Drugsandthe Brain Part2 Addiction
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The document discusses addiction and the brain pathways involved. It describes how drugs of abuse hijack the brain's reward system by stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This leads to compulsive drug seeking behavior even as tolerance and dependence develop. Imaging studies using PET scans show how drug use changes brain activity patterns and how memory of drug cues can trigger craving even after recovery.
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The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
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Objectives
Identify the symptoms of marijuana intoxication
Review the research related to the short and long term effects of marijuana on the brain and body
Explore the medical uses of marijuana
Discuss marijuana as a gateway drug
What is It
Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa.
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Extracts with high amounts of THC can also be made from the cannabis plant
How is it Used
Smoked
Joints
Pipes or water pipes (bongs)
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Vaporized
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Eaten: Brownies, cookies, or candy, or brew it as a tea.
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Resins: A newly popular method of use is smoking or eating different forms of THC-rich resins
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hash oil or honey oil—a gooey liquid
wax or budder—a soft solid with a texture like lip balm
shatter—a hard, amber-colored solid
Oral Ingestion
Orally consumed cannabinoids tends to be stronger and last longer (4-6 hours) than inhaled cannabis.
This is because of the way bodies metabolize THC.
When cannabis is inhaled, THC passes rapidly from the lungs to the blood stream and to the brain.
When cannabis is consumed orally, a significant portion of THC is converted into the metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC before reaching the brain.
This metabolite is believed to be slightly more potent than THC and possesses a greater blood-brain penetrability
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Effects
Altered senses (for example, seeing brighter colors)
Temporary hallucinations
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Changes in mood
Impaired body movement
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2. It describes the mechanisms of action and effects of these drug classes, with TCAs and SSRIs increasing monoamine neurotransmitter levels by inhibiting reuptake, while MAOIs inhibit the breakdown of monoamines.
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1) The document presents information on glutamate and glycine, two important neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.
2) Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is synthesized from glucose or glutamine. It acts through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.
3) Glycine is another neurotransmitter that acts as an obligatory co-agonist along with glutamate at NMDA receptors, allowing calcium influx and excitation of postsynaptic neurons. Excess glutamate activation can lead to excitotoxicity and neuronal damage in various neurological conditions.
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Q96 is a unique brain-mind supplement that is effective to reduce stress, worries and anxiety and balance moods.
its benefits:
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1) The document presents information from a drug rehabilitation center on how drugs affect the brain. It uses scientific images and explanations to show how drugs disrupt brain functions and can cause long-lasting changes.
2) PET scans are used to visualize these changes and how drug use impacts brain activity levels and reward centers. They demonstrate that even after stopping drug use, brain activity may be altered for months or longer.
3) The goal is to educate people on the biological factors of addiction and dispel myths, as anyone can become addicted due to drug-induced changes in the brain. Understanding the science behind addiction can empower individuals to make informed choices.
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Relapse – in a broader sense, is the return of signs and symptoms of a disease after a remission.
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Relapse Prevention – A set of skills designed to reduce the likelihood that symptoms of the illness in question will worsen or that a person will return to an unhealthy behavior, such as substance use.
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1) The document discusses the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the brain's reward pathway, which is centered around dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Drugs of abuse hijack this pathway, flooding it with unnaturally high levels of dopamine.
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1) Brain morphometry measures brain structures and changes over time using neuroimaging data from MRI scans analyzed with statistical techniques.
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The document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs affect the nervous system, different neurotransmitters and their functions, chemical pathways in the brain, the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs can alter neurotransmitter availability, classifications of drugs, drug effects, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, distribution of drugs in the body, and concepts of tolerance. The document provides an overview of the basic science underlying how drugs interact with the body and brain.
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Health psychology focuses on how psychological factors impact physical health. Addiction involves tolerance, dependence, and continued use despite consequences. The brain's dopamine system is involved in addiction, signaling reward and craving. Chronic stress can impair immune function and increase disease risk by activating stress responses. Emotions involve the amygdala and other brain regions, and fear conditioning demonstrates the amygdala's role in processing fearful stimuli.
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Addiction is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Biologically, repeated drug use can cause changes in the brain's reward system and stress response. This involves the dopamine system and brain regions like the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Withdrawal activates the brain's stress systems and impairs inhibitory control. Genetics may influence the risk of addiction through gene-environment interactions. Adolescence is a risk period due to the brain's ongoing development.
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Emotion involves interactions between the peripheral nervous system, brainstem, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cortex. The amygdala and hypothalamus play key roles in processing fear and anxiety through their connections to the autonomic nervous system. Aggression can involve the hypothalamus, midbrain, amygdala, and serotonin systems. Current research shows that emotions emerge from activity across distributed neural circuits rather than isolated centers.
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The auditory system allows humans to perceive sound. Sound waves enter the outer ear and vibrate the eardrum, transmitting vibrations through three small bones to fluid in the inner ear. Hair cells in the cochlea convert vibrations into nerve signals about sound frequencies and intensities. The brain processes these signals to perceive qualities like pitch and loudness. Damage to hair cells or nerves can cause hearing loss while cortical damage may impact speech understanding.
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2. Visual information is first processed in the visual cortex, then held in short-term memory in the frontal lobes.
3. The hippocampus stores new information from short-term memory for weeks or months before transferring it to the cerebral cortex for long-term storage.
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Movement II
The brain controls movement through a hierarchy with three levels - strategy, tactics, and execution. The highest level of strategy is in the neocortex and basal ganglia. Tactics are handled by the motor cortex and cerebellum. Execution occurs via signals from the brainstem and spinal cord to muscles. Sensory feedback is essential at each level. Voluntary movement involves cortical areas planning strategies that activate the basal ganglia and cerebellum to initiate and coordinate movement signals sent to the spinal cord.
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enjoy!
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The Teenage Brain
1) The brain continues developing through adolescence and early adulthood, with significant changes occurring in brain structure and function during this period.
2) Puberty triggers a cascade of hormonal changes that influence brain development in both direct and indirect ways. Areas of the brain involved in self-regulation and risk-taking, such as the prefrontal cortex, are among the last to fully mature.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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