransmitter availability, classifications of drugs, drug effects, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, distribution and metabolism of drugs in the body, and concepts of tolerance.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It discusses how drugs interact with the body and nervous system, including how they are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted. It describes the major neurotransmitter systems and how drugs can impact them. Threshold doses, therapeutic indices and interactions between drugs are also covered.
The document discusses addiction and the brain pathways involved. It describes how drugs of abuse hijack the brain's reward system by stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This leads to compulsive drug seeking behavior even as tolerance and dependence develop. Imaging studies using PET scans show how drug use changes brain activity patterns and how memory of drug cues can trigger craving even after recovery.
The document discusses how drugs affect the brain. It describes the brain's major regions including the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. It explains how neurons communicate through neurotransmitters and how drugs can mimic or block these neurotransmitters. Many drugs activate the mesolimbic dopamine pathway which is involved in motivation and is implicated in addiction. Brain imaging techniques can provide information about brain anatomy, biochemical processes, and how drugs are distributed and affect the brain.
The document discusses the neurobiology of drug addiction. It describes how drugs of abuse act on the brain's reward system and other neurocircuitry to produce rewarding and reinforcing effects that lead to compulsion and addiction. Key areas discussed include how drugs increase dopamine and activate opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala during the acute phase, and later recruit stress systems like CRF to drive compulsive use associated with withdrawal.
This document provides an overview of major neurotransmitters in the brain and how drugs can affect them. It discusses the 5 most studied neurotransmitters - norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and GABA. It then explains several ways drugs can influence neurotransmitters, such as by blocking synthesis, interfering with storage or release, inhibiting breakdown, or blocking receptors. The location in the brain where a drug acts is also important, as each neurotransmitter has multiple effects throughout the brain.
This document summarizes key concepts about pharmacology and the physiology of drugs. It discusses how drugs produce different effects in the body and brain through their interaction with living organisms, known as pharmacology. The nervous system and specific neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA are explained. It also outlines the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs can alter neurotransmitter availability, different classifications of drugs, factors that influence drug effects like dosage, routes of administration, distribution in the body, and tolerance development.
1. The document discusses how psychotropic medications work in the brain and their potential side effects. It describes how drugs travel through different compartments in the brain, including the blood vessels, extracellular space, and between brain cells, before reaching their targets.
2. Many psychotropic drugs target neurotransmitter transporter proteins, G protein-linked receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-sensitive ion channels, or enzymes in the brain. Their effects are not selective to specific brain regions, which can contribute to side effects.
3. Common side effects discussed include tardive dyskinesia from long-term use of antipsychotics and weight gain from some atypical antipsychotics, which
Addiction affects the brain's communication system by disturbing the delicate balance of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. Drugs can imitate or increase natural neurotransmitters, overriding the brain's feedback mechanisms and rewarding pathways. As the brain adjusts to the external substance, it produces less of its own neurotransmitters, leading to cravings. Treatment may involve medication to stabilize neurotransmitter levels, but medication must be carefully managed under medical supervision as withdrawal from drugs or improper diagnosis can impact treatment needs. Co-occurring psychiatric conditions also require concurrent treatment with addiction.
This document summarizes the physiology of drug addiction. It begins by defining drugs and discussing drugs of abuse. It then describes the nervous system and components like neurons, neurotransmitters, and receptors. It explains how drugs act on receptors in the reward pathway in the brain, especially stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Repeated drug use can cause tolerance, dependence, and reward deficiency as the brain adapts. Addiction involves changes in neurobiology and loss of control over drug intake despite negative consequences.
Neuro-circuitry of Craving and its Implications in management Pawan Sharma
The document summarizes a seminar on the neurocircuitry of craving and its implications for management. It begins with definitions of craving from a psychological and neurobiological perspective. It then discusses paradigms used to study craving, including self-report measures and non-verbal measures. Animal models are described that examine drug-seeking behavior and reinstatement. Neurocircuitry research in humans and animals identifies regions implicated in craving, including the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and ventral tegmental area. Imaging studies further elucidate the neural underpinnings of craving versus natural rewards.
Pharmacotherapy of Drug Abuse or Addiction (Intoxication and Withdrawal Syndr...Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh
. Addiction Circle (Abuse, Dependence, Addiction)
2. Pathophysiology of Addiction and Reward or pleasure pathway
3. Mechanism of addictive Drugs on Reward System
4. Signs and Symptoms of intoxication and Withdrawal of different Drugs
5. Table List of most common Addictive drugs classified according to action
6. treatment of intoxication
7. Treatment of Withdrawal Syndrome
Addiction is a disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences. It arises from changes in the brain's reward system due to repeated exposure to addictive substances. The brain disease model of addiction posits that addiction develops over time through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms in the brain's reward system in response to chronically high levels of an addictive stimulus. The nervous system is affected in the brain stem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex, which control basic functions, emotions/happiness, and thinking/decision-making respectively. Mind-altering drugs impact levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine, which regulate functions like pleasure, mood, anxiety, and focus
This document provides an overview of a lecture on drugs of abuse and addiction. It discusses the brain reward circuit and how drugs of abuse can hijack this system. It defines key terms like abuse, dependence, addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal. It also outlines various classes of drugs of abuse like sedatives, stimulants, and hallucinogens and covers topics like toxicology and treatment options. The goal is to provide students with an understanding of the biological basis of addiction and effects of major drugs of abuse.
This document discusses psychopharmacology and the effects of drugs on affect, cognition, and behavior. It covers topics like pharmacokinetics, drug effectiveness, routes of drug administration, tolerance and sensitization, synaptic transmission, and drug actions on synaptic transmission. It also summarizes different classes of psychotropic drugs like antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and others. It discusses objectives of treatment, reasons for using medications, phases of treatment, potential adverse effects, and principles of prescribing and managing treatment failure.
Craving is a powerful desire to use drugs that involves thoughts, feelings, and physiological components. Drugs activate the brain's reward circuit including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Craving involves a cycle of triggers, craving thoughts and feelings, and drug-seeking behaviors. Medications like naltrexone and buprenorphine work to reduce craving by blocking opioid receptors, while baclofen and antalarmin target GABA and CRF systems respectively.
Prescription drug abuse, especially of stimulants used to treat ADHD, is a growing problem in the United States. Stimulants work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain and can produce feelings of pleasure and reward. Dopamine plays a key role in motivation and learning. Commonly abused prescription stimulants include Adderall and Ritalin, which are normally prescribed to treat ADHD, but some people crush and snort or inject them to get high. Long term abuse can lead to health issues like heart problems, anxiety, and psychosis. Emergency room visits and deaths related to nonmedical prescription stimulant use have been rising in recent years according to national surveys.
This document discusses the neurobiology of addiction. It explains that addiction is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, with genes accounting for 30-60% of vulnerability. All drugs of abuse activate the brain's reward system by increasing dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens. Chronic drug use leads to adaptations in dopamine function and glutamatergic transmission that result in impaired reward processing, craving, and compulsive drug-seeking behaviors even after periods of abstinence. The persistence of addiction is thought to be due to long-term remodeling of synapses and circuits involved in associative memory formation and storage.
The document discusses antipsychotic polypharmacy, which is the use of two or more antipsychotic medications simultaneously. It notes that while some studies have found antipsychotic combinations to be more effective than monotherapy for severe cases, other research has associated polypharmacy with higher risks of side effects and issues with long-term safety are still unclear. Overall, the document advocates for a cautious, evidence-based approach to antipsychotic treatment using monotherapy when possible before considering polypharmacy options.
Antidepressants can have surprising effects on animals and people. Prozac in waterways has been shown to make shrimp act erratically by increasing serotonin levels without affecting their mood. While all antidepressants have similar effectiveness, their costs can vary widely with generic versions costing much less. Antidepressants can both positively and negatively impact users' sex lives by delaying ejaculation but also potentially causing long-term sexual side effects.
Antidepressants have several surprising effects: Prozac in water makes shrimp act erratically due to increased serotonin; all antidepressants are equally effective for depression but have different costs and side effects; SSRIs can both decrease and increase libido by causing sexual dysfunction but also treating premature ejaculation; and long term sexual, bone, and cognitive side effects from SSRIs are still under investigation.
This document provides an overview of addiction and the neuroscience of addiction. It begins by defining addiction as a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by compulsion to seek a stimulus, loss of control, and negative emotional state during withdrawal. It discusses compulsive drug use and the neurobiology of the binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/craving stages of addiction. It provides data on the prevalence and societal costs of various addictions. It also summarizes current and potential medications to treat the positive and negative reinforcing aspects of addiction.
Prescription drug abuse, especially of stimulants used to treat conditions like ADHD, has been rising in recent years according to national surveys. Stimulants work by increasing levels of dopamine in the brain, which can produce feelings of pleasure and reward. Dopamine plays a key role in functions like cognition, motivation, and mood. Commonly abused prescription stimulants include Adderall and Ritalin, which are normally prescribed to treat ADHD. While they can improve focus and energy when taken properly, abusing these drugs by crushing them and snorting or injecting can have serious unwanted side effects and lead to addiction. Emergency room visits and deaths related to prescription drug overdoses have been increasing from 2005 to
The brain reward system is activated by natural rewards to meet biological needs, but is also activated by addictive drugs even when no needs are present. Chronic drug use causes plastic changes in the brain that contribute to addiction. Glutamate signaling plays a key role in addiction learning and craving. Future anti-craving therapies aim to target drug-induced changes in neuronal networks specific to each addiction, moving toward individualized treatment approaches.
Addiction is a complex illness caused by changes in the brain due to repeated drug use. Drugs of abuse trigger the brain's reward system by increasing the neurotransmitter dopamine, especially in the nucleus accumbens. Over time, this causes long-lasting changes in other brain systems and behaviors. Current pharmacological treatments aim to manage withdrawal, achieve and maintain abstinence, and reduce harms. Methadone maintenance is effective by occupying opioid receptors and blocking the effects of other opioids. New treatments target other neurotransmitter systems and pathways involved in addiction and relapse.
This document defines key concepts in pharmacology including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It describes how drugs interact with receptors in the body and brain to produce effects. The main points are:
Pharmacokinetics refers to what the body does to drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Pharmacodynamics refers to how drugs act on receptors in the body. Drugs are absorbed differently depending on their route of administration and chemical properties. They are distributed throughout the body depending on blood flow and can be stored in fatty tissues. Metabolism and excretion eliminate drugs from the system. Drug effects are determined by factors like dosage, receptor affinity
This document provides an overview of Chapter 1 from a drugs and society course. It begins with introductory questions for students and an outline of topics to be covered in the class, including expectations, definitions of key drug-related terms, and historical perspectives on different drugs. It then provides brief summaries of the cultural and historical uses of several major drugs - alcohol, marijuana, narcotics/opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, sedative-hypnotic drugs, and hallucinogens. The document concludes with instructions for a group project where students will research and present on a drug-related topic.
This document contains information about marijuana from multiple perspectives. It discusses the history of marijuana use and laws, popular misconceptions, medical uses, physiological and psychological effects, potential for abuse and dependence, and differing views on legalization. It aims to provide a balanced overview of the topic by presenting facts, research findings, and varying opinions on marijuana.
This document summarizes key concepts about pharmacology and the physiology of drugs. It discusses how drugs produce different effects in the body and brain through their interaction with living organisms, known as pharmacology. The nervous system and specific neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA are explained. It also outlines the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs can alter neurotransmitter availability, different classifications of drugs, factors that influence drug effects like dosage, routes of administration, distribution in the body, and tolerance development.
1. The document discusses how psychotropic medications work in the brain and their potential side effects. It describes how drugs travel through different compartments in the brain, including the blood vessels, extracellular space, and between brain cells, before reaching their targets.
2. Many psychotropic drugs target neurotransmitter transporter proteins, G protein-linked receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-sensitive ion channels, or enzymes in the brain. Their effects are not selective to specific brain regions, which can contribute to side effects.
3. Common side effects discussed include tardive dyskinesia from long-term use of antipsychotics and weight gain from some atypical antipsychotics, which
Addiction affects the brain's communication system by disturbing the delicate balance of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. Drugs can imitate or increase natural neurotransmitters, overriding the brain's feedback mechanisms and rewarding pathways. As the brain adjusts to the external substance, it produces less of its own neurotransmitters, leading to cravings. Treatment may involve medication to stabilize neurotransmitter levels, but medication must be carefully managed under medical supervision as withdrawal from drugs or improper diagnosis can impact treatment needs. Co-occurring psychiatric conditions also require concurrent treatment with addiction.
This document summarizes the physiology of drug addiction. It begins by defining drugs and discussing drugs of abuse. It then describes the nervous system and components like neurons, neurotransmitters, and receptors. It explains how drugs act on receptors in the reward pathway in the brain, especially stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Repeated drug use can cause tolerance, dependence, and reward deficiency as the brain adapts. Addiction involves changes in neurobiology and loss of control over drug intake despite negative consequences.
Neuro-circuitry of Craving and its Implications in management Pawan Sharma
The document summarizes a seminar on the neurocircuitry of craving and its implications for management. It begins with definitions of craving from a psychological and neurobiological perspective. It then discusses paradigms used to study craving, including self-report measures and non-verbal measures. Animal models are described that examine drug-seeking behavior and reinstatement. Neurocircuitry research in humans and animals identifies regions implicated in craving, including the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and ventral tegmental area. Imaging studies further elucidate the neural underpinnings of craving versus natural rewards.
Pharmacotherapy of Drug Abuse or Addiction (Intoxication and Withdrawal Syndr...Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh
. Addiction Circle (Abuse, Dependence, Addiction)
2. Pathophysiology of Addiction and Reward or pleasure pathway
3. Mechanism of addictive Drugs on Reward System
4. Signs and Symptoms of intoxication and Withdrawal of different Drugs
5. Table List of most common Addictive drugs classified according to action
6. treatment of intoxication
7. Treatment of Withdrawal Syndrome
Addiction is a disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences. It arises from changes in the brain's reward system due to repeated exposure to addictive substances. The brain disease model of addiction posits that addiction develops over time through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms in the brain's reward system in response to chronically high levels of an addictive stimulus. The nervous system is affected in the brain stem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex, which control basic functions, emotions/happiness, and thinking/decision-making respectively. Mind-altering drugs impact levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine, which regulate functions like pleasure, mood, anxiety, and focus
This document provides an overview of a lecture on drugs of abuse and addiction. It discusses the brain reward circuit and how drugs of abuse can hijack this system. It defines key terms like abuse, dependence, addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal. It also outlines various classes of drugs of abuse like sedatives, stimulants, and hallucinogens and covers topics like toxicology and treatment options. The goal is to provide students with an understanding of the biological basis of addiction and effects of major drugs of abuse.
This document discusses psychopharmacology and the effects of drugs on affect, cognition, and behavior. It covers topics like pharmacokinetics, drug effectiveness, routes of drug administration, tolerance and sensitization, synaptic transmission, and drug actions on synaptic transmission. It also summarizes different classes of psychotropic drugs like antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and others. It discusses objectives of treatment, reasons for using medications, phases of treatment, potential adverse effects, and principles of prescribing and managing treatment failure.
Craving is a powerful desire to use drugs that involves thoughts, feelings, and physiological components. Drugs activate the brain's reward circuit including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Craving involves a cycle of triggers, craving thoughts and feelings, and drug-seeking behaviors. Medications like naltrexone and buprenorphine work to reduce craving by blocking opioid receptors, while baclofen and antalarmin target GABA and CRF systems respectively.
Prescription drug abuse, especially of stimulants used to treat ADHD, is a growing problem in the United States. Stimulants work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain and can produce feelings of pleasure and reward. Dopamine plays a key role in motivation and learning. Commonly abused prescription stimulants include Adderall and Ritalin, which are normally prescribed to treat ADHD, but some people crush and snort or inject them to get high. Long term abuse can lead to health issues like heart problems, anxiety, and psychosis. Emergency room visits and deaths related to nonmedical prescription stimulant use have been rising in recent years according to national surveys.
This document discusses the neurobiology of addiction. It explains that addiction is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, with genes accounting for 30-60% of vulnerability. All drugs of abuse activate the brain's reward system by increasing dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens. Chronic drug use leads to adaptations in dopamine function and glutamatergic transmission that result in impaired reward processing, craving, and compulsive drug-seeking behaviors even after periods of abstinence. The persistence of addiction is thought to be due to long-term remodeling of synapses and circuits involved in associative memory formation and storage.
The document discusses antipsychotic polypharmacy, which is the use of two or more antipsychotic medications simultaneously. It notes that while some studies have found antipsychotic combinations to be more effective than monotherapy for severe cases, other research has associated polypharmacy with higher risks of side effects and issues with long-term safety are still unclear. Overall, the document advocates for a cautious, evidence-based approach to antipsychotic treatment using monotherapy when possible before considering polypharmacy options.
Antidepressants can have surprising effects on animals and people. Prozac in waterways has been shown to make shrimp act erratically by increasing serotonin levels without affecting their mood. While all antidepressants have similar effectiveness, their costs can vary widely with generic versions costing much less. Antidepressants can both positively and negatively impact users' sex lives by delaying ejaculation but also potentially causing long-term sexual side effects.
Antidepressants have several surprising effects: Prozac in water makes shrimp act erratically due to increased serotonin; all antidepressants are equally effective for depression but have different costs and side effects; SSRIs can both decrease and increase libido by causing sexual dysfunction but also treating premature ejaculation; and long term sexual, bone, and cognitive side effects from SSRIs are still under investigation.
This document provides an overview of addiction and the neuroscience of addiction. It begins by defining addiction as a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by compulsion to seek a stimulus, loss of control, and negative emotional state during withdrawal. It discusses compulsive drug use and the neurobiology of the binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/craving stages of addiction. It provides data on the prevalence and societal costs of various addictions. It also summarizes current and potential medications to treat the positive and negative reinforcing aspects of addiction.
Prescription drug abuse, especially of stimulants used to treat conditions like ADHD, has been rising in recent years according to national surveys. Stimulants work by increasing levels of dopamine in the brain, which can produce feelings of pleasure and reward. Dopamine plays a key role in functions like cognition, motivation, and mood. Commonly abused prescription stimulants include Adderall and Ritalin, which are normally prescribed to treat ADHD. While they can improve focus and energy when taken properly, abusing these drugs by crushing them and snorting or injecting can have serious unwanted side effects and lead to addiction. Emergency room visits and deaths related to prescription drug overdoses have been increasing from 2005 to
The brain reward system is activated by natural rewards to meet biological needs, but is also activated by addictive drugs even when no needs are present. Chronic drug use causes plastic changes in the brain that contribute to addiction. Glutamate signaling plays a key role in addiction learning and craving. Future anti-craving therapies aim to target drug-induced changes in neuronal networks specific to each addiction, moving toward individualized treatment approaches.
Addiction is a complex illness caused by changes in the brain due to repeated drug use. Drugs of abuse trigger the brain's reward system by increasing the neurotransmitter dopamine, especially in the nucleus accumbens. Over time, this causes long-lasting changes in other brain systems and behaviors. Current pharmacological treatments aim to manage withdrawal, achieve and maintain abstinence, and reduce harms. Methadone maintenance is effective by occupying opioid receptors and blocking the effects of other opioids. New treatments target other neurotransmitter systems and pathways involved in addiction and relapse.
This document defines key concepts in pharmacology including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It describes how drugs interact with receptors in the body and brain to produce effects. The main points are:
Pharmacokinetics refers to what the body does to drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Pharmacodynamics refers to how drugs act on receptors in the body. Drugs are absorbed differently depending on their route of administration and chemical properties. They are distributed throughout the body depending on blood flow and can be stored in fatty tissues. Metabolism and excretion eliminate drugs from the system. Drug effects are determined by factors like dosage, receptor affinity
This document provides an overview of Chapter 1 from a drugs and society course. It begins with introductory questions for students and an outline of topics to be covered in the class, including expectations, definitions of key drug-related terms, and historical perspectives on different drugs. It then provides brief summaries of the cultural and historical uses of several major drugs - alcohol, marijuana, narcotics/opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, sedative-hypnotic drugs, and hallucinogens. The document concludes with instructions for a group project where students will research and present on a drug-related topic.
This document contains information about marijuana from multiple perspectives. It discusses the history of marijuana use and laws, popular misconceptions, medical uses, physiological and psychological effects, potential for abuse and dependence, and differing views on legalization. It aims to provide a balanced overview of the topic by presenting facts, research findings, and varying opinions on marijuana.
The document summarizes motivations for drug use according to a chapter on the topic. It finds that curiosity, boredom, escape from problems, and rebellion are the main motivations for trying drugs initially. However, characteristics of the drugs themselves and societal/family influences determine whether a person continues drug use. A variety of theories on drug addiction are also summarized, including biological factors like genetics and brain chemistry as well as social and psychological elements.
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs, which are central nervous system depressants that produce relaxing to sleep-inducing effects. It describes three main types - barbiturates, nonbarbiturate sedatives, and minor tranquilizers. The document also discusses the medical uses of these drugs to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures, as well as the risks of dependence, withdrawal, toxicity, and fatal interactions with alcohol.
This document discusses alcohol, including its pharmacology, effects on the brain and body, alcoholism, and impacts of alcohol use. Key points include:
- Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and its effects include impaired judgment, reasoning, and motor skills. Heavy drinking can damage the liver, brain, and increase risks of certain cancers.
- Alcoholism is considered a disease, characterized by loss of control over drinking and withdrawal symptoms. Genetics and environment contribute to risk.
- Children of alcoholics often experience negative health, social, and emotional impacts like low self-esteem or acting out behaviors. Underage drinking is associated with higher risks of accidents, injuries, and premature death.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of the textbook Drugs & Society. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, psychoactive drug, misuse, abuse, addiction, and substance use disorder. It then discusses several major drug classes - alcohol, marijuana, narcotics, cocaine, amphetamines, and sedative-hypnotic drugs - providing brief historical perspectives on their use. The document aims to introduce students to the complex social histories of various psychoactive substances.
This document provides an overview of psychotherapeutic medication. It begins by defining mental illness and providing demographic statistics. It then discusses the history of treatment, including early abusive practices and the development of electroconvulsive therapy. The document outlines several mental disorders like anxiety, mood disorders, and psychosis. It provides details on diagnosis and specific medications used to treat various disorders. The document notes challenges like dual diagnosis, non-compliance, and the increased societal impacts of widespread medication use.
This document summarizes key information about narcotics from a class on drugs and society. It discusses the differences between opioids, opiates, and narcotics. It also covers the medical uses of narcotics, their physical and emotional effects, and the risks of dependency, overdose, and withdrawal. The document provides details on specific narcotics like heroin, morphine, and oxycodone. It also discusses policy approaches to narcotics issues, like needle exchange programs and the use of drugs like methadone or suboxone to help people quit opioid use.
- Marijuana is derived from the cannabis plant and has historically been used for both medicinal and recreational purposes. It affects the neurotransmitter anandamide in the brain.
- While public opinion has shifted towards legalization, marijuana use can have negative health effects like respiratory issues and problems with memory. The effects of long term use are still being studied.
- There is ongoing debate around legalization policies and how to balance public health with civil liberties. Perspectives on marijuana have changed significantly over time and continue to vary within societies.
This document discusses substance abuse treatment. It covers various treatment programs like inpatient, outpatient, counseling, pharmacotherapies, and 12-step models. The key goals of treatment include defining treatment goals and helping users move through stages of change like pre-contemplation and contemplation. Treatment is most effective when the program matches the individual's needs. Relapse is common due to negative emotions, conflicts, and social pressures. Overall, treatment is beneficial by reducing drug use, criminal behavior, and health risks.
This document discusses how drug use impacts individuals and society. It notes that drug use can result in deaths, emergency room visits, lost productivity, broken homes, and higher medical costs. Surveys, reports, and questionnaires are used to track drug use trends over time. The document outlines various patterns of drug use and how perceptions of dependence have changed over time. It discusses how drug use can negatively impact families, social behavior, education attainment, employment, and fetal development. Testing methods and their limitations are also reviewed.
1. Drug use has negative social and economic consequences including deaths, emergency room visits, lost productivity, criminal behavior, and costs of treatment.
2. Surveys and reports provide information on the extent of drug use in the U.S. and trends over time, but may be missing some data.
3. Drug use is associated with negative outcomes including family instability, lower education and employment prospects, and increased crime. However, correlation does not imply causation.
4. There are ongoing debates around issues like drug policy, regulation, testing, and treatment. Overall the document discusses the complex social issues related to drug use.
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter 5 on cultural and linguistic diversity. The chapter discusses how the education of students with disabilities from diverse backgrounds has improved since IDEA, and the purposes of bilingual/ESL education and culturally responsive teaching. It also examines population trends among diverse learners, how these trends impact schools, and ways to decrease disproportionality and improve education, such as through culturally responsive teaching and assessment practices.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and definitions related to psychoactive drugs and substances. It begins with definitions of terms like drug, psychoactive drug, misuse, abuse, addiction, dependency, and substance use disorder. It then covers historical perspectives and categories of drugs, including depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, and sedative-hypnotic drugs. For each drug category, brief histories are provided on substances like alcohol, marijuana, opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and inhalants. Medical uses are discussed along with notes on popularization and criminalization of certain drugs over time.
This document summarizes the history of drug laws in the United States from the 1700s to present day. It discusses how the first drugs regulated were alcohol and opium, and laws gradually expanded to include other substances like cocaine and marijuana. Major legislation over time aimed to tax drugs, require prescriptions, define schedules of controlled substances, and strengthen FDA oversight of new drugs. Debates continue around decriminalization, legalization, harm reduction strategies, and disproportionate impacts on minorities.
This document provides an overview of drugs and their historical contexts. It discusses various classes of drugs, including:
- Alcohol, which has been used for millennia and played an important economic and social role in early U.S. history.
- Marijuana, which has been cultivated for fiber and medicine for thousands of years around the world.
- Narcotics like opium, morphine and heroin, which have been used medically for thousands of years and were once legally available over the counter.
- Stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines, which were once common ingredients in popular drinks and medicines before becoming regulated and illegal.
- Sedative-hypnotic drugs like
This document discusses opioids and narcotics, including:
1. It defines opioids, opiates, and narcotics and lists some common synthetic prescription narcotics like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl.
2. It describes the medical uses of narcotics for pain relief and treating intestinal disorders, while also outlining both the physical and emotional effects of narcotic use.
3. It discusses the risks of dependency and toxicity that can arise from chronic narcotic use, including infections from shared needles and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms are also detailed.
Here are three potential benefits and risks of using stimulant medication to treat ADD/ADHD:
Benefits:
1. Stimulant medications like Ritalin and Adderall can help improve focus, attention, and impulse control which are core symptoms of ADD/ADHD.
2. Properly prescribed and monitored, stimulant medications may help improve academic and work performance for those with ADD/ADHD.
3. Stimulant medications have been shown to reduce symptoms of hyperactivity, restlessness and impulsivity associated with ADD/ADHD.
Risks:
1. Long term effects of stimulant medication use on the developing brain are still being studied which is a concern when prescribing to children.
The document summarizes information about alcohol, including its production, pharmacology, effects on the brain and behavior at different blood alcohol content levels, and the disease of alcoholism. It discusses the genetic and environmental factors that influence alcoholism risk and the physical withdrawal symptoms. It also outlines the impacts of alcohol on individuals, families, and society, including effects on children of alcoholics, domestic violence, suicide, accidents, and fetal development. The document examines prohibitions on alcohol and trends in drinking behaviors among college students and in different countries, age groups, and cultures. It details the physiological toxicity and damage alcohol can cause to major organ systems like the brain, liver, and heart.
This document outlines a chapter about exceptionalities and families. It describes how families of children with disabilities have changed since protections were established in IDEA. It discusses the family systems approach and both the strengths and challenges families face. It also examines the relationships between children with disabilities and their parents, siblings, and other family members. Finally, it provides guidance on how professionals can best support families through nurturing and competent interactions.
This document provides an outline and overview of addiction and various classes of psychotropic drugs. It begins with definitions of key terms related to addiction such as substance use, abuse, and dependence. It then discusses the impact of addiction and distinguishes between physiological and psychological addiction. The document outlines the reward circuitry in the brain impacted by drugs of abuse and how drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at neurotransmitter receptors. It provides methamphetamine and heroin as examples of stimulant and depressant drugs, describing their mechanisms of action and effects on dopamine and opioid receptors in the brain. The document hierarchy of drug classes and discusses common properties and medical uses of illicit drugs.
Introduction to the BioPsychoSocial approach to Addictionkavroom
In this 45 minute introductory lecture you will learn about the biopsychosocial approach to addiction
At the end of this session you should:
Have an understanding of the neurological systems that underpin addiction.
Appreciate that the ways addiction is explained has a direct influence upon treatment.
Be aware that there is no unified theory of addition, but that an integrated approach can help explain onset and maintenance of addictive behavior.
Psychopharmacology is a field of study that explores the effects of drugs and medications on the human mind, behavior, and emotions. It delves into the interactions between chemicals (pharmacology) and mental processes (psychology). This interdisciplinary science focuses on understanding how various drugs, including prescription medications, affect the brain's neurochemistry and, consequently, influence a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. this ppt contains introductory portion of psychopharmacology
This document provides an overview of psychopharmacological therapy presented by Dr. Ved Prakash Rawat. It discusses key topics such as important terms like psychotropic medications and neurotransmitters. It also covers pharmacodynamics regarding where drugs act in the body like receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier proteins. Pharmacokinetics regarding how the body acts on drugs is examined, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and half-life. Major drug categories and side effects are also mentioned. The presentation aims to explain psychopharmacological concepts for treating mental disorders with psychoactive medications.
Pharmacology Basics discusses key concepts in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It describes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated in the body, and how drugs interact with receptors to produce effects. The document outlines the life cycle of a drug, factors affecting absorption and distribution, and concepts like bioavailability, metabolism, excretion, and the relationship between dose and response.
The document provides an overview of foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing. It discusses definitions of mental health and mental illness. It describes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and issues of self-awareness for nurses. Neurobiological theories of mental illness are presented, including the roles of neurotransmitters and neuroanatomic structures. Psychopharmacological treatments for conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety are summarized. Finally, psychosocial theories of Sigmund Freud are briefly introduced.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology basics, including:
1) Pharmacokinetics is the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body, while pharmacodynamics describes drug interactions with receptors.
2) Drugs are absorbed through various routes with varying speeds, distributed depending on blood flow and solubility, metabolized by the liver and kidneys, and eliminated through urine, bile, breath or other routes.
3) Drug effectiveness depends on factors like dose, response curves, therapeutic index, potency, efficacy, and interactions; tolerance and sensitization can also develop from repeated exposure.
DRUG ABUSE & ADDICTION , IDIOSYNCRASY AND TACHYPHYLAXISsarthak845950
Drug addiction is a complex disease that affects the mind, body, and spirit. It changes the structure and functioning of the brain. Without treatment, these brain changes can be long lasting. Addiction is chronic and progressive, and if left untreated, it can be fatal. Individuals struggling with drug addiction often feel they cannot function normally without drugs, leading to issues that impact their lives. Over time, these side effects can worsen and become fatal without treatment.
This document discusses various topics related to drug dependence, addiction, abuse, tolerance, and interactions. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts. Some main points include:
- Drug dependence develops from repeated drug use and results in withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. It is characterized by compulsive drug seeking despite negative consequences.
- Tolerance occurs when neurons adapt to repeated drug exposure and only function normally in the drug's presence. Withdrawal syndrome can range from mild to life-threatening depending on the drug.
- The CREB protein and CRF neuropeptide are involved in the biological mechanisms of psychological dependence, forcing the body to take higher doses to achieve the same effect.
- Successful treatment involves
This document provides an overview of general principles of psychopharmacology. It discusses key topics including:
- Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior. Drugs can produce changes in physiological processes and behavior.
- Drugs act through various sites in the body including receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier proteins. Their effects depend on how the drug structure interacts with these sites.
- Drugs are classified based on their structure, mechanism of action, history, uniqueness, and major clinical applications like antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics.
- Pharmacodynamics examines what the body does to the drug through processes like receptors, dose
Pharmacology Basics discusses key concepts in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It describes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated in the body, and how drugs interact with receptors to produce effects. The document outlines the life cycle of a drug, factors affecting absorption and distribution, and principles of drug metabolism and excretion. It also discusses concepts like bioavailability, therapeutic index, tolerance, and drug-receptor interactions.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology basics, including:
- Pharmacokinetics is the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated by the body. Pharmacodynamics describes drug interactions with receptors.
- Drugs are absorbed through various routes at different rates, distributed throughout the body depending on blood flow, metabolized and degraded in the liver and kidneys, and eliminated through urine, feces or other routes.
- Drug effects depend on factors like dose, potency, efficacy and interactions with other drugs through various mechanisms like tolerance, sensitization and pharmacodynamics at receptor sites.
This document discusses opioid use disorders and their management. It begins with an introduction to opioids, their physiology and routes of administration. It then covers the etiology of opioid use disorders, including genetic and psychosocial factors. The key opioid related disorders according to DSM and ICD criteria are outlined. Clinical features of opioid effects and withdrawal are described. Management includes treatment of dependence, intoxication and withdrawal. Pharmacological approaches discussed are antagonist therapy using naltrexone and agonist therapy using methadone, buprenorphine and other agents.
Neurobiology of Substance Dependence
The document summarizes the neurobiology of substance dependence in 3 key areas:
1. Substance dependence involves changes in the brain's reward pathway including the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex due to drug-induced alterations in neurotransmitters like dopamine.
2. Drugs of abuse activate the brain's natural reward system by increasing the release of dopamine in this pathway, initially producing feelings of pleasure but ultimately leading to maladaptive changes in brain structure and function over time.
3. Withdrawal from drugs involves dysregulation of many neurotransmitter systems producing negative symptoms that drive relapse through craving and stress. Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms provides
An overview of atypical anti depressantsBrajesh Lahri
This powerpoint presentation deals with the pharmacology and psychiatric uses of atypical anti-depressants. TCAs and SSRIs are considered as typical anti-depressants, while other classes include SNRI, RIMAs and atypical antidepressants. In this presentation, i have briefly given an overview of atypical anti-depressants as well as of SNRIs and RIMAs.
Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior. These drugs may originate from natural sources such as plants and animals, or from artificial sources such as chemical syntheses in the laboratory.
Major Categories of Drugs
1- Neuroleptics 2- Anxiolytics 3- Hypnotics 4- Antidepressants 5- Mood Stabilizers 6- Psychostimulants
This document outlines the six classifications of drugs of abuse:
1. Gateway drugs include legal drugs like tobacco and alcohol that can lead to use of more dangerous drugs.
2. Depressant drugs slow the central nervous system and include alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers. They are sometimes prescribed to treat conditions like anxiety.
3. Stimulant drugs speed up the central nervous system and include amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. They provide energy but can cause depression and tiredness.
4. Narcotics relieve pain and induce sleep and include opioids like heroin and marijuana. They are sometimes prescribed for pain but are also abused recreationally.
1) Dopamine plays a key role in addiction by mediating pleasure, motivation, and salience, while genetic differences in dopamine receptors influence addiction risk.
2) Glutamate affects synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation, which impact learning processes in addiction.
3) Stress responses differ in addicted individuals, and early-life stress can trigger addiction by sensitizing the brain's reward pathways.
This document outlines the six classifications of drugs of abuse:
1. Gateway drugs include legal drugs like tobacco and alcohol that can lead to use of more dangerous drugs.
2. Depressant drugs slow down the central nervous system and include alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers. They are sometimes prescribed to help with stress or anger issues.
3. Stimulant drugs speed up the central nervous system and include amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. They provide energy but can cause depression and tiredness.
4. Narcotics relieve pain and induce sleep and include opioids like heroin and marijuana. They are prescribed for pain but can be abused.
This document discusses sensory disabilities related to hearing and vision loss. It covers the changing experiences of people with these disabilities since special education laws were passed. It also defines and classifies different types of hearing and vision loss, describes their characteristics and prevalence. The document outlines causes and risk factors, assessment procedures, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood for children with sensory disabilities.
This document discusses severe and multiple disabilities, including definitions, characteristics, causes, assessment, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood. It describes how the lives of those with severe disabilities have changed since IDEA, and outlines interventions and supports to help them develop skills and participate inclusively in school and community life. The goal is for those with severe disabilities to lead happy, productive lives.
This document outlines the key points of a chapter about autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It discusses:
1) How understanding and support for people with ASD has improved since special education laws were passed.
2) The various definitions and classifications of ASD.
3) The characteristics of ASD including difficulties with social skills and repetitive behaviors, as well as strengths like savant skills.
4) Potential causes of ASD and the multifactorial nature of its origins.
This document outlines the learning objectives for Chapter 10 which covers communication disorders. It discusses the changes in lives of people with communication disorders since IDEA, typical communication development processes, and various communication disorders including their definitions, prevalence, causes, identification and interventions. Specific disorders covered include language disorders, speech sound disorders, child onset fluency disorder, social communication disorder, and voice and resonance disorders.
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter Nine, which examines intellectual and developmental disabilities. The chapter discusses how the lives of those with intellectual disabilities have changed since special education laws were passed, provides definitions and classifications of intellectual disabilities, and describes characteristics, causes, assessments, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood. It emphasizes that individuals with intellectual disabilities can achieve autonomy and independence with appropriate long-term supports.
The document describes gifted, creative, and talented individuals and their education. It covers:
1) Definitions of giftedness have changed from IQ to multiple measures including creativity and talent. 2) 2-5% of students are typically identified as gifted, increasing to 10-25% in special programs.
3) Identification methods include teacher nomination, intelligence/achievement tests, and creativity tests. Interventions include early education programs, differentiated learning, acceleration, and addressing needs of underrepresented groups.
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter Nine, which examines intellectual and developmental disabilities. The chapter describes how the lives of those with intellectual disabilities have changed since protections like IDEA were established. It defines intellectual disability, exploring factors like IQ, adaptive behaviors, and age of onset. It also looks at prevalence rates, potential causes, assessment procedures, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood to support independence.
The chapter discusses emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) and interventions for children with EBD. It covers definitions of EBD, characteristics and prevalence, causes and risk factors, assessment procedures, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood. These include positive behavior support, response to intervention, functional behavior assessments, and wraparound services. The chapter emphasizes evidence-based practices, systems of care, early intervention, and school-wide behavior support to help children with EBD achieve better outcomes.
This document discusses learning disabilities (LD), including:
1) It provides an overview of definitions and classifications of LD according to IDEA, including that LD are neurological disorders that affect areas like reading, writing, and math.
2) It describes the characteristics of individuals with LD, including challenges with academic achievement, intelligence, perception, and social/emotional skills.
3) It discusses interventions and support for individuals with LD throughout development from elementary school through adulthood.
This document outlines learning objectives for a chapter that describes various physical disabilities and health disorders. It discusses 13 objectives that will cover conditions such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, HIV/AIDS, asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, traumatic brain injury, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. For each objective, the document will describe the prevalence and causation of the condition and interventions.
The document discusses drug abuse prevention and approaches, including how serious the problem of drug dependence is in the US with an estimated 20.6 million people classified with substance dependence or abuse. It covers goals and levels of prevention programs from primary to tertiary, as well as strategies, examples of programs, and ways to make drug education more effective, such as establishing links between messages and students' lives.
The document discusses various topics related to marijuana, including:
1. The history of marijuana use and its changing perceptions over time, from its medicinal uses in early colonial times to the criminalization of marijuana in the 1900s.
2. The physiological and psychological effects of marijuana, including its effects on the cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous systems. It also covers tolerance and withdrawal.
3. Current debates around marijuana, including its medical uses, toxicity, and changing public attitudes toward legalization.
This document discusses hallucinogenic drugs. It begins by providing survey results about hallucinogen use. It then discusses terms used to describe hallucinogens and classes them. It provides details about specific hallucinogenic drugs like LSD, psilocybin, DMT and others. It discusses the history of use of these drugs, their effects both beneficial and adverse, and debates around therapeutic vs recreational use.
This document provides information on stimulant drugs including cocaine, amphetamines, and caffeine. It discusses the history, mechanisms of action, effects, and risks of these substances. Key points include:
- Cocaine was historically used as a local anesthetic but is now illegal due to its high risk of addiction and health effects. It blocks the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin.
- Amphetamines were originally used to combat fatigue but are now regulated due to risks of dependence and toxicity. They stimulate the release of monoamine neurotransmitters like dopamine.
- Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, soda, and other products. It acts by blocking adenosine receptors and produces mild
This document provides information about opioids (narcotics) from a class on drugs and society. It discusses various opioids like heroin, morphine, and codeine. It covers topics like opioid abuse patterns in the US, methods of opioid administration, physical and psychological effects of opioids, dependency and withdrawal. The document also discusses medical uses of opioids and harm reduction strategies like needle exchange programs and medications like suboxone and methadone to help treat opioid addiction.
This document summarizes key topics related to alcohol including:
1. The pharmacology of alcohol including how it is absorbed in the body and metabolized in the liver. Alcohol primarily impacts the limbic system part of the brain.
2. The behavioral effects of different blood alcohol content levels and types of alcoholism. Alcoholism is considered by some to have genetic and psychosocial risk factors.
3. The impacts of alcoholism on families including increased risks for children of alcoholics developing alcoholism or other disorders themselves. Family roles that sometimes develop in alcoholic families are also outlined.
4. The social costs of alcoholism including increased risks of violence, suicide, and accidents when alcohol is involved. W
This document discusses how drugs work and their intended and unintended effects. It explains that intended responses are the reason for using the drug, while unintended responses like side effects are unexpected. Common side effects include nausea, changes in alertness, dependence, withdrawal, and allergic reactions. The dose and method of administration can impact effects. Drugs are distributed throughout the body and metabolized at different rates depending on their properties. Factors like tolerance and interactions with other drugs also influence drug responses.
The document discusses central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including their history, effects, types, medical uses, and dangers of abuse. Some key points include: CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates were developed to treat conditions like anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. While usually prescribed medications, they can cause dependence and dangerous interactions if misused or abused. Long-term trends show a decline in barbiturate use due to safety issues, being replaced primarily by benzodiazepines which have a wider therapeutic margin.
This document discusses how drugs work and their intended and unintended effects. It explains that intended responses are the reason for using the drug, while unintended responses are side effects. Common side effects include nausea, changes in alertness, dependence, withdrawal, and allergic reactions. The dose and route of administration, as well as individual factors like age, gender, and metabolism influence a drug's effects. Long-term drug use can lead to tolerance, dependence, addiction, and abuse.
This document provides an overview of homeostatic systems and drugs. It discusses the nervous system and endocrine system, which work together to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system consists of neurons that send and receive electrochemical signals via neurotransmitters. Common neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin are described. The central nervous system structures like the brain and spinal cord are covered as well as the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems. The endocrine system is introduced as a second messenger system using hormones to regulate bodily functions. Anabolic steroids are discussed as a hormone that is sometimes abused.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
2. Attendance: 4/22
How is your brain?
A. Ready to go
B. Ready for the
weekend mode
C. Why do you ask?
Ready
to
go
Ready
forthe
w
eekend
m
ode
W
hydo
you
ask?
33% 33%33%
Response
3. Pharmacology
• Different drugs produce different effects within the psyche and
soma
• The interaction between drugs and living organisms is called
pharmacology
• Drug pharmacology relates to the way it is administered,
absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted
• Drugs that act quickly and produce intense effects are more
likely to be abused than are drugs that act slowly
4. Drug Actions
• Drugs affect various organs, including the nervous system.
• The nervous system consists of the central nervous system
(CNS), the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, and is
composed of nerve cells (neurons)
• Information is transmitted electrically within the neuron, and
chemically between neurons
6. You have approximately 100
billion neurons and 100
trillion synapses in your
brain. How long would it take
to count to a trillion?
A. All day
B. A month
C. A trillion seconds
D. 32,000 years
Allday
A
m
onth
A
trillion
seconds
32,000years
0% 0%0%0%
7. Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System
• Sensory Information
• Autonomic Nervous
System
• Sympathetic Branch –
Fight/Flight/Freeze
• Parasympathetic Branch –
regulate body functions
• Central Nervous System
• Brain & Spinal Cord
14. Your neurotransmitter
• What it does
• What happens if you have too much?
• What happens if you have too little?
15. Chemical Pathways
1. Dopamine (excitatory)
• Found in basal ganglia and
other regions – behavior &
emotions, including pleasure
• Nigrostriatal dopamine
pathway
• Related to muscle rigidity
• Mesolimbic dopamine
pathway
• Related to psychotic behavior
• Possible component of the
“reward” properties of drugs
16. Chemical Pathways
2. Acetylcholine (excitatory)
• Found in the cerebral cortex & basal ganglia
• Involved in Alzheimer’s disease, learning, memory
storage, movement
3. Norepinephrine (excitatory & inhibitory)
• Regulates level of arousal and attentiveness, memory
• May play a role in initiation of food intake (appetite)
17. Chemical Pathways
4. Serotonin (inhibitory or excitatory)
• Found in the brain stem raphe nuclei
• May have a role in impulsivity, aggression, depression,
control of food, and alcohol intake
• Hallucinogenic drugs influence serotonin pathways
5. GABA (Gamma-amino butyric acid) (inhibitory)
• Found in most regions of the brain
• Inhibitory neurotransmitter, sleep, anxiety
18. Chemical Pathways
6. Glutamate (excitatory)
• Found in most regions of the brain
• Excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in long-term
memory
7. Endorphins (inhibitory)
• Opioid-like chemical occurring naturally in the brain
• Play a role in pain relief
19. People who engage in
strenuous exercise
actually emit a
neurotransmitter that
contributes to a “high”
feeling.
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%0%
20. The neurotransmitter responsible
for control of alertness and the
fight-or-flight response is:
A. GABA
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Norepinephrine
GABA
Dopam
ine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
0% 0%0%0%
21. This neurotransmitter is
the brain’s major
inhibitory
neurotransmitter
A. Serotonin
B. GABA
C. Endorphins
D. Acetylcholine
Serotonin
GABA
Endorphins
Acetylcholine
0% 0%0%0%
22. This neurotransmitter
has a huge influence
on mood
A. Endorphins
B. Glutamate
C. Serotonin
D. Acetylcholine
Endorphins
Glutam
ate
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
0% 0%0%0%
30. Dose-Response
• Dose-response relationship = correlation
between the response and the quantity of
drug administered
• Threshold = the dose at which an effect is
first observed
31. Dose
• Effective dose = the dose of a drug that produces a
meaningful effect in some percentage of test subjects
• ED50 refers to the effective dose for half the animal subjects
in a drug test
• Lethal dose = the dose of a drug that has a lethal
effect in some percentage of test subjects
• LD50 refers to the lethal dose for half the animal subjects in
a drug test
• Therapeutic index = LD50/ED50
• Always greater than one
32. If a drug has a lethal dose that is close to its
effective dose, that drug is more dangerous
than if the LD is far from the ED.
A. True
B. False
True
False
21%
79%
33. Dose
• Potency = measured by the amount of a drug
required to produce a given effect
• Toxicity = capacity of a drug to do damage or
cause adverse side effects
• Safety margin = difference between:
• Dose that produces the desired therapeutic effect in
most patients
• Lowest dose that produces an unacceptable toxic
reaction
• Most drugs have an LD1 well above the ED95
Homeostasis: Humans must maintain their internal environment within certain limits
Temperature
Acidity
Water content
Sodium content
Glucose concentrations
Other physical and chemical factors
Nerve cells (neurons)
Analyze and transmit information
Over 100 billion neurons in system
Four defined regions
Cell body Dendrites Axon Presynaptic terminals
Stimulation of receptors by psychoactive drugs can activate or inhibit a neuron
Glial cells (Glia)
Provide firmness and structure to the brain
Get nutrients into the system
Eliminate waste
Form myelin
Create the blood-brain barrier
Communicate with other glia & neurons
SYNAPSE brain cells do not actually touch. The small gap is called the synapse. When we talk about connections between brain cells, we are referring to the synapse. When a neuron is stimulated and fires, the electrical impulse travels down the axon, the myelin sheath working as an insulator, and is converted to a chemical message at the presynaptic terminals. This chemical travels across the synapse and is taken up by the receiving neuron. The chemical may cause the next neuron to fire (excitatory) or to stay at rest (inhibitory).
At the ends of axons are saclike vesicles containing neurotransmitters which cross the synapse to receptor sites
Chemicals in the receptor sites generate electrical impulses
Drugs that influencing the release, storage, and synthesis of neurotransmitters are classified as presynaptic
Drugs affecting neurotransmitters after they cross the synapse are classified as postsynaptic
C is correct, but it’s the lazy answer!
Gives you an idea of how much activity there really is in your brain.
Sidenote: When a baby is born, they have all the neurons they will ever have, but fewer connections between them *(synapses). Through experience, synapses grow/brain cells connect. By the time they are three years old, children have twice as many connections as an adult. These connections are pruned away from age 10 through adolescence.
Somatic nervous system
Carries sensory information into the central nervous system
Carries motor (movement) information back out to the peripheral nerves
Controls voluntary actions
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions
Sensory information
Voluntary actions
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Monitors and controls the body’s internal environment and involuntary functions
Many psychoactive drugs affect the brain and the autonomic nervous system
Two branches often act in opposition
Sympathetic branch - “Fight or flight”
Parasympathetic branch which is responsible for helping to regulate a variety of body functions, including heart rate, breathing, sweating, and digestion.
Central nervous system (CNS)
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Has many functions including
Integration of information
Learning and memory
Coordination of activity
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Somatic nervous system
Part of the nervous system that controls movement of the skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Part of the peripheral nervous system that is automatic and involuntary
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates blood pressure, gastrointestinal and urinary functioning, body temperature, sweating, and other involuntary bodily functions
Divided into two branches which work in opposition:
Sympathetic nervous system reacts to situations that require fighting or fleeing (fight-flight-fright syndrome)
Parasympathetic nervous system allows the body to achieve a resting state
Drugs that mimic actions of the sympathetic system are called sympathomimetics
Examples: Amphetamines, cocaine, and caffeine
Drugs that mimic actions of the parasympathetic system are called parasympathomimetics
Examples: Nicotine and the hallucinogen Amanita muscaria
There are two tutorials on Canvas
Also http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/brainanatomy.swf
Cerebral cortex outermost layer of the brain, there is a motor cortex, a sensory cortex and the cerebral cortex contains higher mental processes such as reasoning and language.
Cerebral cortex
Part of the cerebrum involved in intellectual functioning
Affects speech, motor movement, sensory perception, hearing, vision, sensory discrimination, memory, language, reasoning, abstract reasoning, and personality
Affected by almost all psychoactive drugs
Cerebrum The cerebrum, also known as the telencephalon, is the largest and most highly developed part of the human brain. It encompasses about two-thirds of the brain mass and lies over and around most of the structures of the brain. The outer portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum is covered by a thin layer of gray tissue called the cerebral cortex. The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres that are connected by the corpus callosum.
Cerebellum: In Latin, the word cerebellum means little brain. The cerebellum is the area of the hindbrain that controls motor movement coordination, balance, equilibrium and muscle tone.
Basal ganglia subcortical brain structures controlling muscle tone
Basal ganglia
Part of the central nervous system which maintains involuntary motor control
Regulates abilities to stand, walk, run, carry, throw, and lift
Parkinson’s disease destroys the basal ganglia
Drugs prescribed for schizophrenia can precipitate Parkinson’s-like behavior
China white (fentanyl) has been linked to brain damage similar to Parkinson’s disease
Hypothalamus a structure found near the bottom of the forebrain. It participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and aggression Hypothalamus
Gland situated near the base of the brain
Maintains homeostasis
Controls the pituitary gland, which regulates hormones that affect stress, aggressiveness, heart rate, hunger, thirst, consciousness, body temperature, blood pressure, and sexual behavior
Linked to behavioral and chemical dependencies from alcohol to gambling to obesity
Limbic system connected structures (amygdala, hippocampus) responsible for emotion, memory for location and level of physical activity. Together with the hypothalamus allows for more behavioral control at a more primitive level than the cerebral cortex
Limbic system
Part of the central nervous system that plays a key role in memory and emotion
Consists of many diverse structures in the cerebral hemispheres
Cocaine affects neurotransmitters in the limbic system, creating intense feelings of excitement and joy
Depressants reduce electrical activity in the limbic system, producing feelings of tranquility and relaxation
Midbrain, pons, and medulla – connects the larger structures of the brain to the spinal cord. Cell bodies in this area play important roles in sensory and motor reflexes as well as coordinated control of complex movements. Most of the brain’s neurotransmitters are produced here by relatively few neurons.
Brain stem lower brain stem contains vomiting center and rate of respiration/breathing
The brain stem is located at the point where the brain and spinal cord join
It consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Regulates functions such as breathing, heartbeat, dilation of the pupil of the eye, blood pressure, and the vomiting reflex
Drugs affecting the brain stem include alcohol and opiates
Pituitary gland The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located in the center of the skull, inferior to the hypothalamus of the brain and posterior to the bridge of the nose. It is an important link between the nervous and endocrine systems and releases many hormones which affect growth, sexual development, metabolism and human reproduction.
Periventricular System
Composed of nerve cells above and to either side of the hypothalamus
Implicated in punishment or avoidance behavior
Coupled with the MBF in that stimulation of one inhibits the other
Reticular Activating System The functions of the reticular activating system are many and varied. Among other functions, it contributes to the control of sleep, walking, sex, eating, and elimination. Perhaps the most important function of the RAS is its control of consciousness; it is believed to control sleep, wakefulness, and the ability to consciously focus attention on something. In addition, the RAS acts as a filter, dampening down the effect of repeated stimuli such as loud noises, helping to prevent the senses from being overloaded.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Part of the central nervous system
Affects sleep, attention, and arousal
Shuts down during sleep
Many drugs, including barbiturates, LSD, alcohol, and amphetamines, affect the RAS extensively
Stimulants activate the RAS
Medial Forebrain Bundle The medial forebrain bundle is a collection of long projections of nerve cells called axons that plays an important role in the reward system. A collection of structures in the brain, the reward system is involved in producing pleasurable effects in order to regulate human behavior. For this reason, the medial forebrain bundle is sometimes referred to as the reward circuit. Medical researchers believe that this area is one of the primary circuits that affects human behavior.
Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
Serves as a communication route between the limbic system and the brain stem
Affects pleasure and reward
Sensation of orgasm originates here
Amphetamines and cocaine produce intense euphoria
Basal ganglia subcortical brain structures controlling muscle tone
Basal ganglia
Part of the central nervous system which maintains involuntary motor control
Regulates abilities to stand, walk, run, carry, throw, and lift
Parkinson’s disease destroys the basal ganglia
Drugs prescribed for schizophrenia can precipitate Parkinson’s-like behavior
China white (fentanyl) has been linked to brain damage similar to Parkinson’s disease
The thalamus is a small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both. The main function of the thalamus is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. It also regulates sleep, alertness and wakefulness.
Limbic system connected structures (amygdala, hippocampus) responsible for emotion, memory for location and level of physical activity. Together with the hypothalamus allows for more behavioral control at a more primitive level than the cerebral cortex
Limbic system
Part of the central nervous system that plays a key role in memory and emotion
Consists of many diverse structures in the cerebral hemispheres
Cocaine affects neurotransmitters in the limbic system, creating intense feelings of excitement and joy
Depressants reduce electrical activity in the limbic system, producing feelings of tranquility and relaxation
The thalamus is a small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both. The main function of the thalamus is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. It also regulates sleep, alertness and wakefulness.
Function Of The Amygdala
The amygdala is responsible for the perception of emotions (anger, fear, sadness, etc.) as well as the controlling aggression. The amygdala helps to store memories of events and emotions so that an individual may be able to recognize similar events in the future. For example, if you have ever suffered a dog bite, then the amygdalae may help in processing that event and, therefore, increase your fear or alertness around dogs. The size of the amygdala is positively correlated with increased aggression and physical behavior.
The hippocampus is a small organ located within the brain's medial temporal lobe and forms an important part of the limbic system, the region that regulates emotions. The hippocampus is associated mainly with memory, in particular long-term memory. The organ also plays an important role in spatial navigation.
Damage to the hippocampus can lead to loss of memory and difficulty in establishing new memories. In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to be affected, leading to the confusion and loss of memory so commonly seen in the early stages of the disease.
Reticular Activating System The functions of the reticular activating system are many and varied. Among other functions, it contributes to the control of sleep, walking, sex, eating, and elimination. Perhaps the most important function of the RAS is its control of consciousness; it is believed to control sleep, wakefulness, and the ability to consciously focus attention on something. In addition, the RAS acts as a filter, dampening down the effect of repeated stimuli such as loud noises, helping to prevent the senses from being overloaded.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Part of the central nervous system
Affects sleep, attention, and arousal
Shuts down during sleep
Many drugs, including barbiturates, LSD, alcohol, and amphetamines, affect the RAS extensively
Stimulants activate the RAS
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/rewardbehavior/
Dopamine Pathways
Dopamine is the neurotransmitter used by the reward pathway (also called the mesolimbic pathway, which is closely linked with the mesocortical pathway). But there are two other important pathways in the brain that use dopamine: the nigrostriatal pathway and the tuberoinfundibular pathway. Generally, drugs that affect dopamine levels affect all three of these pathways.
Nigrostriatal pathway: Substantia nigra to striatum
Motor control
Death of neurons in this pathway is linked to Parkinson's Disease
Mesolimbic and Mesocortical pathways: Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex
Memory, motivation, emotion, reward, desire, and addiction
Dysfunction is connected to hallucinations and schizophrenia
Tuberoinfundibular pathway: Hypothalamus to pituitary gland
Hormone regulation, nurturing behavior, pregnancy, sensory processes
Dopamine and another neurotransmitter called serotonin are released by just a small number of neurons in the brain. But each of these neurons connects to thousands of other neurons in many areas of the brain, giving them a great deal of influence over complex processes.
Serotonin Pathways
Serotonin is another neurotransmitter affected by many drugs of abuse, including cocaine, amphetamines, LSD, and alcohol. Serotonin is made by neurons in the Raphe nuclei. These neurons reach and dump serotonin onto almost the entire brain, as well as the spinal cord.
Serotonin plays a role in many brain processes, including body temperature regulation, sleep, mood, appetite, and pain. Problems with the serotonin pathway are linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, and depression. Most prescription drugs used to treat depression today work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain.
Glutamate and GABA: A System in Balance
Glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) are the brain's most plentiful neurotransmitters. Over half of all brain synapses use glutamate, and 30-40% use GABA.
Since GABA is inhibitory and glutamate is excitatory, both neurotransmitters work together to control many processes, including the brain's overall level of excitation. Many of the drugs of abuse change the balance of glutamate or GABA, exerting tranquilizing or stimulating effects on the brain. Drugs that increase GABA or decrease glutamate are depressants. Those that decrease GABA or increase glutamate are tranquilizers or stimulants.
Alcohol decreases glutamate activity.
PCP, or "angel dust," increases glutamate activity.
Caffeine increases glutamate activity and inhibits GABA release.
Alcohol increases GABA activity.
Tranquilizers increase GABA activity.
GABA and glutamate regulate action potential traffic. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, stops action potentials. Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, starts action potentials or keeps them going.
VIDEO is on Canvas Action potential = a brief electrical signal transmitted along the axon
Neurotransmitters are the “messengers”
Resting action potential is caused by uneven distribution of ions
Action potential occurs when sodium ions move across channels
Blocking channels prevents the action potential and disrupts communication between neurons
VIDEO ON CANVAS
Schematic representation of the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal of one neuron and the passage of those molecules across the synapse to receptors in the membrane of another neuron.
Several tutorials and films as resources on Canvas
Break students up into 7 groups, assign each a neurotransmitter, give package of information. Each group reports back to class on what they learned about their assigned neurotransmitter.
Catecholamines
Epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine
Reabsorbed by the neuron that makes them (reuptake)
Increase causes stimulation; decrease causes depression
Amphetamines and cocaine initially increase catecholamines, followed by depletion
Dopamine levels are influenced by marijuana, nicotine, heroin, and amphetamines
Epinephrine released in fight-flight-fright syndrome
Mescaline and MDMA (Ecstasy) reduce norepinephrine
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A
Cholinergic neurons are linked to specific behaviors
Excitatory neurotransmitter in skeletal muscles
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in heart muscle
Reduced ACH receptors associated with Alzheimer’s
Anticholinergic hallucinogens interfere with ACH
Cholinesterase inhibitors such as nerve gas
Serotonin
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the upper brain stem (tryptaminergic neurons)
Helps regulate pain, sensory perception, eating, sleep, and body temperature
Excessive reabsorption results in depression (antidepressant drugs SSRIs)
Related to hallucinations, psychosis, obsessive-compulsive disorder, aggression or violence
Amino acid tryptophan is needed to synthesize serotonin in tryptaminergic neurons
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Inhibits nerve impulses from being sent from one neuron to another
Alcohol stimulates GABA, producing relaxation and feelings of decreased inhibition
Barbiturates and minor tranquilizers also increase the action of GABA
Peptides
Substances in which amino acid sequences are linked
Modulate the activity of transmitters
Natural endorphins have opiate-like properties
High levels of endorphins in the brain (enkaphalins) could be a factor in morphine dependency
Chronic alcohol use impairs endorphin production
Endorphins, “runner’s high”
Most drugs affect brain activity by increasing or decreasing the activity of various neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters enable the brain to receive, process, and respond to information by carrying impulses from one neuron to the next
Video is available on Canvas
At the ends of axons are saclike vesicles containing neurotransmitters which cross the synapse to receptor sites
Chemicals in the receptor sites generate electrical impulses
Drugs that influencing the release, storage, and synthesis of neurotransmitters are classified as presynaptic
Drugs affecting neurotransmitters after they cross the synapse are classified as postsynaptic
Neurotransmitters linked to addiction include dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, and serotonin
Some drugs increase activity and excitation nerve cells (e.g. caffeine)
Sedative-hypnotic drugs make nerve cells less sensitive
Many nerve cells contain autoreceptors that alter the synthesis of neurotransmitters (e.g. LSD)
Show PDR
Stimulants produce wakefulness, a sense of energy
Depressants slow nervous system activity
Opioids (narcotics) reduce pain
Hallucinogens produce altered perceptions
Psychotherapeutics control symptoms mental disorders
Some drugs have effects typical of more than one category
Marijuana
Nicotine
It is important that both legal and illicit drugs be identifiable by appearance
The Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) includes color photographs of many legally manufactured pharmaceuticals
Illegal drugs are sometimes shaped, marked, or packaged in an identifiable way
Drugs can be tested and identified through chemical analysis
One’s state of mind can influence whether a drug’s effects are euphoric or dysphoric.
Nonspecific effects derive from the user’s unique background, expectations, perceptions, and environment (setting)
Specific effects depend on the presence of a chemical at certain concentrations
Placebo effects are those produced by an inactive chemical that the user believes to be a drug
Especially important in treating pain and psychological depression
The effects of drugs on behavior depend on one’s attitudes toward drugs, emotional state, and previous experiences
Set
The psychological state, personality, and expectations of an individual while using drugs (internal environment)
Setting
The physical and social environment in which drugs are used (external environment)
Placebos are inert substances capable of producing psychological and physiological reactions
Placebo prescriptions are effective because of expectations for the drug
The notion of a drug being euphoric or dysphoric depends a great deal on set
To a large extent, setting determines set
Gender:
Women are more sensitive to drugs because fat stores drugs and water dilutes drugs in the bloodstream
Females are especially affected by drugs during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
Teratogenic drugs damage the developing fetus
Use of tobacco, coffee, and alcohol during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriages
Gender:
Women are more sensitive to drugs because fat stores drugs and water dilutes drugs in the bloodstream
Females are especially affected by drugs during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
Teratogenic drugs damage the developing fetus
Use of tobacco, coffee, and alcohol during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriages
Because of nonspecific effects, double-blind tests are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of a drug
Neither the test subjects nor the evaluators knows whether a subject is receiving an experimental drug or a placebo until the drug trial is over
REMEMBER THE MOONWALKING BEAR?
Dose-response relationship = correlation between the response and the quantity of drug administered
Threshold = the dose at which an effect is first observed
Some response systems have higher thresholds than others, so dose-response curves can be created for different drug effects
Some drugs have an all-or-none dose-response relationship
The effects of drugs on behavior depend on one’s attitudes toward drugs, emotional state, and previous experiences
Set
The psychological state, personality, and expectations of an individual while using drugs (internal environment)
Setting
The physical and social environment in which drugs are used (external environment)
Because women have a higher percentage of fat, which increases accumulation of drugs that are lipid-soluble, women are more affected. Women are also more affected by water-soluble drugs because of the higher fat percentage in their bodies. A woman and a man who ingest the same amount of alcohol (water-soluble) will show different blood alcohol levels, the woman’s being slightly higher, because a lesser percentage of her body is water, so the concentration is higher.
Safety
Many problems arise from impurities rather than from the drugs themselves
The purity of drugs varies greatly among illegal drugs – heroin has varied from 4% to 69%
Potency refers to a drug’s ability to produce an effect relative to other drugs – some drugs vary naturally in potency
y of drug is determined by levels of dosing. A drug that has a lethal dose that is close to the effective dose is more dangerous.
Alcohol is alcohol.
Drugs vary in the timing of the onset, duration, and termination of their effects
The time course of a drug depends on how the drug is administered, how rapidly is it absorbed, and how it is eliminated from the body
Drug effects can be prolonged by taking additional doses at intervals determined by the time course of the drug
Taking multiple doses too close together will increase the maximum blood level of the drug (cumulative effects)
An estimated 25% of admissions to emergency rooms result from interactions between alcohol and medications
The effects of combining drugs and food can be additive, antagonistic, or synergistic
Taking certain antidepressants with certain foods can result in hemorrhaging and stroke
More than 150 prescription and over-the counter medications interact negatively with alcohol
4 times more likely today than 30 years ago.
Routes of Administration: Oral Ingestion
Absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complicated process
Drugs must withstand the digestive processes and pass through the cells lining the GI tract into the bloodstream
Drugs from the GI tract travel through veins first to the liver, where they may be metabolized
Oral Ingestion
Drugs can be consumed in the form of pills, liquids, tablets, or capsules
Convenient and safe
Not appropriate in emergencies
Slow absorption rate may reduce the amount of the drug to an insufficient level
Can choke on a drug if not conscious
Some ingested drugs cause nausea and vomiting
Because conditions in the gastrointestinal tract change constantly, drug absorption is variable
Intravenous (IV) injection involves putting the drug directly into the bloodstream
Effects are rapid
High concentrations can be delivered
Irritating material can be injected this way
Veins can be damaged over time
Infections can be directly introduced into the bloodstream
Subcutaneous injection (under the skin)
“Skin popping” Can cause necrosis
Intramuscular injection (into a muscle)
Absorption is more rapid from intramuscular injection due to the greater blood supply in muscles
Injection (parenteral drug use)
Reach the brain quickly but carry many risks
In intravenous injection, or mainlining, drugs are administered directly into the bloodstream
In intramuscular injection, drugs are injected into muscle tissue
Injecting drugs just below the layers of the skin is called subcutaneous injection
Unsterile needles pose risk for infectious diseases such as AIDS
Inhalation
The drug moves from the lungs into the bloodstream through capillary walls
Effects are rapid because blood moves quickly from the lungs to the brain
Inhalation
Drugs absorbed into the bloodstream via the lungs
Fast and efficient
Irritates the lungs
Inhaled drugs include volatile anesthetics such as glue, paint thinner, and gasoline, in addition to cigarettes, marijuana, and crack cocaine
Topical
Absorption through the skin can provide slow, steady drug delivery
Absorption through the mucous membranes occurs more rapidly When a user snorts cocaine, the drug is absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nose.
Topical application (transdermal method)
Drugs applied to the skin and absorbed into the bloodstream by placing small disks or patches behind the ear or on the arm or chest
Introduces drugs into the body slowly
Drugs are absorbed directly into the bloodstream at programmed rates
Used to relieve motion sickness, angina pectoris, and nicotine dependency
Transport in the blood
Some drug molecules attach to protein molecules; they are inactive in this state
Free (unbound) drug molecules can move to sites of action in the body
Drugs vary in their affinity for binding with plasma proteins
Blood-brain barrier
Some drugs can’t cross the blood-brain barrier; they act only on peripheral nerves
Only lipid-soluble substances can leave capillaries in the brain
Many brain capillaries are covered with glial cells, also increasing the difficulty for compounds to pass out of the capillaries
Active transport systems may be needed to move chemicals in and out of the brain
Trauma and infections can impair the blood-brain barrier
Effects on all neurons
Used to be believed that drugs worked by influencing some characteristic common to all neurons, such as the cell membrane which is semi-permeable. By influencing the permeability of the membrane, the drug can alter the electrical characteristics of the neuron. With new research, this theory is in dispute, most scientists cite the specific effects on neurotransmitters as the primary way a drug influences the brain/neurons.
Effects on specific neurotransmitter systems
Drugs may alter the availability of a neurotransmitter by changing the rate of synthesis, metabolism, release, or reuptake
Drugs may activate or prevent the activation of a receptor
Combining depressants can cause respiratory depression
Stimulants + antidepressants can lead to overexcitement, high blood pressure, and arrhythmia
Stimulants + depressants can lead to explosive and dangerous behaviors
Cocaine + alcohol produces a potent and toxic substance called cocaethylene
Enzyme induction
When the body’s cells detect the presence of a foreign drug, they trigger production of more of the specific metabolizing enzyme
Causes tolerance
Causes interaction of drugs broken down by the same enzyme
Enzyme activity returns to normal some time after the inducing drug is no longer being used
Enzyme induction and tolerance can occur after use of prescription and OTC drugs, dietary supplements, or illicit drugs
Deactivation: A drug ceases to have an effect when it is excreted unchanged from the body or is chemically changed
The key drug-metabolizing liver enzymes are a group known as CYP450
The resulting metabolite no longer has the same action as the drug
The resulting metabolite can be excreted by the kidneys
TUTORIALS ON CANVAS
Tolerance
Progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug
Pharmacological tolerance
Adjustment or compensation of the body to the presence of a given drug
Drug disposition (pharmacokinetic) tolerance
Increased metabolism reduces the effect of the subsequent dose
May relate to enzyme activity or alteration of urine pH
Pharmacodynamic tolerance
Sensitivity of neurons change after repeated use of a drug
Can cause withdrawal reactions
Behavioral tolerance
Adjustment or behaviors learned by an individual to compensate for the presence of drugs
Behavioral tolerance
Drug may have the same biochemical effect but a reduced behavioral effect as a drug user learns to compensate for nervous system impairment
Cross-tolerance
Transference of tolerance to a drug to chemically similar drugs
Reverse tolerance
A drug user’s experiencing of the desired effects from lesser amounts of the same drug