The document discusses the physiology of drug use and pharmacology. It describes how drugs interact with the nervous system, including the different parts of the nervous system like the central, peripheral, and autonomic systems. It explains how neurons communicate electrically and chemically and the effects of various neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and GABA. The document also summarizes some key areas of the brain involved in drug actions, such as the reticular activating system.
This document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs affect the nervous system, different neurotransmitters and their functions, chemical pathways in the brain, the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs act on the brain by altering neurotransmitter availability, classifications of drugs, drug effects, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, distribution and metabolism of drugs in the body, and concepts of tolerance.
The document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs affect the nervous system, different neurotransmitters and their functions, chemical pathways in the brain, the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs can alter neurotransmitter availability, classifications of drugs, drug effects, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, distribution of drugs in the body, and concepts of tolerance. The document provides an overview of the basic science underlying how drugs interact with the body and brain.
pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium.pptNorhanKhaled15
This document discusses antipsychotic agents and lithium. It provides details on the types and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs. The main points are:
1) Antipsychotic drugs work primarily by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the brain. Newer "atypical" antipsychotics also block serotonin receptors.
2) Common types include phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, and butyrophenones. Newer drugs have varied chemical structures.
3) Antipsychotics are used mainly to treat schizophrenia but also other psychoses. They help control positive symptoms but are less effective for negative symptoms.
4) Side effects vary by drug but can include extra
This document summarizes the physiology of drug addiction. It begins by defining drugs and discussing drugs of abuse. It then describes the nervous system and components like neurons, neurotransmitters, and receptors. It explains how drugs act on receptors in the reward pathway in the brain, especially stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Repeated drug use can cause tolerance, dependence, and reward deficiency as the brain adapts. Addiction involves changes in neurobiology and loss of control over drug intake despite negative consequences.
This document discusses key terms in pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. The main branches covered are clinical pharmacology, pharmacy, therapeutics, toxicology, and chemotherapy. Key terms defined include pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drugs, prodrugs, prescriptions, doses, routes of administration, and receptors. Pharmacodynamics is described as the study of how drugs act on the body, including drug action principles like stimulation and depression. Common receptor types and theories of drug-receptor interactions like lock-and-key and induced fit are also summarized.
This document summarizes key aspects of antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and psychosis. It discusses how first and second generation antipsychotics work primarily by blocking dopamine D2 receptors. Second generation drugs tend to have fewer extrapyramidal side effects due to their additional receptor targets. The document also reviews evidence that schizophrenia may involve both excess dopamine and deficient glutamate neurotransmission, leading to new drug targets aimed at enhancing glutamatergic signaling.
This document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs affect the nervous system, different neurotransmitters and their functions, chemical pathways in the brain, the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs act on the brain by altering neurotransmitter availability, classifications of drugs, drug effects, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, distribution and metabolism of drugs in the body, and concepts of tolerance.
The document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs affect the nervous system, different neurotransmitters and their functions, chemical pathways in the brain, the lifecycle of neurotransmitters, how drugs can alter neurotransmitter availability, classifications of drugs, drug effects, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, distribution of drugs in the body, and concepts of tolerance. The document provides an overview of the basic science underlying how drugs interact with the body and brain.
pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium.pptNorhanKhaled15
This document discusses antipsychotic agents and lithium. It provides details on the types and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs. The main points are:
1) Antipsychotic drugs work primarily by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the brain. Newer "atypical" antipsychotics also block serotonin receptors.
2) Common types include phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, and butyrophenones. Newer drugs have varied chemical structures.
3) Antipsychotics are used mainly to treat schizophrenia but also other psychoses. They help control positive symptoms but are less effective for negative symptoms.
4) Side effects vary by drug but can include extra
This document summarizes the physiology of drug addiction. It begins by defining drugs and discussing drugs of abuse. It then describes the nervous system and components like neurons, neurotransmitters, and receptors. It explains how drugs act on receptors in the reward pathway in the brain, especially stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Repeated drug use can cause tolerance, dependence, and reward deficiency as the brain adapts. Addiction involves changes in neurobiology and loss of control over drug intake despite negative consequences.
This document discusses key terms in pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. The main branches covered are clinical pharmacology, pharmacy, therapeutics, toxicology, and chemotherapy. Key terms defined include pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drugs, prodrugs, prescriptions, doses, routes of administration, and receptors. Pharmacodynamics is described as the study of how drugs act on the body, including drug action principles like stimulation and depression. Common receptor types and theories of drug-receptor interactions like lock-and-key and induced fit are also summarized.
This document summarizes key aspects of antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and psychosis. It discusses how first and second generation antipsychotics work primarily by blocking dopamine D2 receptors. Second generation drugs tend to have fewer extrapyramidal side effects due to their additional receptor targets. The document also reviews evidence that schizophrenia may involve both excess dopamine and deficient glutamate neurotransmission, leading to new drug targets aimed at enhancing glutamatergic signaling.
This document provides an outline and overview of addiction and various classes of psychotropic drugs. It begins with definitions of key terms related to addiction such as substance use, abuse, and dependence. It then discusses the impact of addiction and distinguishes between physiological and psychological addiction. The document outlines the reward circuitry in the brain impacted by drugs of abuse and how drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at neurotransmitter receptors. It provides methamphetamine and heroin as examples of stimulant and depressant drugs, describing their mechanisms of action and effects on dopamine and opioid receptors in the brain. The document hierarchy of drug classes and discusses common properties and medical uses of illicit drugs.
Five important dopaminergic pathways are involved in schizophrenia and the mechanism of action of antipsychotics: mesolimbic-mesocortical (related to behavior and psychosis), nigrostriatal (involved in movement coordination), tuberoinfundibular (inhibits prolactin secretion), medullary-periventricular (possibly involved in eating), and incertohypothalamic (regulates copulatory behavior in rats). Antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine receptors, especially D2 receptors, but atypical antipsychotics are effective at lower receptor occupancy due to serotonin receptor blockade as well. Different antipsychotics have varying receptor binding profiles that influence their side effect profiles.
This document discusses pharmacogenomics, which is the study of how genetics affects an individual's response to medications. It examines how genetic factors can influence drug pharmacokinetics like metabolism or pharmacodynamics like the drug's effects. Understanding these genetic influences can help tailor drugs to individuals through personalized medicine. Key concepts discussed are how single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes like CYP enzymes involved in drug metabolism can impact drug efficacy and safety. The goal of pharmacogenomics is to select the right drug, at the right dose for the right patient based on their genetic profile.
This document discusses drugs that act on the central nervous system. It begins by defining neurotransmitters and describing the central nervous system. It then discusses several types of drugs that act on the CNS including sedatives and hypnotics, general anesthetics, local anesthetics, antiepileptic drugs, opioid analgesics, antipsychotics, antianxiety agents, and antidepressants. For each drug class, it provides examples of specific drugs and brief descriptions of their mechanisms and effects. The document concludes by listing references used.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder involving breakdowns in thought, emotion and behavior. The document discusses antipsychotic drugs for treating schizophrenia, including typical and atypical drugs. Typical antipsychotics include phenothiazines and butyrophenones like haloperidol, while atypical drugs include clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole. While both types can effectively treat schizophrenia, atypical drugs have fewer motor side effects but higher risks of weight gain and metabolic issues. The choice of drug depends on individual factors and side effect profiles.
This document discusses how psychoactive drugs affect the body through various routes of administration and their interactions with the nervous system. It explains that factors like how a drug is administered and how fast it reaches the brain impact its effects and abuse potential. It then outlines the five main routes that drugs can enter the body - inhalation, injection, insufflation, oral ingestion, and transdermal absorption - and how quickly they deliver the substance to the brain. Finally, it provides details on how drugs interact with neurotransmitters in the brain and nervous system to produce their psychoactive effects.
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY PPT. DT 2nd year.pptxSafuraIjaz2
1. The document discusses general pharmacology, defining key terms like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and sources of drugs from plants, animals, microorganisms, and synthesis.
2. It covers routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, inhalation, and topical routes. Drug absorption and factors affecting it are explained.
3. The processes of drug distribution, membrane transporters, biotransformation, and elimination are summarized along with dose-response relationships and factors influencing pharmacology.
The document discusses several key aspects of pharmacology and drug actions in the human body. It defines pharmacology as the interaction between drugs and living organisms. It describes how drugs are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body. It then discusses how drugs can affect the nervous system, including the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It provides details on the different neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate and endorphins. It explains the lifecycle of neurotransmitters and how drugs can alter their availability. Other topics covered include drug classifications, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, and concepts of tolerance
The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY PPT. DT 2nd year.pptxSafuraIjaz2
This document provides an overview of general pharmacology concepts. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. It discusses drug sources, routes of administration, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, elimination, and dose-response relationships. The document also explains membrane transporters, factors affecting drug absorption and metabolism, drug clearance, and the kidney's role in drug excretion.
Nuclear receptors and chemical action in cnsMustafa Ijaz
Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that regulate gene expression in response to small lipophilic compounds. They play important roles in development, physiology, and disease by controlling expression of genes involved in processes like sex development. Nuclear receptors have several conserved domains that carry out different functions, such as DNA binding and ligand binding. Psychotropic drugs target the CNS and can act on receptors, ion channels, enzymes, or carrier molecules to elicit effects. They are classified based on their therapeutic use, such as anxiolytics, antipsychotics, or antidepressants. Understanding chemical signaling and drug actions in the CNS is complex due to the interconnected nature of the brain and influence of various adaptive responses.
This document provides an overview of general principles of psychopharmacology. It discusses key topics including:
- Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior. Drugs can produce changes in physiological processes and behavior.
- Drugs act through various sites in the body including receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier proteins. Their effects depend on how the drug structure interacts with these sites.
- Drugs are classified based on their structure, mechanism of action, history, uniqueness, and major clinical applications like antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics.
- Pharmacodynamics examines what the body does to the drug through processes like receptors, dose
This document discusses various types of substance abuse and their effects. It covers topics like the dopamine hypothesis of addiction, factors influencing drug abuse, effects on the central nervous system, and specifics on commonly abused substances like alcohol, cocaine, opioids, and marijuana. Physiological changes from substance abuse include tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence. Adverse effects vary based on the substance but can impact the brain, heart, lungs, metabolism, and other body systems.
Pharmacology I, Antipsychotic (Neuroleptic) Drugs NK-Trimmed.pptxAhmad Kharousheh
This document summarizes antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychosis and schizophrenia. It discusses the dopamine hypothesis for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and how first-generation "typical" antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, which can cause extrapyramidal side effects. Second-generation "atypical" antipsychotics have a lower risk of these side effects by also blocking serotonin receptors. Clozapine is reserved for treatment-resistant cases. Long term use of antipsychotics can cause neurological side effects like tardive dyskinesia. The document outlines the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It discusses how drugs interact with the body and nervous system, including how they are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted. It describes the major neurotransmitter systems and how drugs can impact them. Threshold doses, therapeutic indices and interactions between drugs are also covered.
Major depressive disorder and its treatmentAmruta Vaidya
A concise presentation on major depressive disorder, the drug treatment options available i.e. conventional and emerging therapies which are available.
This document provides an outline and overview of addiction and various classes of psychotropic drugs. It begins with definitions of key terms related to addiction such as substance use, abuse, and dependence. It then discusses the impact of addiction and distinguishes between physiological and psychological addiction. The document outlines the reward circuitry in the brain impacted by drugs of abuse and how drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at neurotransmitter receptors. It provides methamphetamine and heroin as examples of stimulant and depressant drugs, describing their mechanisms of action and effects on dopamine and opioid receptors in the brain. The document hierarchy of drug classes and discusses common properties and medical uses of illicit drugs.
Five important dopaminergic pathways are involved in schizophrenia and the mechanism of action of antipsychotics: mesolimbic-mesocortical (related to behavior and psychosis), nigrostriatal (involved in movement coordination), tuberoinfundibular (inhibits prolactin secretion), medullary-periventricular (possibly involved in eating), and incertohypothalamic (regulates copulatory behavior in rats). Antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine receptors, especially D2 receptors, but atypical antipsychotics are effective at lower receptor occupancy due to serotonin receptor blockade as well. Different antipsychotics have varying receptor binding profiles that influence their side effect profiles.
This document discusses pharmacogenomics, which is the study of how genetics affects an individual's response to medications. It examines how genetic factors can influence drug pharmacokinetics like metabolism or pharmacodynamics like the drug's effects. Understanding these genetic influences can help tailor drugs to individuals through personalized medicine. Key concepts discussed are how single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes like CYP enzymes involved in drug metabolism can impact drug efficacy and safety. The goal of pharmacogenomics is to select the right drug, at the right dose for the right patient based on their genetic profile.
This document discusses drugs that act on the central nervous system. It begins by defining neurotransmitters and describing the central nervous system. It then discusses several types of drugs that act on the CNS including sedatives and hypnotics, general anesthetics, local anesthetics, antiepileptic drugs, opioid analgesics, antipsychotics, antianxiety agents, and antidepressants. For each drug class, it provides examples of specific drugs and brief descriptions of their mechanisms and effects. The document concludes by listing references used.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder involving breakdowns in thought, emotion and behavior. The document discusses antipsychotic drugs for treating schizophrenia, including typical and atypical drugs. Typical antipsychotics include phenothiazines and butyrophenones like haloperidol, while atypical drugs include clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole. While both types can effectively treat schizophrenia, atypical drugs have fewer motor side effects but higher risks of weight gain and metabolic issues. The choice of drug depends on individual factors and side effect profiles.
This document discusses how psychoactive drugs affect the body through various routes of administration and their interactions with the nervous system. It explains that factors like how a drug is administered and how fast it reaches the brain impact its effects and abuse potential. It then outlines the five main routes that drugs can enter the body - inhalation, injection, insufflation, oral ingestion, and transdermal absorption - and how quickly they deliver the substance to the brain. Finally, it provides details on how drugs interact with neurotransmitters in the brain and nervous system to produce their psychoactive effects.
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY PPT. DT 2nd year.pptxSafuraIjaz2
1. The document discusses general pharmacology, defining key terms like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and sources of drugs from plants, animals, microorganisms, and synthesis.
2. It covers routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, inhalation, and topical routes. Drug absorption and factors affecting it are explained.
3. The processes of drug distribution, membrane transporters, biotransformation, and elimination are summarized along with dose-response relationships and factors influencing pharmacology.
The document discusses several key aspects of pharmacology and drug actions in the human body. It defines pharmacology as the interaction between drugs and living organisms. It describes how drugs are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body. It then discusses how drugs can affect the nervous system, including the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It provides details on the different neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate and endorphins. It explains the lifecycle of neurotransmitters and how drugs can alter their availability. Other topics covered include drug classifications, dose-response relationships, routes of drug administration, and concepts of tolerance
The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY PPT. DT 2nd year.pptxSafuraIjaz2
This document provides an overview of general pharmacology concepts. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. It discusses drug sources, routes of administration, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, elimination, and dose-response relationships. The document also explains membrane transporters, factors affecting drug absorption and metabolism, drug clearance, and the kidney's role in drug excretion.
Nuclear receptors and chemical action in cnsMustafa Ijaz
Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that regulate gene expression in response to small lipophilic compounds. They play important roles in development, physiology, and disease by controlling expression of genes involved in processes like sex development. Nuclear receptors have several conserved domains that carry out different functions, such as DNA binding and ligand binding. Psychotropic drugs target the CNS and can act on receptors, ion channels, enzymes, or carrier molecules to elicit effects. They are classified based on their therapeutic use, such as anxiolytics, antipsychotics, or antidepressants. Understanding chemical signaling and drug actions in the CNS is complex due to the interconnected nature of the brain and influence of various adaptive responses.
This document provides an overview of general principles of psychopharmacology. It discusses key topics including:
- Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior. Drugs can produce changes in physiological processes and behavior.
- Drugs act through various sites in the body including receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier proteins. Their effects depend on how the drug structure interacts with these sites.
- Drugs are classified based on their structure, mechanism of action, history, uniqueness, and major clinical applications like antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics.
- Pharmacodynamics examines what the body does to the drug through processes like receptors, dose
This document discusses various types of substance abuse and their effects. It covers topics like the dopamine hypothesis of addiction, factors influencing drug abuse, effects on the central nervous system, and specifics on commonly abused substances like alcohol, cocaine, opioids, and marijuana. Physiological changes from substance abuse include tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence. Adverse effects vary based on the substance but can impact the brain, heart, lungs, metabolism, and other body systems.
Pharmacology I, Antipsychotic (Neuroleptic) Drugs NK-Trimmed.pptxAhmad Kharousheh
This document summarizes antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychosis and schizophrenia. It discusses the dopamine hypothesis for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and how first-generation "typical" antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, which can cause extrapyramidal side effects. Second-generation "atypical" antipsychotics have a lower risk of these side effects by also blocking serotonin receptors. Clozapine is reserved for treatment-resistant cases. Long term use of antipsychotics can cause neurological side effects like tardive dyskinesia. The document outlines the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It discusses how drugs interact with the body and nervous system, including how they are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted. It describes the major neurotransmitter systems and how drugs can impact them. Threshold doses, therapeutic indices and interactions between drugs are also covered.
Major depressive disorder and its treatmentAmruta Vaidya
A concise presentation on major depressive disorder, the drug treatment options available i.e. conventional and emerging therapies which are available.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Generally, drugs that act quickly and produce profound effects are more likely to be abused compared to drugs that act slowly.
An example of the RAS functioning is a person being able to sleep through a thunderstorm but wakes up immediately to the sound of their baby crying
Provide an example on homeostasis. When a person gets cold, they shiver to help produce heat to maintain body temperature.
Parkinson’s disease destroys the basal ganglia
Teaching tip: Ask students to recall the last time they were frightened or experienced a ‘jump scare.’ Explain this is a fight-or-flight response. Ask them to identify how they felt. (Use prompts if necessary. Ask about heart rate, breathing, muscles). This is part of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system activates this response. Once the stressor has passed, the parasympathetic nervous system reverses the body back to a relaxed state.
Drugs impact all systems of the body.
Teaching tip: Ask students to brainstorm other factors that influence the effects of drugs. Categorize answers into the following categories: age, gender, dosage, purity and potency, drug interactions, tolerance, set and setting. These will be further discussed in the next slides.
During the premenstrual phase, women absorb ethyl alcohol more quickly. Females are especially affected by drugs when they are pregnant.
Teaching tip: To help students understand potency, have students rank the following pain relievers in order from most potent to least potent. The order from most to least is heroin, morphine, and aspirin.
An example of antagonistic drugs: Taking antibiotics while on birth control negates the effectiveness of birth control pills.
Reverse tolerance has been seen with hallucinogens and marijuana. Some suggest this may be attributed to a person’s expectations regarding the effects of the drugs. Those in late-stage alcoholism experience reverse tolerance because the liver enzymes that metabolize alcohol are greatly reduced.
There are many ways to take a drug
Teaching tip: Ask students to list the different ways drugs can be taken in the body. Summarize and write their answers on the board. Then have students work in pairs to list them in order from the quickest to slowest way for the drug to take effect.